Majority of Ethiopian farmers have been using traditional way of agricultural practices which persist to low productivity. To solve these problems, governmental and non-governmental organizations have made efforts to bring about change through Agricultural extension strategy. But these efforts notwithstanding, the rural population still practices subsistence. The agricultural extension service is one of the institutional support services that has a central role to play in the transformation process, but facing new extension challenge. There were many studies conducted to identify role and challenges of extension service in Ethiopia in different regions, but there is limitation of summarization of current state of understanding. However; governments of developing countries are confronting new extension challenges: on the one hand, there is a need to increase production to provide food for all citizens, raising the income of the rural population and reducing poverty; on the other, hand there is a need to manage the natural resources in a sustainable way with new technologies developed . The mandate of extension services, whether public or private, has always been rural human resources development with an aim to increase food production. The major challenge currently facing agricultural extension service delivery in Ethiopia has its impact on the development of country.
Grain Markets and Large Social Transfers:An Analysis of Productive Safety Net...guest9970726
This document analyzes Ethiopia's Productive Safety Net Program (PSNP), which provides social transfers to poor households. The PSNP uses both cash transfers and in-kind food transfers. It analyzes whether the PSNP is linked to unusual price trends in grain markets and examines the price effects of cash versus food transfers under different market integration scenarios. Key findings include that prices in PSNP regions are generally above non-PSNP regions, and cash transfers could integrate separated markets and further increase price differences, while food transfers could lower prices and reduce differences. The PSNP may have influenced national price trends through its scale of coverage and transfers.
A vehicle for sustainable food production in nigeriaAlexander Decker
This document summarizes an article that discusses using entrepreneurship as a vehicle for sustainable food production in Nigeria. It begins with an abstract of the full article and introduces the topics of agriculture in Nigeria, food security, and entrepreneurship. The methodology of a narrative-textual case study is described. Key concepts are then defined, including entrepreneurship as bringing new uses of resources, and sustainable development as meeting present needs without compromising future generations. Food security is defined as all people having access to enough nutritious food. The document aims to explore how agriculture can be practiced lucratively in Nigeria and how to improve food supply sustainability.
Policies to Promote Smallholder Intensification in Ethiopia:The Search for Ap...guest9970726
1) The document analyzes Ethiopia's policies and programs over the past decades that aimed to promote smallholder intensification through improved access to seed, fertilizer, and extension services. 2) It focuses on three key policy "episodes" between 1995-present to examine the roles of public and private sectors in input and extension systems and markets. 3) The episodes show periods of success in intensification followed by volatility, raising questions about how policies have helped or hindered efforts and the shifting roles of public and private sectors over time.
The document discusses shifting from a quantitative paradigm focused on reducing hunger to a micronutrient paradigm focused on ensuring adequate micronutrient intake. It notes that over 2 billion people have micronutrient deficiencies and outlines a four-part program: 1) raising awareness, 2) taxing micronutrient-poor products, 3) encouraging small, self-sufficient agricultural units, and 4) developing knowledge databases. Food-based approaches like dietary diversification, enriching staple crops and soils, and promoting indigenous food systems can help incorporate micronutrients. Case studies from Peru and Nigeria show how assessing traditional foods and raising awareness can address micronutrient needs. Financing requires investment in education, research,
as part of the IFPRI-Egypt Seminar Series- funded by the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) project called “Evaluating Impact and Building Capacity” (EIBC) that is implemented by IFPRI.
Agricultural Innovation & Productivity for the 21st CenturyDuPont
In 2010, DuPont responded to the global food security challenge by convening a group of experts in global agriculture, development, science, policy and economics to form the Committee. Over the course of a year, the Committee met several times, beginning with a listening tour with farmers in Iowa, and including a week-long meeting in Africa with a di- verse group including farmers, non-governmental organizations (NGOs) and government leaders, among others. The Committee explored complex issues around meeting global food demand to provide recommendations on potential solutions, including how DuPont can play a unique and catalytic role in addressing the challenge ahead.
The Committee explored the issues through the lens of both the developed and devel- oping world, with farmers as its focus. Specifically, the Committee examined issues of farmer productivity, including technology and innovation; capacity building; infrastruc- ture needs; education; policy and regulatory challenges relating to markets and trade; intellectual property (IP); and environmental, economic and social sustainability.
The Committee commends the leadership, engagement and support of DuPont and its team during this process and looks forward to the company’s more specific responses to these recommendations. Set forth below in this Report is a summary of the key issues and findings of the Committee, and its recommendations for the agricultural community.
The state of agricultural productivity and food security in Zimbabwe’s Post 2...inventionjournals
The paper explores the outcomes of the post 2000 land reform programme implemented in the communal area of Umguza district. This involved the triangulation of qualitative data collection methods to gather data from the respondents. A total of 45 famers were sampled for unstructured interviews and focus group discussions. The findings of the study revealed that there are numerous factors that contributed to the decline in agricultural production that included limited skills from the farmers, lack of investment on land because of tenure insecurities, sabotage from former white commercial famers and the rise of climate change. Among the recommendations made was thatthe state should consider training new farmers upon allocating land to them as this will ensure that farmers know what to do once they are in the farms.
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online
Grain Markets and Large Social Transfers:An Analysis of Productive Safety Net...guest9970726
This document analyzes Ethiopia's Productive Safety Net Program (PSNP), which provides social transfers to poor households. The PSNP uses both cash transfers and in-kind food transfers. It analyzes whether the PSNP is linked to unusual price trends in grain markets and examines the price effects of cash versus food transfers under different market integration scenarios. Key findings include that prices in PSNP regions are generally above non-PSNP regions, and cash transfers could integrate separated markets and further increase price differences, while food transfers could lower prices and reduce differences. The PSNP may have influenced national price trends through its scale of coverage and transfers.
A vehicle for sustainable food production in nigeriaAlexander Decker
This document summarizes an article that discusses using entrepreneurship as a vehicle for sustainable food production in Nigeria. It begins with an abstract of the full article and introduces the topics of agriculture in Nigeria, food security, and entrepreneurship. The methodology of a narrative-textual case study is described. Key concepts are then defined, including entrepreneurship as bringing new uses of resources, and sustainable development as meeting present needs without compromising future generations. Food security is defined as all people having access to enough nutritious food. The document aims to explore how agriculture can be practiced lucratively in Nigeria and how to improve food supply sustainability.
Policies to Promote Smallholder Intensification in Ethiopia:The Search for Ap...guest9970726
1) The document analyzes Ethiopia's policies and programs over the past decades that aimed to promote smallholder intensification through improved access to seed, fertilizer, and extension services. 2) It focuses on three key policy "episodes" between 1995-present to examine the roles of public and private sectors in input and extension systems and markets. 3) The episodes show periods of success in intensification followed by volatility, raising questions about how policies have helped or hindered efforts and the shifting roles of public and private sectors over time.
The document discusses shifting from a quantitative paradigm focused on reducing hunger to a micronutrient paradigm focused on ensuring adequate micronutrient intake. It notes that over 2 billion people have micronutrient deficiencies and outlines a four-part program: 1) raising awareness, 2) taxing micronutrient-poor products, 3) encouraging small, self-sufficient agricultural units, and 4) developing knowledge databases. Food-based approaches like dietary diversification, enriching staple crops and soils, and promoting indigenous food systems can help incorporate micronutrients. Case studies from Peru and Nigeria show how assessing traditional foods and raising awareness can address micronutrient needs. Financing requires investment in education, research,
as part of the IFPRI-Egypt Seminar Series- funded by the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) project called “Evaluating Impact and Building Capacity” (EIBC) that is implemented by IFPRI.
Agricultural Innovation & Productivity for the 21st CenturyDuPont
In 2010, DuPont responded to the global food security challenge by convening a group of experts in global agriculture, development, science, policy and economics to form the Committee. Over the course of a year, the Committee met several times, beginning with a listening tour with farmers in Iowa, and including a week-long meeting in Africa with a di- verse group including farmers, non-governmental organizations (NGOs) and government leaders, among others. The Committee explored complex issues around meeting global food demand to provide recommendations on potential solutions, including how DuPont can play a unique and catalytic role in addressing the challenge ahead.
The Committee explored the issues through the lens of both the developed and devel- oping world, with farmers as its focus. Specifically, the Committee examined issues of farmer productivity, including technology and innovation; capacity building; infrastruc- ture needs; education; policy and regulatory challenges relating to markets and trade; intellectual property (IP); and environmental, economic and social sustainability.
The Committee commends the leadership, engagement and support of DuPont and its team during this process and looks forward to the company’s more specific responses to these recommendations. Set forth below in this Report is a summary of the key issues and findings of the Committee, and its recommendations for the agricultural community.
The state of agricultural productivity and food security in Zimbabwe’s Post 2...inventionjournals
The paper explores the outcomes of the post 2000 land reform programme implemented in the communal area of Umguza district. This involved the triangulation of qualitative data collection methods to gather data from the respondents. A total of 45 famers were sampled for unstructured interviews and focus group discussions. The findings of the study revealed that there are numerous factors that contributed to the decline in agricultural production that included limited skills from the farmers, lack of investment on land because of tenure insecurities, sabotage from former white commercial famers and the rise of climate change. Among the recommendations made was thatthe state should consider training new farmers upon allocating land to them as this will ensure that farmers know what to do once they are in the farms.
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online
THE CONTRIBUTION OF AGRICULTURAL SECTOR IN THE ACHIEVEMENT OF MDGS TARGET AND...Hermanto .
