The document is a student project report on the topic of electromagnetic induction. It includes an introduction discussing electromagnetic induction, theory explaining key concepts like magnetic flux and Lenz's law. It describes Michael Faraday's discovery of induction and his famous experiments. It discusses applications of induction in electrical generators and transformers. It then provides details of Faraday's experiments, the procedure, observations and results which demonstrated that relative motion between a magnet and coil induces current in the coil. The report concludes that a changing magnetic flux induces a voltage across a coil.
TOPIC-To investigate the relation between the ratio of :- 1. Input and outpu...CHMURLIDHAR
TOPIC-To investigate the relation between the ratio of :- 1. Input and output voltage. 2. Number of turnings in the secondary coil and primary coil of a self made transformer.
Class 12 CBSE Biology Investigatory project on the topic "Drug Addiction" which includes the appropriate format and content for the CBSE practical examinations.
Study Of oxalte ion in guava fruit at different stages of ripeningPrince Warade
guava is sweet,juicy,light or dark green coulured fruit.we will learn to test for the presence of oxalate ions in the guava fruit and how its amount varies during different stages of ripening.
chemistry project for class 12 on analysis of honeyRadha Gupta
this is a project for class 12 boards for chemistry subject on analysis of honey.it will be very helpful for students who are searching for chemistry project
Physics investigatory project for class 12 on the topic " to estimate charge induced on two styro foam / pith balls separated by a distance "
Just change the name and cover page.
This is a Word document on electromagnet and it is for Class XII.
It also contains the certificate that can be filled by each individual separately and also has an acknowledgment. It also contains colored images for a better view.
Thank You :}
TOPIC-To investigate the relation between the ratio of :- 1. Input and outpu...CHMURLIDHAR
TOPIC-To investigate the relation between the ratio of :- 1. Input and output voltage. 2. Number of turnings in the secondary coil and primary coil of a self made transformer.
Class 12 CBSE Biology Investigatory project on the topic "Drug Addiction" which includes the appropriate format and content for the CBSE practical examinations.
Study Of oxalte ion in guava fruit at different stages of ripeningPrince Warade
guava is sweet,juicy,light or dark green coulured fruit.we will learn to test for the presence of oxalate ions in the guava fruit and how its amount varies during different stages of ripening.
chemistry project for class 12 on analysis of honeyRadha Gupta
this is a project for class 12 boards for chemistry subject on analysis of honey.it will be very helpful for students who are searching for chemistry project
Physics investigatory project for class 12 on the topic " to estimate charge induced on two styro foam / pith balls separated by a distance "
Just change the name and cover page.
This is a Word document on electromagnet and it is for Class XII.
It also contains the certificate that can be filled by each individual separately and also has an acknowledgment. It also contains colored images for a better view.
Thank You :}
this is my investigatory file I made for class XII on the topic electromagnetic induction (EMI).there 2 document with same name 1 is in pdf and another one is in docx.
Its a simple project for class 12th science students. This project is collected from various sources including Google, Wikipedia and Slideshare, Youtube and many more.
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
THE IMPORTANCE OF MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE SAMPLE RETURN.Sérgio Sacani
The return of a sample of near-surface atmosphere from Mars would facilitate answers to several first-order science questions surrounding the formation and evolution of the planet. One of the important aspects of terrestrial planet formation in general is the role that primary atmospheres played in influencing the chemistry and structure of the planets and their antecedents. Studies of the martian atmosphere can be used to investigate the role of a primary atmosphere in its history. Atmosphere samples would also inform our understanding of the near-surface chemistry of the planet, and ultimately the prospects for life. High-precision isotopic analyses of constituent gases are needed to address these questions, requiring that the analyses are made on returned samples rather than in situ.
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
Introduction:
RNA interference (RNAi) or Post-Transcriptional Gene Silencing (PTGS) is an important biological process for modulating eukaryotic gene expression.
It is highly conserved process of posttranscriptional gene silencing by which double stranded RNA (dsRNA) causes sequence-specific degradation of mRNA sequences.
dsRNA-induced gene silencing (RNAi) is reported in a wide range of eukaryotes ranging from worms, insects, mammals and plants.
This process mediates resistance to both endogenous parasitic and exogenous pathogenic nucleic acids, and regulates the expression of protein-coding genes.
What are small ncRNAs?
micro RNA (miRNA)
short interfering RNA (siRNA)
Properties of small non-coding RNA:
Involved in silencing mRNA transcripts.
Called “small” because they are usually only about 21-24 nucleotides long.
Synthesized by first cutting up longer precursor sequences (like the 61nt one that Lee discovered).
