The document discusses various topics related to marriage and family, including:
- Characteristics of nuclear and extended families
- Types of marriage such as monogamy, polygamy, polygyny, and polyandry
- The social construction of marriage and family and how patterns are changing
- Theoretical perspectives on family from functionalism, conflict theory, and symbolic interactionism
3. Marriage and Family
Exogamy
Marrying outside of certain groups
Cultural norm
So strongly held, don’t think about it
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4. Marriage and Family
Nuclear family
A living arrangement in which
spouses and children live together
Extended family
A living arrangement in which
spouses, children and other relatives
live together
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5. Marriage and Family
Monogamy
Two marriage partners
Serial monogamy
Polygamy
Three or more marriage partners
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6. Marriage and Family
Polygyny
Multiple wives
Polyandry
Multiple husbands
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7. Marriage and Family
Social construction of marriage and
family
Are these patterns culturally relative?
How are patterns of marriage and
family changing?
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8. Marriage and Family
Marriage
Approved mating arrangement
Formalized by a ritual
Family
Two or more people
Related by blood, marriage or adoption
They live together or have lived together
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9. Marriage and Family
Nuclear family
A living arrangement in which
spouses and children live together
Extended family
A living arrangement in which
spouses, children and other relatives
live together
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10. Marriage and Family
Family of orientation
Where a person grows up
Family of procreation
Where a person was born
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11. Marriage and Family
Monogamy
Polygamy
Polygyny
Polyandry
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12. Marriage and Family
Group norms
Cultural norm
So strongly held, don’t think about it
Exogamy
Marrying outside of certain groups
Endogamy
Marriage within a certain group
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13. Patterns of Descent
Bilineal (or Bilateral)
Traced on both mother and father’s side
Pattern for our culture
Patrilineal
Traced only on father’s side
Matrilineal
Traced only on mother’s side
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14. Patriarchy
A social system where men dominate
women
Circular pattern of superiority
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15. Marriage and Family in
Theoretical Perspectives
Functionalism
Conflict Theory
Symbolic Interactionism
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16. Marriage and Family in
Theoretical Perspectives
Who are the people and what are the
different roles in your family?
What are your responsibilities in your
family?
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17. Marriage and Family
Social construction of marriage and
family
Are these patterns culturally relative?
How are patterns of marriage and
family changing?
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18. Theoretical Perspectives
Functionalism
Family provides essentials to society
Economic production
Socialization of children
Care of sick and aged; emotional support
Recreation
Reproduction
Sexual control
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19. Theoretical Perspectives
Functionalism
Incest taboo
Rules to specify which people are too
closely related to have sex or marry
Avoid role confusion
Promotes exogamy
Culturally relative
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20. Theoretical Perspectives
Conflict Theory
Arena of struggle = housework
Resources: time, energy, leisure
Men resist housework
Why?
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22. Theoretical Perspectives
Conflict Theory/Feminist
Arlie Hochschild—“The Second Shift”
Some modest changes
• Men do lower-stressed chores
• Women do higher stressed chores
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23. Theoretical Perspectives
Symbolic Interaction
Arlie Hochschild—“The Second Shift”
Two factors shrink housework gender gap
• Income difference
• Education = More egalitarian attitudes
His and Her marriages
Different perceptions of relationship
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24. Family Life Cycle
Romantic love—American ideal of finding
a mate (discussion time)
How is romantic love is promoted in
American social institutions, such as the
family, education, religion, and the media?
What conclusions can you draw from this?
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25. Family Life Cycle
Romantic love—American ideal of finding
a mate
Social channels for love and marriage
Age
Education
Social Class
Race
Religion
Homogamy
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26. Family Life Cycle
Romantic love
Other theories of mate selection
Marriage gradient
• Tendency for women to marry men of higher
status
• Reinforces patriarchy?
Complimentary needs
• Select spouse whose needs are different
• Opposites attract
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27. Family Life Cycle
Romantic love
Other theories of mate selection
Matching hypothesis
• Marry someone about attractive as we are
• Celebrity examples
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28. Family Life Cycle
Romantic love
Other theories of mate selection
Social Exchange Theory
• Something exchanged
• Men’s most valuable asset : money
• Women’s most valuable asset : looks
Parental image theory—We marry
someone similar to our parent of the
opposite sex
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29. Family Life Cycle
Having children
Misconception: Baby makes happy family
Marital satisfaction decreases w/child
Less time & sleep + more expenses
U-shaped model
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30. Family Life Cycle
Having children: Effect of social class
Working-class
More likely to have a baby after nine months
More likely to have personal/financial
problems
Middle class
More resources to postpone birth of first child
Leads to more time to adjust to one another
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31. Family Life Cycle
Child Care
Day Care
One child out of six in day care
What is the quality of our day care?
What is the impact on children?
Nannies
Upper-middle-class phenomenon
Tension between parents and nannies
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32. Family Life Cycle
Child Care
Social Class and socialization (Kohn)
Working Class: Conformity
Middle Class: Curiosity/Self-expression
Birth order
First borns: Disciplined more, more attention
More children: Competition for attention
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33. Family Life Cycle
Family in Later Life
Empty Nest
After the last child leaves home
Middle Class: Curiosity/Self-expression
Boomerang children
Higher cost of living & lengthier education
Social issues at home
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34. Diversity in U.S. Families
Upper Class
Preserve privilege & wealth
Middle Class
Academic achievement/Respectability
Working Class
Obstacles of poverty
Unemployment/Single parenting
Fictive kinship
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35. Diversity in U.S. Families
African American
Marriage squeeze
Latino
Spanish language
Roman Catholic religion
Machismo
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36. Diversity in U.S. Families
Asian American
Similar in structure to white families
Respect for elderly, moderation, obligation
Guilt and shame
Native American
Question of assimilation
Tradition vs. dominant culture
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37. Diversity in U.S. Families
Social Class and Culture are key issues
One-parent families
High divorce rate, increase in unwed mothers
Most are headed by women = most are poor
Children more likely to:
Drop out of school
Be poor as adults
Divorce
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38. Diversity in U.S. Families
Families without children
14% of marrieds have no children
More education = more likely to have no kids
“Child free” marriages
Childless not by choice
Adoption
Fertility methods
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39. Diversity in U.S. Families
Blended Families
Increasing in number
Complicated relationships
Gay and Lesbian Families
Vermont, first state to recognize (2000)
Similarities
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40. Trends in U.S. Families
Postponing marriage
Average age of first-time brides and grooms:
Older than at any time in U.S. history
Oldest average age women having first child
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41. Figure 12.6 - The Median Age at Which Americans Marry for the First Time. Page 327
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42. Trends in U.S. Families
Cohabitation
10 times more common than 30 years ago
About 40% will be in a cohabiting family
Commitment disparity
Couples that cohabit before marriage are more
likely to divorce than those that don’t.
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43. Divorce and Remarriage
Measuring Divorce
Divorce rate = 50%...correct?
2.2 million marriages annually
1.1 million divorces annually
Question: Divorced couples not from same
group that got married in that same year?
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44. Divorce and Remarriage
Measuring Divorce
All marriages and all divorces
60 million married couples in U.S.
1.25 million divorces annually
Divorce rate = 2%
Figure 12.11
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45. Figure 12.11 - What Percentage of Americans are Divorced?. Page 332
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