This study analyzes the contribution of the agricultural sector on the reduction of poverty by using a model IndoTerm (Indonesia The Enormous Regional Model). It is Regional Computable General Equilibrium model in particularly for provinces in Indonesia
11. nonfarm income on household food security in eastern tigraiAlexander Decker
The document discusses a study that examines the effect of nonfarm income on household food security in Eastern Tigrai, Ethiopia. The study uses survey data from 151 households. A probit model is used to analyze factors influencing participation in nonfarm employment. The study finds that land size, age, family size, special skills, electricity access, credit access, distance to market, and irrigation access are key determinants. A Heckman selection model is then used to examine the impact of nonfarm employment on food security. The results indicate that nonfarm income enables households to spend more on basic needs like food, education, clothing, and healthcare, and thus nonfarm employment plays a significant role in maintaining household food security.
Nonfarm income on household food security in eastern tigraiAlexander Decker
This document discusses a study on the effect of nonfarm income on household food security in Eastern Tigrai, Ethiopia. It begins with an abstract that summarizes the study's objectives and methods.
The introduction provides context on Ethiopia's dependence on agriculture and food insecurity problems. It describes Eastern Tigrai zone as particularly food insecure due to environmental and agricultural challenges. The study aims to investigate if nonfarm employment can help address this issue.
The literature review discusses research showing nonfarm income contributes substantially to rural livelihoods and can reduce poverty and improve food security. However, participation is often constrained by lack of assets. The study will examine nonfarm income's role in household food security in Eastern T
The document discusses how organic agriculture can contribute to poverty reduction and the Millennium Development Goals. It begins by providing context on rural poverty in Asia, noting that over 700 million Asians live on less than $1 per day and poverty is disproportionately higher in rural areas. It then discusses the limitations of the Green Revolution in alleviating rural poverty, as the technologies have largely bypassed marginal areas where most of the poor live. The document proposes that organic agriculture holds potential as a strategy for poverty reduction in these areas, as it requires fewer financial inputs, is safer for human and environmental health, and can take advantage of price premiums in global markets for organic products. It aims to review literature on the impacts of organic agriculture
Impact of the Adoption of Improved Varieties of Household Income of Farmers i...BRNSS Publication Hub
In Benin, maize occupies a strategic place in the agricultural sector due to its growing importance in national consumption and trade with neighboring countries. This study aims to analyze the impact of the adoption of improved maize varieties on the income and expenditure of maize farmers in the South Atlantic Department of Benin. The data used were collected from 144 maize growers in the Atlantic Department. Maize farmers with or without improved varieties were selected randomly. The average treatment effect method with propensity score matching was used to estimate the impact of the adoption of improved maize varieties on household income and expenditure. Maize growers using four impact indicators: (i) Netincome; (ii) school expenses; (iii) health expenditure; and (iv) food expenditures. The results showed that the adoption of improved maize varieties led to an improvement in annual netincome (a relative effect of 8.78%), health expenditure (a relative effect of 15.88%), and expenditure on education (a relative effect of 16.08%). On the other hand, the adoption of improved varieties of maize has no significant influence on the expenditure invested in the dietof household members. It shows that the adoption of improved varieties of maize by which has a positive impact on the netincome, health expenditure, and household education expenditure.
Factors Influencing Adoption of Improved Agricultural Technologies (IATs) amo...Premier Publishers
The study examined factors influencing adoption of improved agricultural technologies (IATs) among smallholder farmers in rural communities of Kaduna State.The study was conducted in Giwa and Sabon-gari Local Government Areas. Three objectives guided the study. The study adopted a descriptive research design. Purposive sampling technique was employed to select the farming communities for the study. Two rural communities (Bassawa and Shika) were purposely selected out of 16 villages primarily because of their age-long agricultural technologies. The sample size of the study was 200 smallholder farmers made up of 100 farmers from each of the communities which were purposively selected. Primary data were collected using a structured interview schedule, focus group discussion and in-depth interview while the secondary data which relate to the objectives of the study were collected from the office of the Kaduna State Agricultural Development Project (ADP) and National Agricultural Extension and Research Liaison Services (NAERLS), ABU, Zaria. Data were analyzed using frequency and percentages. Results from the findings of the study revealed a positive significant (p<0.05) influence on adoption of agricultural technology and farmers’ educational levels, gender and age also had a positive significant influence on the adoption of technology. Therefore, the following recommendations were made: there is need to increase farmers’ capital and credit facilities and make funds accessible to the farmers. Also, it is therefore imperative for Government to ensure that policies that support the adoption of improved agricultural technologies are put in place.
Food is life and the global food sustainability is essential to human being survival. The global food system is highly
complex and is driven by various factors including environment, cultural, social and economic drive. It is vital to understand
these drivers and their interaction in order to help to improve the public food sustainability policies. Global polices and projects
desperately required in order improving the global food sustainability. Food sustainability is one of the unsolved global issues
and great commitment is required starting from global policy makers, national governments, and every individual home. This
research paper includes analysis and study of various elements such as global change science, policy, food crisis, factor affecting
and challenging food security, data on status and future projection and potential ways of solving problems. The goal of food
sustainability is to enable all people throughout the world to satisfy their basic needs and have a reasonable quality of life without
compromising the quality of life of future generations. Agriculture sustainability is the best solution which can feed the world
without compromising the environment or threatening human health. Scientific evidence that global environment has changed
is overwhelming and indisputable. These phenomena have a direct impact on agriculture which in turn affects food
sustainability. The food price is always toward upward trend which is validated by the periodic average global food price
monitoring report released by the Food and agricultural organizations. The factors affecting and challenging the food security
are many including increased food consumption due to population increase, uneven distribution, changes in living styles, limited
resources, environmental problems, economic problems and others. The potential ways to solve food sustainability need to be
established and implemented effectively across the world.
- Global food prices spiked in 2008, with cereal prices reaching 2.8 times higher than in 2000. While prices declined somewhat after 2008, they remained volatile and high.
- The rapid rise in global food prices had devastating social impacts, including food riots and protests in many countries as well as increasing the number of people living in poverty and suffering from hunger. An estimated 44 million people were driven into poverty by higher food prices.
- This chapter aims to examine trends in food prices, social impacts on the poor, underlying causes of the global food crisis, and policy options for governments to address the ongoing issues related to high and volatile food prices.
The economic impact of agricultural development on poverty reduction and welf...Caroline Chenqi Zhou
This study employs quantitative and qualitative methods to identify the relationship between agricultural development, poverty reduction, and income inequality. Building upon the World Bank’s Enabling the Business of Agriculture study (2016) and data from the World Development Indicators (2015) for the years 2000 to 2014, we test two hypotheses. The first pertains to agricultural development and poverty reduction to assess to what extent agricultural development reduces poverty. The second, in a similar fashion, addresses the relationship between agricultural development and income inequality. To supplement our quantitative analysis of these questions, we include a case study of agricultural development, agricultural policy reforms, and their impact in Vietnam and Tanzania. We find evidence that agricultural development reduces poverty.
The attempt of local government in achieving food self sufficiencyAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on the local government's attempts to achieve food self-sufficiency in the district of Malinau, East Kalimantan. It discusses the agricultural potential and policies in Malinau, how the policies have implications for establishing food self-sufficiency, and proposes a developmental model to better support this goal. Key points analyzed include decentralization of agricultural development, empowering local farmers, diversifying food crops beyond just rice, and increasing households' ability to purchase sufficient nutritious food. The study concludes that changes are needed to agricultural policies and programs to better achieve social goals, improve target systems and outputs, and increase farmer productivity through technology.
The Role of Agriculture in Hunger and Poverty ReductionShenggen Fan
Agricultural growth is crucial for reducing hunger and poverty according to the director of IFPRI. Agricultural research is key to addressing challenges like population growth, climate change, and food price volatility. Agricultural innovation has led to major successes in reducing hunger in places like Asia and Africa. The new CGIAR structure and consortium research programs are well positioned to contribute to global food security and poverty reduction through agricultural research. Country strategy support programs help build policymaking capacity in individual countries.
A critical survey of the logic of genetic engineering and theAlexander Decker
This document provides a critical survey of the logic of genetic engineering and its potential role in sustainable agriculture and development in Africa. It summarizes the key arguments made by proponents of genetic engineering, including increasing yields and reducing pesticide use. However, it notes that proponents have overlooked important concerns about who benefits, risks involved, and whether GE can truly solve hunger and poverty. The paper aims to reflect on these ignored issues and explore alternative paths to food security and development in Africa beyond relying solely on genetic engineering.
By 2050 the world’s population will reach 9.1 billion, 34 percent higher than today. Nearly all of this population increase will occur in developing countries. Urbanization will continue at an accelerated pace, and about 70 percent of the world’s population will be urban (compared to 49 percent today). Income levels will be many multiples of what they are now. In order to feed this larger, more urban and richer population, food production (net of food used for biofuels) must increase by 70 percent.
Annual cereal production will need to rise to about 3 billion tonnes from 2.1 billion today and annual meat production will need to rise by over 200 million tonnes to reach 470 million tonnes. This report argues that the required increase in food production can be achieved if the necessary investment is undertaken and policies conducive to agricultural production are put in place.
But increasing production is not sufficient to achieve food security. It must be complemented by policies to enhance access by fighting poverty, especially in rural areas, as well as effective safety net programmes. Total average annual net investment in developing country agriculture required to deliver the necessary production increases would amount to USD 83 billion. The global gap in what is required vis-à-vis current investment levels can be illustrated by comparing the required annual gross investment of US$209 billion (which includes the cost of renewing depreciating investments) with the result of a separate study that estimated that developing countries on average invested USD 142 billion (USD of 2009) annually in agriculture over the past decade.