Silence an mRNA by base pairing with some sequence on the mRNA.
Discovery of siRNA?
The first small RNA:
In 1993 Rosalind Lee (Victor Ambros lab) was studying a non- coding gene in C. elegans, lin-4, that was involved in silencing of another gene, lin-14, at the appropriate time in the
development of the worm C. elegans.
Two small transcripts of lin-4 (22nt and 61nt) were found to be complementary to a sequence in the 3' UTR of lin-14.
Because lin-4 encoded no protein, she deduced that it must be these transcripts that are causing the silencing by RNA-RNA interactions.
Types of RNAi ( non coding RNA)
MiRNA
Length (23-25 nt)
Trans acting
Binds with target MRNA in mismatch
Translation inhibition
Si RNA
Length 21 nt.
Cis acting
Bind with target Mrna in perfect complementary sequence
Piwi-RNA
Length ; 25 to 36 nt.
Expressed in Germ Cells
Regulates trnasposomes activity
MECHANISM OF RNAI:
First the double-stranded RNA teams up with a protein complex named Dicer, which cuts the long RNA into short pieces.
Then another protein complex called RISC (RNA-induced silencing complex) discards one of the two RNA strands.
The RISC-docked, single-stranded RNA then pairs with the homologous mRNA and destroys it.
THE RISC COMPLEX:
RISC is large(>500kD) RNA multi- protein Binding complex which triggers MRNA degradation in response to MRNA
Unwinding of double stranded Si RNA by ATP independent Helicase
Active component of RISC is Ago proteins( ENDONUCLEASE) which cleave target MRNA.
DICER: endonuclease (RNase Family III)
Argonaute: Central Component of the RNA-Induced Silencing Complex (RISC)
One strand of the dsRNA produced by Dicer is retained in the RISC complex in association with Argonaute
ARGONAUTE PROTEIN :
1.PAZ(PIWI/Argonaute/ Zwille)- Recognition of target MRNA
2.PIWI (p-element induced wimpy Testis)- breaks Phosphodiester bond of mRNA.)RNAse H activity.
MiRNA:
The Double-stranded RNAs are naturally produced in eukaryotic cells during development, and they have a key role in regulating gene expression .
A brief information about the SCOP protein database used in bioinformatics.
The Structural Classification of Proteins (SCOP) database is a comprehensive and authoritative resource for the structural and evolutionary relationships of proteins. It provides a detailed and curated classification of protein structures, grouping them into families, superfamilies, and folds based on their structural and sequence similarities.
3. CERTIFICATE.
This is to certify that_______________, a student of class
__________has successfully completed the research on the
topic “Study of phenomenon of Electromagnetic Induction”,
under the guidance of ______________(Subject Teacher)
during the year 2019-20 in partial fulfillment of Physics
practical examination of Central Board of Secondary
Education (CBSE).
Principal. Subject Teacher.
________________ ___________________
4. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT.
I warmly acknowledge the continuous encouragement and
timely suggestions offered by our dear Principal
________________. I extend my hearty thanks for giving
me the opportunity to make use of the facilities available in
the campus to carry out the project successfully.
I am highly indebted to _______________ for the constant
supervision, providing necessary information and supporting
in completing the project. I would like to express my
gratitude towards them for their kind cooperation and
encouragement.
Finally, I extend my gratefulness to one and all who are
directly or indirectly involved in the successful completion of
this project work.
I am making this project not only for marks but to also
increase my knowledge.
5.
6. Electro Magnet:
An electromagnet is a type of magnet in which the magnetic field is
produced by electric current. The magnetic field disappears when
the current is turned off.
Induction:
This process of generating current in a conductor by placing the
conductor in a changing magnetic field is called induction.
Electromagnetic Induction:
Electromagnetic induction is the production of a potential difference
(voltage) across a conductor when it is exposed to a varying magnetic
field.
Electromagnetic induction is when an electromagnetic field causes
molecule in another object to flow. Induction can produce electricity
(in coils), heat (in ferrous metals), or waves (in a radio transmitter).
Finally, it is refers to the phenomenon where an emf is induced when
the magnetic flux linking a conductor change.
Magnetic Flux is defined as the product of the magnetic flux
density and the area normal to the field through which the field is
passing. It is a scalar quantity and its S.I. unit is the weber (Wb).
φ = B A
7. Principle: -
Electromagnetic induction (or sometimes just induction) is a
process where a conductor placed in a changing magnetic
field (or a conductor moving through a stationary magnetic
field) causes the production of a voltage across the
conductor. This process of electromagnetic induction, in
turn, causes an electrical current -- it is said to induce the
current.
