Family is considered the basic unit of society. It provides for the procreation and upbringing of children through the relationship between parents. Family structures can vary in size, from nuclear families consisting of parents and children, to joint families including extended relatives. Marriages also take different forms, from monogamous to polygamous, and are regulated by laws and customs. The family performs essential functions like satisfying sexual needs and producing offspring, as well as non-essential roles in areas like economics, education, and socialization of children.

1. FAMILY
STRUCTURE

2. family
Family is considered as the right place for
integrated preventive, promotive, curative and
rehabilitative services.
A group of people who are related to each other
by blood.

3. Family
Of all human groups the family is the most important
primary group.
It is the simplest and the most elementary form of society.
It is an outstanding primary group, because, it is in the
family that the child develops is basic attitudes.
It provides for the most enduring relationship in the one
form or other.
It is a small social group consisting ordinarily of a father,
mother, and one or more children.

4. Definition of
Family
MacIver – “Family is a group defined by a sex relationship
sufficiently precise and enduring to provide for the
procreation and upbringing of children”.
Nimkoff – “Family is a more or less durable association of
husband and wife with or without children or of a man or
women alone, with children.
Clare – “Family is a system of relationship existing
between parents and children”.
Eliott and Merrill – “Family is the logical social unit
composed of husband, wife and children”.

5. Characteristics of family
A mating relationship: A family comes into existence when a
man and woman establish mating relation between them.
A form of marriage: Mating relationship is established through
the institution of marriage.
A system of nomenclature: Every family is known by a name and
has its own system of reckoning descent. Descent may be
consider through the male or female line.
An economic provision: The head of the family carries on certain
profession and earns money to maintain the family.
A common habitation (surroundings): A family requires a home
or house-hold for its living. Without a dwelling place the task of
child bearing and child rearing cannot be adequately performed.

6. Nature of
Family
Universality Emotional Basis
Limited size Formative
influence Nuclear position
Responsibilities of the members
Social regulation
Permanent and Temporary

7. Functions of family
MacIver divides the functions of the family into Two categories:
Essential
○ Satisfaction of sex needs.
○ Production and raring of children.
○ Provision of home.
Non-essential
○ Economic.
○ Religious.
○ Educational.
○ Health.
○ Recreation.
○ Civic.
○ Social.
○ Role of socialization.

8. Essential functions of
Family
Satisfaction of sex need:
Manu, the Ancient Indian Law-giver, regarded
sexual satisfaction as the aim of family.
Vatsyayan also looked upon sexual satisfaction
as the primary objective of the family.
Satisfaction of sex instinct brings the desire for
life-long partnership among male and female.
The satisfaction of sex instinct makes fornormal
personality.

9. Essential functions of
Family
Production and rearing of children.
The parents are always focus on the
upbringing of the child.
Every religion is having its different
rules and regulation and they
develop according to that.
Family is an institution excellence for the
production and rearing of children.

10. Essential functions of
Family
Provision of a home:
The psychologist hold that probably thegreatest
single cause of emotional difficulties, behaviour
problems is lack of love, that is, lack of a warm,
affectionate relationship within a small circle of
intimate associates.
The family satisfies the need for affectionby
human beings.
M a n after the hard toil of the day returns home
where in the center of his wife and children he
sheds off his fatigue.

11. Non-essentialfunctions of
Family
Economic:
I t serves as an economic unit.
I n the traditional family most of the goods for
consumption were made at home.
Religion:
The family performs is of a religiouscharacter.
I t is the centre of religious training of thechildren.
Educational:
The child learns letters under the guidanceof
parents.

12. Non-essential functions of
Family
Health:
A sick man was cared for in the family, by his
own kith and kin.
Recreation:
Family provides recreation to its members.
They use to sing and dance togetherand
visit the family relations.
Civic:
The qualities of love, co-operation, toleration,
sacrifice, obedience and discipline are first
learn by the child in the family.

13. Family structure
Family structure is defined as member
composing the family,its size and type.
Family structure can also be defined as the
articulation of members of which the family is
composed of.
Family structure of each family is different
because of variation in membership, size and
type.
Family can have two parents , single parents,
small size, larger size and depending upon
kinship, it can nuclear, extended or joint family.