The required increase is thus about 50 percent. These figures are totals for public and private investment, i.e. investments by farmers. Achieving them will require a major reallocation in developing country budgets as well as in donor programmes. It will also require policies that support farmers in developing countries and encourage them and other private participants in agriculture to increase their investment. In developing countries, 80 percent of the necessary production increases would come from increases in yields and cropping intensity and only 20 percent from expansion of arable land.
But the fact is that globally the rate of growth in yields of the major cereal crops has been steadily declining, it dropped from 3.2 percent per year in 1960 to 1.5 percent in 2000. The challenge for technology is to reverse this decline, since a continuous linear increase in yields at a global level following the pattern established over the past five decades will not be sufficient to meet food needs. Although investment in agricultural R&D continues to be one of the most productive investments, with rates of return between 30 and 75 percent, it has been neglected in most low income countries.
The International Assessment of Agricultural Knowledge, Science and Technology for Development (IAASTD) Executive Summary:
1) The IAASTD assessed how agricultural knowledge, science, and technology can reduce hunger, poverty, and facilitate sustainable development.
2) It recognized that while agricultural innovations have increased productivity, unintended social and environmental consequences were less considered.
3) The assessment concluded that a new approach is needed to achieve development and sustainability goals through more engagement across diverse perspectives on the role of agriculture.
Influence of Farmer Group Membership on the Practice of Improved Agricultural...paperpublications3
The study examined the influence of farmer group membership on the practice of improved agricultural technologies by farmers in Nyamusi division of Nyamira County. Multi-stage and stratified sampling techniques were applied for sample selection. Data collection was done by use of semi-structured questionnaires. Both descriptive and inferential statistical techniques were used for data analysis. Among the descriptive statistic techniques used included Mean, Standard Deviations and frequencies. For Inferential statistics, chi-square and cross tabulation were used to establish relationships between dependent and the independent variables. A total of 332 questionnaires were filled by the sampled farmers but only 304 were completely and adequately filled and analysed. The analysed data was presented using tables. From the analysis 229(75.3%) of the farmers belonged to a farmer group while 75(24.7%) were not members of any farmer group. The results indicated that the relationship was significant at 0.005 and 0.006 for the practice of greenhouse farming and Artificial insemination respectively. It can be concluded that membership in a farmer group increased the chance of a farmer practice of greenhouse farming and Artificial insemination. The study recommends that government should facilitate the Farmer Groups to transform their organizations into cooperatives in order to gain legal identify to transact business, increase their bargaining power and intensify their collective voices in policy engagement.
Measuring Global Progress Toward Food and Nutrition SecurityDuPont
DuPont Advisory Committee on Agricultural Innovation and Productivity: 2014 report focuses on global food and nutrition security; farmers, sustainable agriculture, empowering women, training.
Impact of the Adoption of Improved Varieties of Household Income of Farmers i...BRNSS Publication Hub
In Benin, maize occupies a strategic place in the agricultural sector due to its growing importance in national
consumption and trade with neighboring countries. This study aims to analyze the impact of the adoption of
improved maize varieties on the income and expenditure of maize farmers in the South Atlantic Department
of Benin. The data used were collected from 144 maize growers in the Atlantic Department. Maize farmers
with or without improved varieties were selected randomly. The average treatment effect method with
propensity score matching was used to estimate the impact of the adoption of improved maize varieties
on household income and expenditure. Maize growers using four impact indicators: (i) Netincome; (ii)
school expenses; (iii) health expenditure; and (iv) food expenditures. The results showed that the adoption
of improved maize varieties led to an improvement in annual netincome (a relative effect of 8.78%), health
expenditure (a relative effect of 15.88%), and expenditure on education (a relative effect of 16.08%). On
the other hand, the adoption of improved varieties of maize has no significant influence on the expenditure
invested in the dietof household members. It shows that the adoption of improved varieties of maize by
which has a positive impact on the netincome, health expenditure, and household education expenditure.
Analysis of resource use efficiency in smallholder mixed crop livestock agric...Alexander Decker
This document analyzes the resource use efficiency of smallholder mixed crop-livestock farmers in central Ethiopia. It finds that on average, farmers are 26% technically inefficient, 32% allocatively inefficient, and 50% economically inefficient in their production of major crops like teff, wheat, and chickpeas. A regression analysis finds that livestock ownership and off-farm work reduce inefficiency, while large family size and association membership increase inefficiency. The study suggests improving integrated livestock and crop systems, promoting off-farm activities, and reforming farmers' associations to boost efficiency.
Determinants of Adoption of Improved Agricultural Technology and Its Impact o...Premier Publishers
The importance of agricultural technology in enhancing production and productivity can be realized when yield increasing and technologies are widely been used and diffused. Standing from this logical ground, this paper aimed at identifying the factors affecting agricultural technology adoption decision and examining the impact of adoption on household’s income in chiro district west Hararghe zone, Oromia national regional state, Ethiopia. Both primary and secondary data was used; primary data was collected through structured questionnaire administered on 97 randomly selected smallholder farmers and secondary data was collected from published and unpublished document related to this topic. For data analysis purpose both Probit and Ordinary Least Square (OLS) regression models were employed. From the total 97 respondents 80 of them were adopted improved agricultural Technology while the left were not adopted improved agricultural technology in the study area. The regression result revealed that agricultural technology adoption has a positive and significant effect on household income by which adopters are better-offs than non-adopters. The probit regression result revealed that gender of the household head; access to irrigation, credit service; extension service and income of the household head significantly affect adoption of improved agricultural technology in the study area. From these finding researchers recommend that government should encourage small scale irrigation, credit service and extension service in the study area.
A vehicle for sustainable food production in nigeriaAlexander Decker
This document summarizes an article about using entrepreneurship to promote sustainable food production in Nigeria. It discusses how agriculture has historically been important but commercial farming is still developing in Nigeria. The document reviews concepts like entrepreneurship, sustainable development, and food security. It proposes that taking an entrepreneurial approach to agriculture could help address issues of unemployment, food scarcity, poverty, and increase incomes and standards of living in Nigeria.
Multidisciplinary Journal Supported by TETFund. The journals would publish papers covering a wide range of subjects in journal science, management science, educational, agricultural, architectural, accounting and finance, business administration, entrepreneurship, business education, all journals
THE CONTRIBUTION OF AGRICULTURAL SECTOR IN THE ACHIEVEMENT OF MDGS TARGET AND...Hermanto .
This study analyzes the contribution of the agricultural sector on the reduction of poverty by using a model IndoTerm (Indonesia The Enormous Regional Model). It is Regional Computable General Equilibrium model in particularly for provinces in Indonesia
11. nonfarm income on household food security in eastern tigraiAlexander Decker
The document discusses a study that examines the effect of nonfarm income on household food security in Eastern Tigrai, Ethiopia. The study uses survey data from 151 households. A probit model is used to analyze factors influencing participation in nonfarm employment. The study finds that land size, age, family size, special skills, electricity access, credit access, distance to market, and irrigation access are key determinants. A Heckman selection model is then used to examine the impact of nonfarm employment on food security. The results indicate that nonfarm income enables households to spend more on basic needs like food, education, clothing, and healthcare, and thus nonfarm employment plays a significant role in maintaining household food security.
Nonfarm income on household food security in eastern tigraiAlexander Decker
This document discusses a study on the effect of nonfarm income on household food security in Eastern Tigrai, Ethiopia. It begins with an abstract that summarizes the study's objectives and methods.
The introduction provides context on Ethiopia's dependence on agriculture and food insecurity problems. It describes Eastern Tigrai zone as particularly food insecure due to environmental and agricultural challenges. The study aims to investigate if nonfarm employment can help address this issue.
The literature review discusses research showing nonfarm income contributes substantially to rural livelihoods and can reduce poverty and improve food security. However, participation is often constrained by lack of assets. The study will examine nonfarm income's role in household food security in Eastern T
The document discusses how organic agriculture can contribute to poverty reduction and the Millennium Development Goals. It begins by providing context on rural poverty in Asia, noting that over 700 million Asians live on less than $1 per day and poverty is disproportionately higher in rural areas. It then discusses the limitations of the Green Revolution in alleviating rural poverty, as the technologies have largely bypassed marginal areas where most of the poor live. The document proposes that organic agriculture holds potential as a strategy for poverty reduction in these areas, as it requires fewer financial inputs, is safer for human and environmental health, and can take advantage of price premiums in global markets for organic products. It aims to review literature on the impacts of organic agriculture
Impact of the Adoption of Improved Varieties of Household Income of Farmers i...BRNSS Publication Hub
In Benin, maize occupies a strategic place in the agricultural sector due to its growing importance in national consumption and trade with neighboring countries. This study aims to analyze the impact of the adoption of improved maize varieties on the income and expenditure of maize farmers in the South Atlantic Department of Benin. The data used were collected from 144 maize growers in the Atlantic Department. Maize farmers with or without improved varieties were selected randomly. The average treatment effect method with propensity score matching was used to estimate the impact of the adoption of improved maize varieties on household income and expenditure. Maize growers using four impact indicators: (i) Netincome; (ii) school expenses; (iii) health expenditure; and (iv) food expenditures. The results showed that the adoption of improved maize varieties led to an improvement in annual netincome (a relative effect of 8.78%), health expenditure (a relative effect of 15.88%), and expenditure on education (a relative effect of 16.08%). On the other hand, the adoption of improved varieties of maize has no significant influence on the expenditure invested in the dietof household members. It shows that the adoption of improved varieties of maize by which has a positive impact on the netincome, health expenditure, and household education expenditure.
