This technical note discusses air cooling with forced convection for electronic components, emphasizing the importance of fan selection based on heat removal needs and system design requirements. It covers the principles of airflow and pressure, effective fan curve generation, and altitude correction for accurate performance specifications. Additionally, it outlines considerations for using fans in parallel and series configurations to optimize cooling efficiency in high-impedance systems.

1. Arunima Panigrahy
Technical Note:
Some Useful Fan Rules for
Electronics Cooling

2. Common Modes Of Cooling
Electronic Components
Air cooling
• Natural convection passive cooling
• Forced convection
Liquid cooling
This technical note applies to air cooling with
forced convection.

3. Air Cooling
Most popular mode for cooling electronics
Design requirement based on need of high flow
rate or high pressure drops
Cooling capacity increased by use of multiple
fans
Fans in series vs. parallel
Altitude correction

4. Choice Of Fan For System Cooling
Information needed
• Amount of heat to be removed
• Maximum allowable temperature
• Thermal properties of air
Heat Transfer Equation

5. Basic Fan Laws
Choice of fan will further depend on the Fan Laws.
Law of Physics for motion can be expressed as
Hence the pressure required is proportional to the
square of velocity of air, or static pressure
Also,

6. Fan Characteristic curve
0
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.1
0.12
0 5 10 15 20 25
StaticPressure(inH2O)
Flow Rate (CFM)
Typical Axial Fan Curve
12.0 V
13.2 V
9.6 V

7. System Impedance Vs. fan Curve
StaticPressure
Flow Rate
Note: Effective fan curve for determining fan operating point is determined
from all the fans in the system. We’ll show how in the next slides.
System impedance curves

8. Multiple Fans
In Parallel (Example: Fans
in a single fan tray)
In Series (Example intake and
exhaust fans in a system)
StaticPressure(inchofH2O
Flow rate (CFM)
Single Fan
2 Fans in
Parallel
StaticPressure(inchofH2O
Flow rate (CFM)
Single Fan
2 Fans in
Series
•For each pressure drop in the fan
curve table, add corresponding flow
rates of each fan in parallel (i.e. on
the same tray)
•For each flow rate in the fan curve
table, add corresponding pressure
drops of each fan in parallel

9. Effective Fan Curve Generation Example
Step 1: Consider these 3
fans in parallel and
generate effective curve
Step 2: Consider these 3
fans in parallel and
generate effective curve
Step 3: Consider these 2
effective fans in series and
generate master effective
curve

10. Multiple Fans
In Parallel In Series
StaticPressure
Flow rate (CFM)
Fans in Parallel
Single Fan
2 Fans in Parallel
Higher benefit (percentage
increase in flow rate) with
parallel fans for low impedance
system – shown in green
StaticPressure
Flow rate (CFM)
Fans in Series
Single Fan
2 Fans in Series
Higher benefit (percentage
increase in static pressure) with
fans in series for high impedance
system – shown in green

11. Altitude correction
At higher altitude
• Pressure drops
• Density decreases
Manufacturers provide fan specifications at
Standard Temperature and Pressure
Altitude correction needed for correct fan
selection
Catalog data cannot be used as is
Fans deliver specified CFM for given RPM
irrespective of altitude

12. Altitude correction
Step 1: Actual Conditions - Evaluate the design static pressure and
CFM at high altitude
Step 2: Density correction (density of air under standard condition is
about 1.27 kg/m3)
Step 3: Obtain corrected static pressure by dividing the design static
pressure (from Step 1) by the air density ratio (from Step 2)
Use corrected static pressure (from Step 3), and actual CFM (from
Step 1) for appropriate fan selection from fan catalog/supplier
information.
RPM remains unchanged

13. Summary
Considerations in air moving strategy
• Amount of heat dissipated
• Maximum temperature of the enclosure
• Required flow rate, pressure drop
• Fan trays
o Parallel?
o Series?
o In most large systems this is a combination of both
• Impact of altitude on choice of fan