14. The life span of an individuals divided into
different periods, the names have been given to
each period.
Neonate (0-28 days)
It includes the time period from birth to 28 days.
It is a time of radical adjustment as from internal
environment to external environment.
It may be easy for some neonates to make
adjustment .
Infant( 1 month-12 month)
as some of infants are born pre maturely and
some postmaturely, then it is obivious that all
infants will not go through the same level of
physical and mental development.

15. The time period of infancy is most hazardous
period in life span.
As physical and psychological hazards during
this time period can affect the present and
future adjustment.
Toddler(1year-3 year)
This stage is the period after infancy, when a
child tries to have autonomy.
The main problem during this period is the
temper tantrum which need to be dealt
carefully.
Child
Children comes in the age of childhood, which
is further divided into…..

16. Early childhood
in that variation occurs in emotional pattern,
emotions are through to be intense at certain
ages especially ages between 3 and four.
Ex. Temper tentrum.
If the child is living in large family then jealousy
is developed in child.
late childhood
Late childhood is marked by condition that affect
a child’s personal and social adjustment.
This is marked by entering the child into first
grade.
Due to new demands and expectation, most
children are in state of disequilibrium as they are
emotionally disturbed.

17. Adolescent
it is a period of storm and stress, as emotional
tention may occur due to physical and
glandular changes taking place within the
body.

18. Types of family
On the basis of Authority.
On the basis of Structure.
On the basis of Residence.
On the basis of Marriage.
On the basis of Ancestry.
On the basis of In-group and Out-group.
On the basis of Blood Relations.

19. Types of family
On the basis of Authority:
Patriarchal – male dominant, female subordinate.
Matriarchal – female dominant, male subordinate.
On the basis of Structure:
Nuclear – husband, wife with or without children.
Join Family or Extended family – two Nuclear family.
On the basis of Residence:
Patrilocal – wife goes to husband’s house for live.
Matrilocal – husband goes to wife’s house for live.

20. Types of family
On the basis of Marriage:
Monogamous – one man marry one woman.
Polygamous – one man marry two or more women.
Polyandrous: - one woman marry two or more men.
On the basis of Ancestry:
Patrilineal – ancestry continues through the father.
Matrilineal – ancestry continues through the
mother.

21. Family
On the basis of In-group and Out-group:
Endogamous – marriage only among
members of the in-group.
Exogamous – marriage of members ofan of an
out-group.

22. The family in India does not consist only of husband,
wife and their children but also of uncles, aunts and
cousins and grandsons.
This system called Joint family or extended family
system, is a peculiar characteristic of the Indian social
life.
A son after marriage does not usually separate himself
from the parents but continues to stay with them under
the same roof and holding property in common.
The earnings of all the members are put in a common
fund out of which family expenses are met.
The family in India is based on Patrilineal descent.

23. Family :-
Large Size. Joint Property.
Common Residence.
Co-operative Organization.
Common Religion.
A Productive Unit.
Mutual Rights and Obligations.

24. Family
The individual nuclear family is a universal social
phenomenon. It also called Modern Family.
A nuclear family is one which consists of the
husband, wife and their children.
The children leave the parents as soon as they are
married.
A nuclear family is an autonomous unit free from
the control of elders.
There is minimum interdependence between them.
E.g. American family

25. Changes & legislation on family
and marriage in India –
Marriage acts

26. marriage in India – Marriage
acts
The prevention of Sati Act 1829.
The Hindu widow Remarriage Act 1856. The
Civil (or special) Marriage Act 1872. The Hindu
Marriage Act 1955.
The Dowry Prohibition Act 1961.
The Child Marriage Restraint Act 1929.
The Hindu Adoption and Maintenance Act 1956.
Medical Terminal of Pregnancy Act 1971.
Family Court Act 1984.

27. Changes & legislation on family and marriage
in India – Marriage acts
The prevention of Sati Act 1829.
Widows are often forced to make a vow or sankalpa t
o
die after their husband’s death.
Sri Rajaram Mohan Roy took up the causes ofwomen
and impressed upon.
Lord Bentinck, the British Governor General of India
brings out a legislation prohibiting the of “Sati”.
The formation of Sati Act, 1829 includes savingthe
lives of widows, and punishing and fining those
instigates the practice of “Sati”.

28. Changes & legislation on family and
marriage in India – Marriage acts
Hindu Widow Remarriage Act 1855.
Through prevention of Sati Act, even though
widows were saved, but they were subjected to
exploitation and humiliation.
Pandit Ishware Chandra Vidya Sagar brought
pressure on the British Government to make legal
provision for widow remarriage.