Factors Influencing Adoption of Improved Agricultural Technologies (IATs) amo...Premier Publishers
The study examined factors influencing adoption of improved agricultural technologies (IATs) among smallholder farmers in rural communities of Kaduna State.The study was conducted in Giwa and Sabon-gari Local Government Areas. Three objectives guided the study. The study adopted a descriptive research design. Purposive sampling technique was employed to select the farming communities for the study. Two rural communities (Bassawa and Shika) were purposely selected out of 16 villages primarily because of their age-long agricultural technologies. The sample size of the study was 200 smallholder farmers made up of 100 farmers from each of the communities which were purposively selected. Primary data were collected using a structured interview schedule, focus group discussion and in-depth interview while the secondary data which relate to the objectives of the study were collected from the office of the Kaduna State Agricultural Development Project (ADP) and National Agricultural Extension and Research Liaison Services (NAERLS), ABU, Zaria. Data were analyzed using frequency and percentages. Results from the findings of the study revealed a positive significant (p<0.05) influence on adoption of agricultural technology and farmers’ educational levels, gender and age also had a positive significant influence on the adoption of technology. Therefore, the following recommendations were made: there is need to increase farmers’ capital and credit facilities and make funds accessible to the farmers. Also, it is therefore imperative for Government to ensure that policies that support the adoption of improved agricultural technologies are put in place.
Food is life and the global food sustainability is essential to human being survival. The global food system is highly
complex and is driven by various factors including environment, cultural, social and economic drive. It is vital to understand
these drivers and their interaction in order to help to improve the public food sustainability policies. Global polices and projects
desperately required in order improving the global food sustainability. Food sustainability is one of the unsolved global issues
and great commitment is required starting from global policy makers, national governments, and every individual home. This
research paper includes analysis and study of various elements such as global change science, policy, food crisis, factor affecting
and challenging food security, data on status and future projection and potential ways of solving problems. The goal of food
sustainability is to enable all people throughout the world to satisfy their basic needs and have a reasonable quality of life without
compromising the quality of life of future generations. Agriculture sustainability is the best solution which can feed the world
without compromising the environment or threatening human health. Scientific evidence that global environment has changed
is overwhelming and indisputable. These phenomena have a direct impact on agriculture which in turn affects food
sustainability. The food price is always toward upward trend which is validated by the periodic average global food price
monitoring report released by the Food and agricultural organizations. The factors affecting and challenging the food security
are many including increased food consumption due to population increase, uneven distribution, changes in living styles, limited
resources, environmental problems, economic problems and others. The potential ways to solve food sustainability need to be
established and implemented effectively across the world.
- Global food prices spiked in 2008, with cereal prices reaching 2.8 times higher than in 2000. While prices declined somewhat after 2008, they remained volatile and high.
- The rapid rise in global food prices had devastating social impacts, including food riots and protests in many countries as well as increasing the number of people living in poverty and suffering from hunger. An estimated 44 million people were driven into poverty by higher food prices.
- This chapter aims to examine trends in food prices, social impacts on the poor, underlying causes of the global food crisis, and policy options for governments to address the ongoing issues related to high and volatile food prices.
The economic impact of agricultural development on poverty reduction and welf...Caroline Chenqi Zhou
This study employs quantitative and qualitative methods to identify the relationship between agricultural development, poverty reduction, and income inequality. Building upon the World Bank’s Enabling the Business of Agriculture study (2016) and data from the World Development Indicators (2015) for the years 2000 to 2014, we test two hypotheses. The first pertains to agricultural development and poverty reduction to assess to what extent agricultural development reduces poverty. The second, in a similar fashion, addresses the relationship between agricultural development and income inequality. To supplement our quantitative analysis of these questions, we include a case study of agricultural development, agricultural policy reforms, and their impact in Vietnam and Tanzania. We find evidence that agricultural development reduces poverty.
The attempt of local government in achieving food self sufficiencyAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on the local government's attempts to achieve food self-sufficiency in the district of Malinau, East Kalimantan. It discusses the agricultural potential and policies in Malinau, how the policies have implications for establishing food self-sufficiency, and proposes a developmental model to better support this goal. Key points analyzed include decentralization of agricultural development, empowering local farmers, diversifying food crops beyond just rice, and increasing households' ability to purchase sufficient nutritious food. The study concludes that changes are needed to agricultural policies and programs to better achieve social goals, improve target systems and outputs, and increase farmer productivity through technology.
The Role of Agriculture in Hunger and Poverty ReductionShenggen Fan
Agricultural growth is crucial for reducing hunger and poverty according to the director of IFPRI. Agricultural research is key to addressing challenges like population growth, climate change, and food price volatility. Agricultural innovation has led to major successes in reducing hunger in places like Asia and Africa. The new CGIAR structure and consortium research programs are well positioned to contribute to global food security and poverty reduction through agricultural research. Country strategy support programs help build policymaking capacity in individual countries.
A critical survey of the logic of genetic engineering and theAlexander Decker
This document provides a critical survey of the logic of genetic engineering and its potential role in sustainable agriculture and development in Africa. It summarizes the key arguments made by proponents of genetic engineering, including increasing yields and reducing pesticide use. However, it notes that proponents have overlooked important concerns about who benefits, risks involved, and whether GE can truly solve hunger and poverty. The paper aims to reflect on these ignored issues and explore alternative paths to food security and development in Africa beyond relying solely on genetic engineering.
By 2050 the world’s population will reach 9.1 billion, 34 percent higher than today. Nearly all of this population increase will occur in developing countries. Urbanization will continue at an accelerated pace, and about 70 percent of the world’s population will be urban (compared to 49 percent today). Income levels will be many multiples of what they are now. In order to feed this larger, more urban and richer population, food production (net of food used for biofuels) must increase by 70 percent.
Annual cereal production will need to rise to about 3 billion tonnes from 2.1 billion today and annual meat production will need to rise by over 200 million tonnes to reach 470 million tonnes. This report argues that the required increase in food production can be achieved if the necessary investment is undertaken and policies conducive to agricultural production are put in place.
But increasing production is not sufficient to achieve food security. It must be complemented by policies to enhance access by fighting poverty, especially in rural areas, as well as effective safety net programmes. Total average annual net investment in developing country agriculture required to deliver the necessary production increases would amount to USD 83 billion. The global gap in what is required vis-à-vis current investment levels can be illustrated by comparing the required annual gross investment of US$209 billion (which includes the cost of renewing depreciating investments) with the result of a separate study that estimated that developing countries on average invested USD 142 billion (USD of 2009) annually in agriculture over the past decade.
The required increase is thus about 50 percent. These figures are totals for public and private investment, i.e. investments by farmers. Achieving them will require a major reallocation in developing country budgets as well as in donor programmes. It will also require policies that support farmers in developing countries and encourage them and other private participants in agriculture to increase their investment. In developing countries, 80 percent of the necessary production increases would come from increases in yields and cropping intensity and only 20 percent from expansion of arable land.
But the fact is that globally the rate of growth in yields of the major cereal crops has been steadily declining, it dropped from 3.2 percent per year in 1960 to 1.5 percent in 2000. The challenge for technology is to reverse this decline, since a continuous linear increase in yields at a global level following the pattern established over the past five decades will not be sufficient to meet food needs. Although investment in agricultural R&D continues to be one of the most productive investments, with rates of return between 30 and 75 percent, it has been neglected in most low income countries.
The International Assessment of Agricultural Knowledge, Science and Technology for Development (IAASTD) Executive Summary:
1) The IAASTD assessed how agricultural knowledge, science, and technology can reduce hunger, poverty, and facilitate sustainable development.
2) It recognized that while agricultural innovations have increased productivity, unintended social and environmental consequences were less considered.
3) The assessment concluded that a new approach is needed to achieve development and sustainability goals through more engagement across diverse perspectives on the role of agriculture.
Influence of Farmer Group Membership on the Practice of Improved Agricultural...paperpublications3
The study examined the influence of farmer group membership on the practice of improved agricultural technologies by farmers in Nyamusi division of Nyamira County. Multi-stage and stratified sampling techniques were applied for sample selection. Data collection was done by use of semi-structured questionnaires. Both descriptive and inferential statistical techniques were used for data analysis. Among the descriptive statistic techniques used included Mean, Standard Deviations and frequencies. For Inferential statistics, chi-square and cross tabulation were used to establish relationships between dependent and the independent variables. A total of 332 questionnaires were filled by the sampled farmers but only 304 were completely and adequately filled and analysed. The analysed data was presented using tables. From the analysis 229(75.3%) of the farmers belonged to a farmer group while 75(24.7%) were not members of any farmer group. The results indicated that the relationship was significant at 0.005 and 0.006 for the practice of greenhouse farming and Artificial insemination respectively. It can be concluded that membership in a farmer group increased the chance of a farmer practice of greenhouse farming and Artificial insemination. The study recommends that government should facilitate the Farmer Groups to transform their organizations into cooperatives in order to gain legal identify to transact business, increase their bargaining power and intensify their collective voices in policy engagement.
Measuring Global Progress Toward Food and Nutrition SecurityDuPont
DuPont Advisory Committee on Agricultural Innovation and Productivity: 2014 report focuses on global food and nutrition security; farmers, sustainable agriculture, empowering women, training.
Impact of the Adoption of Improved Varieties of Household Income of Farmers i...BRNSS Publication Hub
In Benin, maize occupies a strategic place in the agricultural sector due to its growing importance in national
consumption and trade with neighboring countries. This study aims to analyze the impact of the adoption of
improved maize varieties on the income and expenditure of maize farmers in the South Atlantic Department
of Benin. The data used were collected from 144 maize growers in the Atlantic Department. Maize farmers
with or without improved varieties were selected randomly. The average treatment effect method with
propensity score matching was used to estimate the impact of the adoption of improved maize varieties
on household income and expenditure. Maize growers using four impact indicators: (i) Netincome; (ii)
school expenses; (iii) health expenditure; and (iv) food expenditures. The results showed that the adoption
of improved maize varieties led to an improvement in annual netincome (a relative effect of 8.78%), health
expenditure (a relative effect of 15.88%), and expenditure on education (a relative effect of 16.08%). On
the other hand, the adoption of improved varieties of maize has no significant influence on the expenditure
invested in the dietof household members. It shows that the adoption of improved varieties of maize by
which has a positive impact on the netincome, health expenditure, and household education expenditure.
