This document is a physics investigatory project on Faraday's law of electromagnetic induction. It includes an introduction that explains Faraday's law and how changing magnetic fields induce electric fields. The objective is to determine Faraday's law using a copper wire, iron rod, and magnet. The theory section discusses magnetic flux, Faraday's law equation, and the Maxwell-Faraday equation. It concludes that Faraday's law describes how changing magnetic fields induce voltages in conductors and has many applications from power generation to how the sun shines.

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Physics Investigatory Project Faraday's Law Electromagnetic
Induction
physics class 12 (Delhi Public School, Damanjodi)
Studocu is not sponsored or endorsed by any college or university
Physics Investigatory Project Faraday's Law Electromagnetic
Induction
physics class 12 (Delhi Public School, Damanjodi)
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2. PHYSICS
INVESTIGATORY
PROJECT
TOPIC:
ELECTROMAGNETIC
INDUCTION
SUBMITTED BY:
VARNIKA PARMAAR 12118
LAVANYA BANSAL 12131
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3. INDEX
CERTIFICATE
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
APPARATUS REQUIRED
OBJECTIVE
INTRODUCTION
THEORY
CONCLUSION
BIBLIOGRAPHY
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4. CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the physics
investigatory project titled
'electromagnetic induction has been
successfully completed by Varnika
Parmaar and Lavanya Bansal of class
XII-A in partial fulfillment of the
curriculum of the central board of
secondary education (CBSE) leading to
the ward of annual examination of the
year 2022-2023.
INTERNAL EXAMINER EXTERNAL EXAMINER
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5. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
It gives me great pleasure to express
my gratitude towards our Physics
teacher Mrs. A. P. Sreelatha ma’am for
her guidance, support, and
encouragement throughout the
duration of the project. Without her
motivation and help, the successful
completion of this project would not
have been possible.
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6. APPARATUS REQUIRED
 INSULATED COPPER WIRE
 AN IRON ROD
 A STRONG MAGNET
 A LIGHT-EMITTING DIODE(LED)
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7. OBJECTIVE
To determine Faraday’s law of electromagnetic
induction using a copper wire wound over an
iron rod and a strong magnet.
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8. INTRODUCTION
Faraday’s Law of Electromagnetic Induction:
It is a basic law of electromagnetism predicting how a magnetic
field will interact with an electric circuit to produce an
electromotive force (EMF). It is the fundamental operating
principle of transformers, inductors and many types of electrical
motors and generators. Faraday explained electromagnetic
induction using the concept of lines of force. These equations
for electromagnetic induction are extremely important since
they provide a means to precisely describe how, many natural
physical phenomena in our universe and behave.
The ability to quantitatively describe physical phenomena not
only allows us to gain a better understanding of our universe,
but it also makes possible a host of technological innovations
that define modern society. Understanding Faraday’s laws of
electromagnetic induction can be beneficial since so many
aspects of our daily life function because of the principles
behind
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9. Faraday’s law. From natural phenomena, such as the light we
receive from the sun, to technologies that improve our quality of
life, such as electric power generation, Faraday’s law has a great
impact on many aspects of our lives.
Magnetic Field Inside a Solenoid Electromagnetic Induction
Faraday’s law describes electromagnetic induction. Whereby an
electric field is induced, or generated by a changing magnetic
field.
In Faraday’s first experimental demonstration of
electromagnetic induction, he wrapped two wires around
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10. opposite sides of an iron ring or ‘torus’ to induce current.
Faraday’s law is a single equation describing two different
phenomena: the motional EMF generated by a magnetic force
on a moving wire, and the transformer EMF generated by an
electric force due to a changing magnetic field.
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11. THEORY
The magnetic flux (B) through a surface is the component
of the magnetic field passing through the surface. The SI
unit of magnetic flux is weber (Wb), and the COGS unit is ,
Maxwell.
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12. Magnetic flux is usually measured with a flux meter,
which contains measuring coils and electronics that
evaluate the change of voltage in the measuring coils to
calculate the
magnetic flux. If the magnetic field is constant, the
magnetic flux passing through a surface of vector area S is
Where is the magnitude of magnetic field having the
unit of Wb/m2(T). is the area of the surface and is the
angle between magnetic field lines and the normal.
For a varying
magnetic field, we first consider the magnetic flux
through a small amount of area where we may consider
the magnetic field to be constant.
From the magnetic vector potential and the fundamental
theorem of the curl, the magnetic field may be defined as
where the line integral is taken over the boundary of
the surface, which is denoted as
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13. LAW
The most widespread version of Faraday’s law of
electromagnetic induction states that
“The induced electromotive force in any closed
surface is equal to the negative of the rate of change
of magnetic
flux through the circuit.”
This version of Faraday’s law strictly holds true only when
the closed circuit is a loop of infinitely thin wire, and is
invalid in other circumstances as discussed below
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14. A different version, the Maxwell-Faraday equation is valid in all
circumstances.
The magnetic flux changes due to the change in magnetic
field.
Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction states that the
wire loop acquires an EMF, defined as the energy available per
unit charge that travels once around the wire loop.
Equivalently, it is the voltage that would be measured by cutting
the wire to create an open circuit.
And attaching a voltmeter to the leads.
According to Lorentz force law,
And the EMF of the wire loop is
The Maxwell-Faraday equation states that a time varying
magnetic field is always accompanied by spatially varying, non-
conservative electric field and vice versa.
The Maxwell-Faraday equation is
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15. where 9 is the curl operator and again E(rt) is the electric field
and B(rt) is the magnetic field. These fields can generally be
functions of position r and time t.
The four Maxwell's equations (including the Maxwell-Faraday
equation), along with the Lorentz force law are a sufficient
foundation to derive everything in classical electromagnetism.
Therefore, it is possible to “prove” Faraday's law starting with
these equations. Faraday's law could be taken as the starting
point and used to prove the Maxwell-Faraday equation and/or
other laws.
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16. CONCLUSION
Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction, first observed
and published by Michael Faraday in the mid-nineteenth
century, describes a very important electromagnetic
concept.
Although its mathematical representations are cryptic, the
essence of Faraday’s law is not hard to grasp. It relates an
induced electric potential or voltage to a dynamic magnetic
field.
This concept has many far-reaching ramifications that
touch our lives in many ways: from the shining of the
sun to electricity and power in our homes.
We can all appreciate the profound impact Faraday’s law
has on us.
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17. REFERENCES
 wikipedia.com www.scienceforall.com
 Physics NCERT textbook
 Google Images
 www.100scienceprojects.com
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