29. Changes & legislation on family
and marriage in India – Marriage
acts
The Civil (or Special) Marriage Act 1872.
This is provided legal permission for inter-caste,
inter-religious and registered marriages.
I t was modified in1954.
Couple has to inform the marriage officer a month
before the scheduled marriage and two witnesses
has to be present during the time of marriage.

30. Continu
e…
The Hindu Marriage Act 1955.
This Act is applicable for the total India and Jains,
Sikhs, Buddhists and the scheduled castes.
Condition for Valid Marriage as Provided under this
Act;
Prohibits polygyny, polyandry and child marriage.
The bridegroom mush have completed 21 years of the
age and bride 18 years of age.
Equal rights for men and women in marriage.
Given permission for inter-caste and inter-religion
marriages.

31. e…
Dowry Prohibition Act 1961.
I t permits exchange of gifts for not more than
Rs.2000/-
I t prescribes the penalty of 6 monthsimprisonment
or a fine up to Rs. 5000/- or both.
The act got amended in 1986 and there afterits
rules became still more severe.
I t does not apply to Muslims.

32. e…
Child Marriage Restraint Act 1929.
According to this Act boys under 18 years of age,
girls under 14 years of age, if get married is an
offence.
Later the Act was amended in 1978 to 21 years o
f
age for boys and 18 years of age for girls.
Violation of the Act prescribes penalty of 3 month
imprisonment and Rs.1000/- fine.

33. e…
The Hindu Adoption and Maintenance Act 1956.
I t provides provision for childless women the right t
o
adopt
a child.
T o claim maintenance from the husband is she s
i
divorced.
Medical Terminal of Pregnancy Act 1971.
legalizes abortion conceding the right of a woman to
undergo abortion on the ground of physical and mental
health.
Family Court Act 1984.
Provides justice to women who get involved in family
disputes.

34. Marriage
Marriage is an institution which admits men
and women to family life.
It is a stable relationship in which a man
and a woman are socially permitted to have
children implying the right to sexual
relations.
Marriage is a ritual enjoined the husband to
regard his wife as a god-given gift.

35. Definition of Marriage
Malinowski – “Marriage as a contract
for the
production and maintenance of children”.
Horton and Hunt – “Marriage is the
approved social pattern whereby
two or more persons establish a
family”.

36. Types of marriage
1. Polyandry
2. Polygamy
3. Monogamy
4. Companionate marriage
5. Exogamy
6. Endogamy
7. experimental

37. Marriage
One wife, many husbands: Polyandry.
Fraternal polyandry
Non Fraternal polyandry
One husband many wives: Polygyny.
Sororal polygyny
Non Sororal polygyny
One husband and one wife: Monogamy
Companionate marriage
Experimental marriage

38. Conti .. .
Polyandry: It is a form of marriage whereas one
woman marries more than one man at a given
time. This form of marriage is further divided into
two as Fraternal polyandry and Non-fraternal
polyandry.
Fraternal Polyandry: It is a form of marriage whereas one
woman marries more than one man at a given time those
who are related as brothers by birth.
Non-fraternal Polyandry: It is a form of marriage whereas
one woman marries more than one man at a given time
those who are not related as brothers by birth.

39. Advantages of polyandry type of marriage
. Population control is achieved through the
polyandry type of marriage system .i.e. it
control growth of population
.it strengthen the economic condition of family.
.there are less chances of dispute for property
as property does not get divided.
Disadvantages
.this type of marriage has an impact on health
of women such as AIDS, infertility, pelvic
inflammatory disease etc.
.it is difficult for women t satisfy the sexual
desire of several husbands.
.it is easy for man to get divorce.

40. Conti .. .
Polygyny: It is a form of marriage in which one
man marries more than one woman at a given
time. This form of marriage is divided into two.
Sororal Polygyny: It is a form of marriage wherein one
man marries more than one woman at a given time
those are related as sisters by birth.
Non-Sororal Polygyny: It is a form of marriage wherein
one man marries more than one woman at a given time
those are not related as sisters by birth.

41. Advantages
. This type of marriage system, checks on
prostitution , as man can satisfy his sexual
desire with more than two wives.
Disadvantages
.polygamy form of marriage, also has an impact
on health of man and women and also lower the
status of women in society.
.it create jealousy among family members.
.economic burden on head of family is increased.