Analysis of resource use efficiency in smallholder mixed crop livestock agric...Alexander Decker
This document analyzes the resource use efficiency of smallholder mixed crop-livestock farmers in central Ethiopia. It finds that on average, farmers are 26% technically inefficient, 32% allocatively inefficient, and 50% economically inefficient in their production of major crops like teff, wheat, and chickpeas. A regression analysis finds that livestock ownership and off-farm work reduce inefficiency, while large family size and association membership increase inefficiency. The study suggests improving integrated livestock and crop systems, promoting off-farm activities, and reforming farmers' associations to boost efficiency.
Determinants of Adoption of Improved Agricultural Technology and Its Impact o...Premier Publishers
The importance of agricultural technology in enhancing production and productivity can be realized when yield increasing and technologies are widely been used and diffused. Standing from this logical ground, this paper aimed at identifying the factors affecting agricultural technology adoption decision and examining the impact of adoption on household’s income in chiro district west Hararghe zone, Oromia national regional state, Ethiopia. Both primary and secondary data was used; primary data was collected through structured questionnaire administered on 97 randomly selected smallholder farmers and secondary data was collected from published and unpublished document related to this topic. For data analysis purpose both Probit and Ordinary Least Square (OLS) regression models were employed. From the total 97 respondents 80 of them were adopted improved agricultural Technology while the left were not adopted improved agricultural technology in the study area. The regression result revealed that agricultural technology adoption has a positive and significant effect on household income by which adopters are better-offs than non-adopters. The probit regression result revealed that gender of the household head; access to irrigation, credit service; extension service and income of the household head significantly affect adoption of improved agricultural technology in the study area. From these finding researchers recommend that government should encourage small scale irrigation, credit service and extension service in the study area.
A vehicle for sustainable food production in nigeriaAlexander Decker
This document summarizes an article about using entrepreneurship to promote sustainable food production in Nigeria. It discusses how agriculture has historically been important but commercial farming is still developing in Nigeria. The document reviews concepts like entrepreneurship, sustainable development, and food security. It proposes that taking an entrepreneurial approach to agriculture could help address issues of unemployment, food scarcity, poverty, and increase incomes and standards of living in Nigeria.
Multidisciplinary Journal Supported by TETFund. The journals would publish papers covering a wide range of subjects in journal science, management science, educational, agricultural, architectural, accounting and finance, business administration, entrepreneurship, business education, all journals
Agriculture has been the major source of livelihood in Nigeria, primarily because the environment is favorable for Agricultural practice. On the basis of climate, topography and vegetation the country is divided into five agricultural zones, namely Dry sub humid, Sub-humid, very humid and swamp/flood. Subsistence agriculture formed the major system of farming in the olden days which provide food crops for human consumption, while surplus are transported to the local markets for sale. Subsistence agriculture also forms the basis upon which all other system of farming are built. Hence, this paper examines the problems and prospects of subsistence agriculture in Ibarapa East local Government Area of Oyo State. Ten farming centres were used as samples in the area. Questionnaires were used to collect relevant data. Percentage and T-test distribution techniques were used to analyze the data. The findings show that there is low agricultural production in the study area as a result of problems such as shortage of fund, land tenure system, inadequate transportation system among others.
Information technology in agriculture of bangladesh and other developing coun...Chittagong university
This document discusses using information and communication technologies (ICTs) for agricultural extension in developing countries like Bangladesh. It first provides background on Bangladesh's agriculture sector, which relies heavily on rice production. Traditional agricultural extension programs that aim to increase technology adoption among small-scale farmers have had mixed results. The document then explores how ICTs could help overcome issues like lack of access to information that limit technology adoption. It reviews current ICT-based agricultural extension programs and their potential to improve farmers' knowledge, adoption of new technologies, and welfare. The document concludes by recommending further research on the impact of ICT-based extension in developing countries.
Impact of government school to-land agricultural project on rural development...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a journal article that assesses the impact of a Nigerian government program called the school-to-land agricultural project on rural development in Rivers State. The program aims to promote rural employment, livestock and food crop production, and rural income generation. Survey results from 300 farmer participants and community members reveal that the program has contributed to rural development by increasing livestock and food production. However, the adoption of modern farming techniques and constant review of agricultural policies is recommended to avoid duplication of projects.
Impact of access to agricultural advisory services on rural development in th...AI Publications
Agriculture, the main activity in rural areas, is the real driver of economic growth. Agricultural growth through resulting from advisory services plays an important role in rural development by building and disseminating knowledge, to farmers including the diffusion of new technologies that they can adopt to increase productivity, and their income levels to improve upon their quality of life. Access to advisory services therefore contributes to raising the standard of living of producers through increased production, higher prices, or the combined effect of these two elements. In this perspective, the main objectives to be given in terms of rural development are dictated by the quantitative elements of growth, including increasing income, creating jobs, and diversifying services. Access to agricultural advice also brings beneficial changes in the way of life through the renewal of working conditions and the development of the producer. In this sense, it is no longer a question of controlling growth, but of orienting it differently in order to influence the quality of life.
This document discusses solutions for improving Indian agriculture. It proposes establishing interconnected committees at the state, district, and local levels to better monitor agricultural activities and support farmers. The state-level core committee would oversee research, inspection, and sub-committees. Sub-committees at the district level would monitor local conditions and progress. Engineers, experienced people, volunteers, and direct field agents would work closely with small farmers, educating them and addressing issues. The goal is to boost productivity through modern techniques, research, and by supporting small farmers.
Analysis of Rural Households Food Security Status in Dibatie District, Wester...Premier Publishers
This study examines the rural household’s food security status and its determinants in the Dibatie district of Bebishangul Gumuz region. The simple random sampling technique was used to select respondents with proportionate sample size based on the number of households that exists in sampled kebele administrations. The data were collected using structured questionnaires and key informants interviews. Both descriptive statistics and econometric model (binary logit model) were used to analyze this data at household levels. Food Security Index is used to measure the food security status of sample households based on average kcal/day/adult equivalent. The results of this study revealed that households of 59.4% were found food secure and 46.6% food insecure. The mean calorie intake of all sampled households was 2431.68kcal/day/equivalent. Furthermore, estimated a binary logit model results show that the variables such as education level of household head, utilization of formal credit, cultivated land size, access to training, farm experience, household size and distance to nearest market were found significant influence on households’ food security status in the study area. However, the remaining variables were not found significant effect on households’ food security status. Finally, the study suggests that any interventions designed to promote farmers to increase food security status at household level in the study area are welcome.
Re-positioning adult education for development to thrive in NigeriaSubmissionResearchpa
The paper examines adult education practice in agriculture-led development strategy from pedagogical perspective. The paper believes that adult education has the potentialities for development but argues that there are missing elements in the adult education practice that are critical if sustained agricultural growth will be achieved. Instead of andragogy, transformative learning and liberatory method should be embraced. Also, instead of focusing on scientific knowledge systems alone, indigenous practices should be encouraged by Ephraim Wordu 2020. Re-positioning adult education for development to thrive in Nigeria . International Journal on Integrated Education. 3, 12 (Dec. 2020), 1-6. DOI:https://doi.org/10.31149/ijie.v3i12.902 https://journals.researchparks.org/index.php/IJIE/article/view/902/853 https://journals.researchparks.org/index.php/IJIE/article/view/902
This document discusses key issues and policies related to Indian agriculture. It outlines three main goals: 1) achieving 4% agricultural growth to raise incomes through productivity increases and diversification, 2) promoting inclusive growth for small farmers and lagging regions, and 3) maintaining sustainability. Several challenges are also discussed, including low productivity, declining farm sizes, and climate change impacts. The document then examines seven policy topics in depth: macroeconomic policies, transforming agriculture through links to industry, ensuring sustainable food production, improving agricultural markets and trade, building resilience, developing healthy food systems, and strengthening institutions and governance. Throughout, the document emphasizes the importance of sensible policies and innovations to address the needs of small farmers and achieve the three overarching goals
An analysis of factors affecting smallholder rice farmers’ levelAlexander Decker
This document analyzes factors affecting market participation among smallholder rice farmers in Tanzania. It uses survey data from 842 households in major rice producing regions to quantitatively analyze the determinants of sales volumes and market participation. The results found that household consumption, land cultivated, livestock owned, and being in a rural area positively impacted market participation, while non-farm income and being in Mbeya or Tabora regions negatively impacted it. The study also identified low rice production, poor transportation infrastructure, lack of nearby markets, and inadequate access to improved seeds and inputs as major problems limiting smallholder farmers' participation in markets.
An analysis of factors affecting smallholder rice farmers’ levelAlexander Decker
This document analyzes factors affecting market participation among smallholder rice farmers in Tanzania. It uses survey data from 842 households in major rice producing regions of Tanzania. Quantitative analyses were conducted to determine factors influencing sales volumes and market participation. The analyses found that household consumption, land cultivated, livestock owned, and being in a rural area positively influenced market participation, while non-farm income, location in Mbeya region, and location in Tabora region negatively influenced it. Key challenges for smallholder farmers included low rice production, poor transportation infrastructure, lack of reliable nearby markets, and inadequate access to improved seeds and inputs. The document recommends policies to address these challenges and improve smallholder farmer market participation and sales.