8. Invention: -
Michael Faraday is generally credited with the discovery of induction
in 1831 though it may have been anticipated by the work of
Francesco Zantedeschi in 1829. Around 1830 to 1832, Joseph
Henry made a similar discovery, but did not publish his findings
until later.
Induced e.m.f.s: -
If magnetic flux through a coil is altered then an E.m.f. will be
generated in the coil. This effect was first observed and explained by
Ampere and Faraday between 1825 and 1831. Faraday discovered
that an e.m.f. could be generated either by,
(a) moving the coil or the source of flux relative to each other or by
(b) changing the magnitude of the source of magnetic flux
in some way.
Note that the e.m.f. is only produced while the flux is
changing.
Lenz's Law: -
When an emf is generated by a change in magnetic flux according to
Faraday’s Law, the polarity of the induced emf is such that it produces a
current whose magnetic field opposes the change which produces it. The
induced magnetic field inside any loop of wire always acts to keep the
magnetic flux in the loop constant. In the examples below, if the B field is
increasing, the induced field acts in opposition to it.
9. Applications of electromagnetic Induction -
Electrical Generator: -
The EMF generated by Faraday's law of induction due to relative movement
of a circuit and a magnetic field is the phenomenon underlying electrical
generators. When a permanent magnet is moved relative to a conductor, or
vice versa, an electromotive force is created. If the wire is connected through
an electrical load, current will flow, and thus electrical energy is generated,
converting the mechanical energy of motion to electrical energy
Electrical transformer: -
The EMF predicted by Faraday's law is also responsible for electrical
transformers. When the electric current in a loop of wire changes, the
changing current creates a changing magnetic field. A second wire in reach of
this magnetic field will experience this change in magnetic field as a change in
its coupled magnetic flux, d ΦB / d t. Therefore, an electromotive force is set
up in the second loop called the induced EMF or transformer EMF. If the
two ends of this loop are connected through an electrical load, current will
flow.
10. Faraday’s Experiment: -
✓ One of the scientists Faraday performed series of experiments
and based on the results he gave law on induction.
✓ He introduced the phenomenon of electromagnetic induction.
✓ Induction means to induce or to generate something.
✓ Electromagnetic Induction means production of electric
current due to magnetic field.
✓ Magnetic field is capable of producing current in a conductor
✓ Faraday took a coil and attached a galvanometer to it.
✓ As there is no battery attached therefore there is no source of
current.
✓ He brought the magnet near the coil.
✓ When the magnet is moved towards the coil galvanometer
showed deflection.
✓ Galvanometer even showed the deflection in the opposite
direction when the magnet is taken away from the coil.
✓ When magnet was not moved there was no deflection in the
galvanometer.
✓ This show current is related to magnet.
✓ Faster the magnet is moved the more is the deflection in the
galvanometer. This showed more and more current flows if the
magnet is moved very fast.
✓ Same effect was observed if the coil is moved and the magnet
was not moved.
11. Materials Required: -
Magnetic bar, a galvanometer, coil and connecting wires.
Procedure: -
1. Take a coil of wire having a large number of turns.
2. Connect the end of the coil to a galvanometer.
3. Take a strong bar magnet and move its north pole into the coil
and observe the changes in the galvanometer needle.
4. Repeat earlier step with the south pole of the bar magnet.
5. Now repeat the procedure with the coil having a different number
of turns and the variation in the deflection of the galvanometer
needle.
Observations: -
1. When we move the magnet in or out of the coil, the needle of
galvanometer gets deflected in different directions.
2. When we insert the north pole (N) of bar magnet into the coil,
the deflection is towards right.
3. When we insert the south pole (S) of bar magnet into the coil, the
deflection is towards left.
4. When we move the bar magnet in or out of the coil with varying
speed, the speed of deflection changes accordingly.
12. 5. As we increase the number of turns in the coil, the deflection
increases.
6. Relative motion between magnet and coil induced electric current
in the coil.
13.
14.
15. Result: -
1. The deflection of galvanometer needle indicates the presence of
current in the coil.
2. The direction of deflection gives the direction of flow of current.
3. The speed of deflection gives the rate at which the current is
induced.
4. The deflection in galvanometer changes with the change in
number of turns in the coil - more the number of turns in the coil
greater is the deflection.
From this experiment, Faraday concluded that whenever there is
relative motion between a conductor and a magnetic field, the flux
linkage with a coil changes and this change in flux induces a voltage
across a coil.
16. • Physics Ncert book for class XII
• Wikipedia.com
• Google Search Engine
• Seminarsonly.com