42. Conti .. . .
Monogamy:
Is a form of marriage wherein one man marries
one woman at a time.
This is the leading form of marriage and the
most widespread form of marriage found
among the indian people.
Its advantages are now wellrecognized.
Affection between parents, between parents
and children and between children themselves
is more wholesome under this monogamy.

43. Advantages
.parents can give proper attention for upbringing of
their child.
.it create affection and sincere devotion.
Universally practicable
Economically better suited
Disadvantages
.it can cause extra marital relations.

44. Companionate Marriage:
T h e marriage of two persons on the understanding thatas
long as there are no children.
T h e marriage may be dissolved simply by mutualconsent.
advantages
.it is better than love or a trial marriage .
Disadvantages
.it cause quick marriage and quick divorce.

45. Experimental Marriage:
In this form of marriage a man and a
woman may be allowed to lead marital life
temporarily in order to find out if they can
settle down permanently in matrimonial
relations.
If they find that they have well-matched
personality: they may enter into permanent
marriage relations; otherwise depart from
each other.

46. exogamy
In exogamy ,a man seeks a wife out of his own
caste.
It also called the out-marriage, custom enjoing
mairrage outside one’s own group.
following type of exogamy has been seen in
india.
1) Gotra exogamy
2) Pravar exogamy
3) Village exogamy
.

47. following type of exogamy has been seen in india.
1. Gotra exogamy
marriage out side gotra.
2. Pravar exogamy
it is a spiritual bond having the name of
common saint at religious function.it means
the mairrage outside the pravar.
3.Village exogamy
this type of system of marriage is prevalent
in indian tribes.the people of one place cannot
intermarry.

48. Endogamy
The marriage is performed within the same
class or caste of first partner.
In india ,such type of marriage system is still
prevelent, as brahmins can marry only in
brahmins.
.interclass or intercaste mairrage is prohibited.

49. EACH TYPE OF MARRIAGE SYSTEM HAS ITS
ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES.
> Some form of marriage have an impact o physical
and psychological health.polyandry, polygamy type
of marriage is considered as an obstacle in the way
of social progress.
> It creates psychological problems beacause of
jealous, stress on the head of family member In case
of polygamy.
Psychological problem can also occurs among
companionate marriage system because of quick
divorce.sometims the mate choice selected by
parents in case of arrange marriage on in case of
chosen by one partner can be wrong and it can
doom the family to unhappiness.

50. Problems related to marriage
> women still do not enjoy the equal rights
with men in social , political, religious and
economic field.
.> endogamy system of marriage of family, if a
person fall in love with a partner outside the
caste, class or tribe, then it can lead to fight,
murder etc.
> another problem is dowry system.

51. Functions of
marriage
Regulation sex life and sex relations of the individual.
Establishes family formation.
Marriage insists the couple to establish family by
procreation.
Provides economic co-operation.
Marriage develops intense love and affection towards
each other.
Its help intellectual co-operation among them.
Minimizes the social distance between groups.

52. Problems
Family
in India
Present lower status of women:
T h e Indian family system says that Indian women do
not enjoy equal rights with men in the social, political,
religious and economic fields.
T h a t they are illtreated and that they cannot claim any
share in the family property.
Before marriage a woman depends on her father, after
marriage on her husband, and in old age on her sons.
S h e never has an independent living according to her
own dislikes.

53. i…
Dowry system:
Its considered regarding marriage problems inIndia
is the commercial aspects of the marriage.
The father of girls commits suicide because hehas
not been able to manage for the dowry demanded
by the parents of the boy.
Sometimes the girl herself commits suicide on that
account.
The parents often commit theft, forgeryor
misappropriation, to arrange for dowry.

54. Family, Marriage and their
influence on
Health and Health Practices

55. Family, Marriage and their
influence on Health
and Health Practices
Family is the most important social unit which
fulfills the needs of the individual.
Every individual is living in the family from the time
of birth to death.
If largely determines the health of the individuals.
Positive conditions of the family promote the
health of its members and negative conditions
causes health problems to them.

56. Conti..
Economic status of the family.
Personality of the parents.
Alcoholism and drug addiction.
Culture and Caste Background of the family.
Gender inequality.
Educational level of the family.
Occupational background of the parents.

57. Thank you