This document discusses the changing nature of rural livelihoods in India. It notes that while India's economy has grown, many rural areas still face poverty and food insecurity. Rural livelihoods increasingly rely on non-farm activities as agriculture alone often cannot support families. The document examines trends in agriculture, including a shift to cash crops over food crops, declining food intake, and threats to small farmers' livelihood security and food security. It argues for understanding rural livelihoods holistically rather than through any single lens.
Global Food Security Challenges and Opportunities: the new role of agricultureShenggen Fan
Global food security faces complex challenges such as food price volatility, population growth, and climate change. A comprehensive strategy is needed to address these challenges and protect the poor. Agriculture, especially small-scale farming, must play a new role in achieving broader development outcomes such as improving nutrition, promoting climate change adaptation, building conflict resilience, and narrowing gender gaps.
Paul Dorosh, Bart Minten, Alemayehu Seyoum Taffesse
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Virtual Event - Ethiopia’s agri-food system: Past trends, present challenges, and future scenarios
SEP 22, 2020 - 08:30 AM TO 10:00 AM EDT
Macro-Policy, Agricultural Growth and Poverty Reduction in Ethiopia: Maintai...essp2
This document summarizes an analysis of macro-policy, agricultural growth, and poverty reduction in Ethiopia. It finds that Ethiopia has achieved substantial progress in reducing poverty and increasing food security through agricultural investments and reforms. Agricultural growth averaged over 8% annually from 2004-2016 due to increased yields driven by improved seeds, fertilizer, and total factor productivity. However, macroeconomic imbalances including real exchange rate appreciation and rising public debt pose risks. Future scenarios project that land and water constraints may slow agricultural growth, while urbanization and changing diets will shape demand. Sustaining success will depend on balanced investments and managing macroeconomic stability.
Similar to Review on Role and Challenges of Agricultural Extension Service on Farm Productivity in Ethiopia (20)
Evaluation of Agro-morphological Performances of Hybrid Varieties of Chili Pe...Premier Publishers
In Benin, chilli pepper is a widely consumed as vegetable whose production requires the use of performant varieties. This work assessed, at Parakou and Malanville, the performance of six F1 hybrids of chilli including five imported (Laali, Laser, Nandi, Kranti, Nandita) and one local (De cayenne), in completely randomized block design at four replications and 15 plants per elementary plot. Agro-morphological data were collected and submitted to analysis of variance and factor analysis of mixed data. The results showed the effects of variety, location and their interactions were highly significant for most of the growth, earliness and yield traits. Imported hybrid varieties showed the best performances compared to the local one. Multivariate analysis revealed that 'De cayenne' was earlier, short in size, thin-stemmed, red fruits and less yielding (≈ 1 t.ha-1). The imported hybrids LaaliF1 and KrantiF1 were of strong vegetative vigor, more yielding (> 6 t.ha-1) by developing larger, long and hard fruits. Other hybrids showed intermediate performances. This study highlighted the importance of imported hybrids in improving yield and preservation of chili fruits. However, stability and adaptation analyses to local conditions are necessary for their adoption.
An Empirical Approach for the Variation in Capital Market Price Changes Premier Publishers
The chances of an investor in the stock market depends mainly on some certain decisions in respect to equilibrium prices, which is the condition of a system competing favorably and effectively. This paper considered a stochastic model which was latter transformed to non-linear ordinary differential equation where stock volatility was used as a key parameter. The analytical solution was obtained which determined the equilibrium prices. A theorem was developed and proved to show that the proposed mathematical model follows a normal distribution since it has a symmetric property. Finally, graphical results were presented and the effects of the relevant parameters were discussed.
Influence of Nitrogen and Spacing on Growth and Yield of Chia (Salvia hispani...Premier Publishers
Chia is an emerging cash crop in Kenya and its production is inhibited by lack of agronomic management information. A field experiment was conducted in February-June and May-August 2021, to determine the influence of nitrogen and spacing on growth and yield of Chia. A randomized complete block design with a split plot arrangement was used with four nitrogen rates as the main plots (0, 40, 80, 120 kg N ha-1) and three spacing (30 cm x 15 cm (s1), 30 cm x 30 cm (s2), 50 cm x 50 cm (s3)). Application of 120 kg N ha-1 significantly increased (p≤0.05) vegetative growth and seed yield of Chia. Stem height, branches, stem diameter and leaves increased by 23-28%, 11-13%, 43-55% and 59-88% respectively. Spacing s3 significantly increased (p≤0.05) vegetative growth. An increase of 27-74%, 36-45% and 73-107% was recorded in number of leaves, stem diameter and dry weight, respectively. Chia yield per plant was significantly higher (p≤0.05) in s3. However, when expressed per unit area, s1 significantly produced higher yields. The study recommends 120 kg N ha-1 or higher nitrogen rates and a closer spacing of 15 cm x 30 cm as the best option for Chia production in Kenya.
Enhancing Social Capital During the Pandemic: A Case of the Rural Women in Bu...Premier Publishers
The document discusses a case study of enhancing social capital among rural women in Bukidnon Province, Philippines during the COVID-19 pandemic through a livelihood project. Key findings include:
1) Technical trainings provided by the project increased the women's knowledge, allowing them to generate additional household income through vegetable gardening during the pandemic.
2) The women's social capital, as measured by groups/networks, trust, and cooperation, increased by 15.5% from 2019 to 2020 through increased participation in their association.
3) Main occupations, income sources, and ethnicity influenced the women's social capital. The project enhanced social ties that empowered the rural women economically and socially despite challenges of the pandemic.
Impact of Provision of Litigation Supports through Forensic Investigations on...Premier Publishers
This paper presents an argument through the fraud triangle theory that the provision of litigation supports through forensic audits and investigations in relation to corporate fraud cases is adequate for effective prosecution of perpetrators as well as corporate fraud prevention. To support this argument, this study operationalized provision of litigation supports through forensic audit and investigations, data mining for trends and patterns, and fraud data collection and preparation. A sample of 500 respondents was drawn from the population of professional accountants and legal practitioners in Nigeria. Questionnaire was used as the instrument for data collection and this was mailed to the respective respondents. Resulting responses were analyzed using the OLS multiple regression techniques via the SPSS statistical software. The results reveal that the provision of litigation supports through forensic audits and investigations, fraud data mining for trends and patterns and fraud data collection and preparation for court proceedings have a positive and significant impact on corporate fraud prevention in Nigeria. This study therefore recommends that regulators should promote the provision of litigation supports through forensic audits and investigations in relation to corporate fraud cases in publicly listed firms in Nigeria, as this will help provide reports that are acceptable in court proceedings.
Improving the Efficiency of Ratio Estimators by Calibration WeightingsPremier Publishers
It is observed that the performances of most improved ratio estimators depend on some optimality conditions that need to be satisfied to guarantee better estimator. This paper develops a new approach to ratio estimation that produces a more efficient class of ratio estimators that do not depend on any optimality conditions for optimum performance using calibration weightings. The relative performances of the proposed calibration ratio estimators are compared with a corresponding global [Generalized Regression (GREG)] estimator. Results of analysis showed that the proposed calibration ratio estimators are substantially superior to the traditional GREG-estimator with relatively small bias, mean square error, average length of confidence interval and coverage probability. In general, the proposed calibration ratio estimators are more efficient than all existing estimators considered in the study.
Urban Liveability in the Context of Sustainable Development: A Perspective fr...Premier Publishers
Urbanization and quality of urban life are mutually related and however it varies geographically and regionally. With unprecedented growth of urban centres, challenge against urban development is more in terms of how to enhance quality of urban life and liveability. Making sense of and measuring urban liveability of urban places has become a crucial step in the context of sustainable development paradigm. Geographical regions depict variations in nature of urban development and consequently level of urban liveability. The coastal regain of West Bengal faces unusual challenges caused by increasing urbanization, uncontrolled growth, and expansion of economic activities like tourism and changing environmental quality. The present study offers a perspective on urban liveability of urban places located in coastal region comprising of Purba Medinipur and South 24 Parganas districts. The study uses the liveability standards covering four major pillars- institutional, social, economic and physical and their indicators. This leads to develop a City Liveability Index to rank urban places of the region, higher the index values better the urban liveability. The data for the purpose is collected from various secondary sources. Study finds that the eastern coastal region of the country covering state of West Bengal depicts variations in index of liveability determined by physical, economic, social and institutional indicators.
Transcript Level of Genes Involved in “Rebaudioside A” Biosynthesis Pathway u...Premier Publishers
Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni is a plant which has recently been used widely as a sweetener. This medicinal plant has some components such as diterpenoid glycosides called steviol glycosides [SGs]. Rebaudioside A is a diterpenoid steviol glycoside which is 300 times sweeter than table sugar. This study was done to investigate the effect of GA3 (50 mg/L) on the expression of 14 genes involved in Rebaudioside A biosynthesis pathway in Stevia rebaudiana under in vitro conditions. The expression of DXS remarkably decreased by day 3. Also, probably because of the negative feedback of GA3 on MEP-drived isoprenes, GGDS transcript level reached its lowest amount after GA3 treatment. The abundance of DXR, CMS, CMK, MCS, and CDPS transcripts showed a significant increase at various days after this treatment. A significant drop in the expression levels of KS and UGT85C2 is detected during the first day. However, expression changes of HDR and KD were not remarkable. Results revealed that the level of transcript of UGT74G1 and UGT76G1 up regulated significantly 4 and 2 times higher than control, respectively. However, more research needs to shed more light on the mechanism of GA3 on gene expression of MEP pathway.
Multivariate Analysis of Tea (Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze) Clones on Mor...Premier Publishers
Information on genetic variability for biochemical characters is a prerequisite for improvement of tea quality. Thirteen introduced tea clones characterized with objective; assessing tea clones based on morphological characters at Melko and Gera research stations. The study was conducted during 2017/18 cropping season on experimental plots in RCBD with three replications. Data recorded on morphological traits like days from pruning to harvest, height to first branch, stem diameter, leaf serration density, leaf length, leaf width, leaf size, petiole length, leaf ratio, internode length, shoot length, number of shoot, canopy diameter, hundred shoot weight, fresh leaf yield per tree. Cluster analysis of morphological trait grouped into four clusters indicated, the existence of divergence among the tested clones. The maximum inter-cluster distance was between clusters I and IV (35.27) while the minimum inter cluster distance was observed between clusters I and II (7.8).Principal components analysis showed that the first five principal components with eigenvalues greater than one accounted 86.45% for 15 morphological traits. Generally, the study indicated presence of variability for several morphological traits. However, high morphological variation between clones is not a guarantee for a high genetic variation; therefore, molecular studies need to be considered as complementary to biochemical studies.
Causes, Consequences and Remedies of Juvenile Delinquency in the Context of S...Premier Publishers
This research work was designed to examine nature of juvenile offences committed by juveniles, causes of juvenile delinquency, consequences of juvenile delinquency and remedies for juvenile delinquency in the context of Sub-Saharan Africa with specific reference to Eritrea. Left unchecked, juvenile delinquents on the streets engage in petty theft, take alcohol or drugs, rape women, rob people at night involve themselves in criminal gangs and threaten the public at night. To shed light on the problem of juvenile delinquency in the Sub-Saharan region data was collected through primary and secondary sources. A sample size of 70 juvenile delinquents was selected from among 112 juvenile delinquents in remand at the Asmara Juvenile Rehabilitation Center in the Eritrean capital. The study was carried out through coded self-administered questionnaires administered to a sample of 70 juvenile delinquents. The survey evidence indicates that the majority of the juvenile respondents come either from families constructed by unmarried couples or separated or divorced parents where largely the father is missing in the home or dead. The findings also indicate that children born out of wedlock, families led by single mothers, lack of fatherly role models, poor parental-child relationships and negative peer group influence as dominant causes of juvenile infractions. The implication is that broken and stressed families are highly likely to be the breeding grounds for juvenile delinquency. The survey evidence indicates that stealing, truancy or absenteeism from school, rowdy or unruly behavior at school, free-riding in public transportation, damaging the book of fellow students and beating other young persons are the most common forms of juvenile offenses. It is therefore, recommended that parents and guardians should exercise proper parental supervision and give adequate care to transmit positive societal values to children. In addition, the government, the police, prosecution and courts, non-government organizations, parents, teachers, religious leaders, education administrators and other stakeholders should develop a child justice system that strives to prevent children from entering deeper into the criminal justice process.
The Knowledge of and Attitude to and Beliefs about Causes and Treatments of M...Premier Publishers
Stigma and discrimination associated with mental illness are a common occurrence in the Sub-Saharan region including Eritrea. Numerous studies from Sub-Saharan Africa suggest that stigma and discrimination are major problems in the community, with negative attitudes and behavior towards people with mental illness being widespread. In order to assess the whether such negative attitudes persist in the context of Eritrea this study explored the knowledge and perceptions of 90 Eritrean university students at the College of Business and Economics, the University of Asmara regarding the causes and remedies of mental illness A qualitative method involving coded self-administered questionnaires administered to a sample of 90 university students to collecting data at the end of 2019. The survey evidence points that almost 50% of the respondents had contact with a mentally ill person suggesting that the significant number of the respondents experienced a first-hand encounter and knowledge of mental illness in their family and community. The findings show an overall greater science-based understanding of the causes of mental illness to be followed by recommended psychiatric treatments. The survey evidence indicates that the top three leading causes of mental illness in the context of Eritrea according to the respondents are brain disease (76%), bad events in the life of the mentally ill person (66%) and substance abuse or alcohol taking, smoking, taking drugs like hashish. (54%). The majority of the respondents have a very sympathetic and positive outlook towards mentally ill persons suggesting that mentally illness does not simply affect a chosen individual rather it can happen to anybody regardless of economic class, social status, ethnicity race and religion. Medical interventions cited by the majority of the respondents as being effective treatments for mental illness centered on the idea that hospitals and clinics for treatment and even cures for psychiatric disease. Changing perceptions of mental illnesses in Eritrea that paralleled the very caring and sympathetic attitudes of the sample university students would require raising public awareness regarding mental illness through education, using the mass media to raise public awareness, integrating mental health into the primary health care system, decentralizing mental health care services to increase access to treatment and providing affordable service to maintain positive treatment outcomes.
Effect of Phosphorus and Zinc on the Growth, Nodulation and Yield of Soybean ...Premier Publishers
This study investigated the effects of phosphorus and zinc on the growth, nodulation, and yield of two soybean varieties in Nigeria. Phosphorus application significantly affected growth, nodulation, yield, and some yield components, with 60 kg P2O5/ha giving the highest growth and yield. Phosphorus also increased nodulation, with 30 kg P2O5/ha providing the highest nodulation. Zinc application did not significantly affect most growth characters or nodulation, except for reducing plant height. Phosphorus increased soybean yield significantly to 1.9 t/ha compared to the control of 1.7 t/ha. Protein and oil contents were not significantly affected by phosphorus but were by zinc
Influence of Harvest Stage on Yield and Yield Components of Orange Fleshed Sw...Premier Publishers
A field experiment was conducted at Adami Tullu Agricultural Research Center in 2018 under rainfed condition with supplementary irrigation to determine the influence of harvest stage on vine yield and tuberous root yield of orange fleshed sweet potato varieties. The experiment consisted of four harvest stages (105, 120, 135 and 150 days after planting) and Kulfo, Tulla and Guntute varieties. A 4 X 3 factorial experiment arranged in randomized complete block design with three replications was used. Interaction of harvest stage and variety significantly influenced above ground fresh biomass, vine length, marketable tuberous root weight per hectare, commercial harvest index and harvest index. The highest mean values of above ground fresh biomass (66.12 t/ha) and marketable tuberous root weight (56.39 t/ha) were produced by Guntute variety harvested at 135 days after planting. Based on the results, it can be recommended that, farmers of the study area can grow Guntute variety by harvesting at 135 days after planting to obtain optimum vine and tuberous root yields.
Performance evaluation of upland rice (Oryza sativa L.) and variability study...Premier Publishers
This study evaluated 13 upland rice varieties over two locations in Ethiopia for yield and other traits. Significant differences were found among varieties for several traits. The highest yielding varieties were Chewaka, Hiddassie, and Fogera 1. Chewaka yielded 5395.8 kg/ha on average, 25.8-35% more than the check. Most varieties matured within 120-130 days. High heritability was found for days to heading, panicle length, and grain yield, indicating these traits can be easily improved through selection. Grain yield also had high genetic variation and heritability with genetic advance, suggesting yield can be improved through selection. This study identified variability that can be used
Response of Hot Pepper (Capsicum Annuum L.) to Deficit Irrigation in Bennatse...Premier Publishers
This study was conducted at Enchete kebele in Benna-Tsemay Woreda, South Omo Zone to evaluate the response of hot pepper to deficit irrigation on yield and water productivity under furrow irrigation system. The experiment comprised four treatments (100 % of ETc, 85% of ETc, 70 % of ETc and 50% of ETc), respectively. The experiment was laid out in RCBD and replicated four times. The two years combined yield results indicated that, the maximum total yield (20.38 t/ha) was obtained from 100% ETc while minimum yield (12.92 t/ha) was obtained from 50% of ETc deficit irrigation level. The highest WUE 5.22 kg/ha mm-1 was obtained from 50% of ETc. Treatment of 100% ETc irrigation application had highest benefit cost ratio (4.5) than all others treatments. Applying 50% of ETc reduce the yield by 37% when compared to 100 % ETc. Accordingly, to achieve maximum hot pepper yield in areas where water is not scarce, applying 100% ETc irrigation water application level throughout whole growing season under furrow irrigation system is recommended. But, in the study area water scarcity is the major limiting factor for crop production. So, it is possible to get better yield and water productivity of hot pepper when we apply 85% ETc irrigation water throughout growing season under furrow irrigation system.
Harnessing the Power of Agricultural Waste: A Study of Sabo Market, Ikorodu, ...Premier Publishers
Nigeria is still burdened with huge responsibilities of waste disposal because the potential for benefits of proper waste management is yet to be harnessed. The paper evaluates the capacity of the Sabo Cattle market in producing the required quantities of waste from animal dung alongside decomposed fruits with a view to generating renewable energy possibilities for lighting, security and other business activities of the market. It is estimated that about 998 million tons of agricultural waste is produced yearly in the country with organic wastes amounting to 80 percent of the total solid wastes. This can be categorized into biodegradable and non-biodegradable wastes. The paper evaluates the capacity of the Sabo Cattle market in producing the required quantities of waste from animal dung alongside decomposed fruits with a view to generating renewable energy possibilities for lighting, security and other business activities of the market. The Sabo market was treated as a study case with the adoption of in-depth examinations of the facility, animals and products for sale and waste generated. A combination of experimental, interviews (qualitative) and design simulation (for final phase) was adopted to extract, verify and analyse the data generated from the study. Animal waste samples were subjected to compositional and fibre analysis with results showing that the sample has high potency for biogas production. Biodegradable Wastes are human and animal excreta, agricultural and all degradable wastes. Availability of high quantity of waste generated being organic in Sabo market allows the use of anaerobic digestion to be proposed as a waste to energy technology due to its feasibility for conversion of moist biodegradable wastes into biogas. The study found that at peak supply period during the Islamic festivities, a conservative 300tonnes of animal waste is generated during the week which translates to over 800kilowatts of electricity.
Influence of Conferences and Job Rotation on Job Productivity of Library Staf...Premier Publishers
The general purpose of this study is to investigate the influence of conferences and job rotation on job productivity of library staff in tertiary institutions in Imo State, Nigeria. The survey research design was used for this study using questionnaire as an instrument for data collection. This study covered the entire population of 661. Out of these, 501 copies of the questionnaire representing 75.8% were duly completed and returned for analysis. Student’s t-test was used to analyze the research questions. The finding showed that conferences had no significant influence on the job productivity of library staff in tertiary institutions in Imo State, Nigeria (F cal= 7.86; t-vale =6.177; p >0.005). Finding also showed that job rotation significantly influences job productivity of library staff in tertiary institutions in Imo State, Nigeria (F-cal value= 18.65; t-value = 16.225; P<0.05). This study recommended that, government should ensure that library staff participate in conferences with themes and topics that are relevant to the job they perform and also ensure that there should be proper evaluation and feedback mechanism which aimed to ensuring control and minimize abuse of their development opportunities. Again, there should be written statement of objectives in order to sustain job rotation programmes. Also, that training and development needs of library staff must be identified and analyzed before embarking on job rotation processes as this would help to build skills, competences, specialization and high job productivity.
Scanning Electron Microscopic Structure and Composition of Urinary Calculi of...Premier Publishers
This document summarizes a study on the scanning electron microscopic structure and chemical composition of urinary calculi (stones) found in geriatric dogs. Microscopic examination of urine samples revealed increased numbers of blood cells, epithelial cells, pus cells, casts, bacteria and crystals of various shapes, predominantly struvite, calcium oxalate dihydrate and monohydrate, and ammonium urate. Scanning electron microscopy showed perpendicular columnar strata of struvite crystals and wavy phases of uric acid. Chemical analysis identified calcium phosphate, calcium oxalate and urea stones. The study characterized the microscopic and electron microscopic appearance of crystals and chemical composition of urinary calculi in geriatric dogs.
Gentrification and its Effects on Minority Communities – A Comparative Case S...Premier Publishers
This paper does a comparative analysis of four global cities and their minority districts which have been experiencing the same structural pressure of gentrification. The main contribution of this paper is providing a detailed comparison of four micro geographies worldwide and the impacts of gentrification on them: Barrio Logan in San Diego, Bo-Kaap in Cape Town, the Mission District in San Francisco, and the Rudolfsheim-Fünfhaus District in Vienna. All four cities have been experiencing the displacement of minority communities due to increases in property values. These cities were chosen because their governments enacted different policies to temper the gentrification process. It was found that cities which implemented social housing and cultural inclusionary policies were more successful in maintaining the cultural and demographic make-up of the districts.
Oil and Fatty Acid Composition Analysis of Ethiopian Mustard (Brasicacarinata...Premier Publishers
The experiments was conducted at Holetta Agricultural Research Center, to analyze forty nine Ethiopian Mustard land races for oil and fatty acid composition traits The experiment was carried out in a simple lattice design. The analysis of variance showed that there were highly significant differences among genotypes for all oil and fatty acid traits compared. The significant difference indicates the existence of genetic variability among the land races which is important for improvement
This presentation was provided by Rebecca Benner, Ph.D., of the American Society of Anesthesiologists, for the second session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session Two: 'Expanding Pathways to Publishing Careers,' was held June 13, 2024.
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إضغ بين إيديكم من أقوى الملازم التي صممتها
ملزمة تشريح الجهاز الهيكلي (نظري 3)
💀💀💀💀💀💀💀💀💀💀
تتميز هذهِ الملزمة بعِدة مُميزات :
1- مُترجمة ترجمة تُناسب جميع المستويات
2- تحتوي على 78 رسم توضيحي لكل كلمة موجودة بالملزمة (لكل كلمة !!!!)
#فهم_ماكو_درخ
3- دقة الكتابة والصور عالية جداً جداً جداً
4- هُنالك بعض المعلومات تم توضيحها بشكل تفصيلي جداً (تُعتبر لدى الطالب أو الطالبة بإنها معلومات مُبهمة ومع ذلك تم توضيح هذهِ المعلومات المُبهمة بشكل تفصيلي جداً
5- الملزمة تشرح نفسها ب نفسها بس تكلك تعال اقراني
6- تحتوي الملزمة في اول سلايد على خارطة تتضمن جميع تفرُعات معلومات الجهاز الهيكلي المذكورة في هذهِ الملزمة
واخيراً هذهِ الملزمة حلالٌ عليكم وإتمنى منكم إن تدعولي بالخير والصحة والعافية فقط
كل التوفيق زملائي وزميلاتي ، زميلكم محمد الذهبي 💊💊
🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥
Philippine Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) CurriculumMJDuyan
(𝐓𝐋𝐄 𝟏𝟎𝟎) (𝐋𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐨𝐧 𝟏)-𝐏𝐫𝐞𝐥𝐢𝐦𝐬
𝐃𝐢𝐬𝐜𝐮𝐬𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐄𝐏𝐏 𝐂𝐮𝐫𝐫𝐢𝐜𝐮𝐥𝐮𝐦 𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐏𝐡𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐩𝐩𝐢𝐧𝐞𝐬:
- Understand the goals and objectives of the Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) curriculum, recognizing its importance in fostering practical life skills and values among students. Students will also be able to identify the key components and subjects covered, such as agriculture, home economics, industrial arts, and information and communication technology.
𝐄𝐱𝐩𝐥𝐚𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐍𝐚𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐞 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐒𝐜𝐨𝐩𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐚𝐧 𝐄𝐧𝐭𝐫𝐞𝐩𝐫𝐞𝐧𝐞𝐮𝐫:
-Define entrepreneurship, distinguishing it from general business activities by emphasizing its focus on innovation, risk-taking, and value creation. Students will describe the characteristics and traits of successful entrepreneurs, including their roles and responsibilities, and discuss the broader economic and social impacts of entrepreneurial activities on both local and global scales.
THE SACRIFICE HOW PRO-PALESTINE PROTESTS STUDENTS ARE SACRIFICING TO CHANGE T...indexPub
The recent surge in pro-Palestine student activism has prompted significant responses from universities, ranging from negotiations and divestment commitments to increased transparency about investments in companies supporting the war on Gaza. This activism has led to the cessation of student encampments but also highlighted the substantial sacrifices made by students, including academic disruptions and personal risks. The primary drivers of these protests are poor university administration, lack of transparency, and inadequate communication between officials and students. This study examines the profound emotional, psychological, and professional impacts on students engaged in pro-Palestine protests, focusing on Generation Z's (Gen-Z) activism dynamics. This paper explores the significant sacrifices made by these students and even the professors supporting the pro-Palestine movement, with a focus on recent global movements. Through an in-depth analysis of printed and electronic media, the study examines the impacts of these sacrifices on the academic and personal lives of those involved. The paper highlights examples from various universities, demonstrating student activism's long-term and short-term effects, including disciplinary actions, social backlash, and career implications. The researchers also explore the broader implications of student sacrifices. The findings reveal that these sacrifices are driven by a profound commitment to justice and human rights, and are influenced by the increasing availability of information, peer interactions, and personal convictions. The study also discusses the broader implications of this activism, comparing it to historical precedents and assessing its potential to influence policy and public opinion. The emotional and psychological toll on student activists is significant, but their sense of purpose and community support mitigates some of these challenges. However, the researchers call for acknowledging the broader Impact of these sacrifices on the future global movement of FreePalestine.
CapTechTalks Webinar Slides June 2024 Donovan Wright.pptxCapitolTechU
Slides from a Capitol Technology University webinar held June 20, 2024. The webinar featured Dr. Donovan Wright, presenting on the Department of Defense Digital Transformation.
Gender and Mental Health - Counselling and Family Therapy Applications and In...PsychoTech Services
A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!
Temple of Asclepius in Thrace. Excavation resultsKrassimira Luka
The temple and the sanctuary around were dedicated to Asklepios Zmidrenus. This name has been known since 1875 when an inscription dedicated to him was discovered in Rome. The inscription is dated in 227 AD and was left by soldiers originating from the city of Philippopolis (modern Plovdiv).
A Visual Guide to 1 Samuel | A Tale of Two HeartsSteve Thomason
These slides walk through the story of 1 Samuel. Samuel is the last judge of Israel. The people reject God and want a king. Saul is anointed as the first king, but he is not a good king. David, the shepherd boy is anointed and Saul is envious of him. David shows honor while Saul continues to self destruct.
2. Review on Role and Challenges of Agricultural Extension Service on Farm Productivity in Ethiopia
Asfaw Albore 094
century, extension and advisory services needs to
reinvents itself and clearly articulates its roles in the rapidly
changing rural and agricultural context in order to improve
their relevancy (Magoro and Hlungwani, 2014). Extension
services needs staff with good understanding of technical
knowledge and skills to manage social processes
The public extension services in developing country
started experiencing some challenges in the last decade
due to socio-economic changes and agricultural sector
reforms taking place (Zwane, 2012).According to Rivera
et al (2001) and Biratu (2008), governments of developing
countries are confronting new extension challenges: on
the one hand, there is a need to increase production
to provide food for all citizens, raising the income of the
rural population and reducing poverty; on the other hand
there is a need to manage the natural resources in a
sustainable way in a rapidly changing world with new
technologies developed all the time. The mandate of
extension services, whether public or private, has always
been rural human resources development with an aim to
increase food production through the introduction of
improved agricultural technology. The need to increase
agricultural productivity to enhance food security and
reduce poverty in Africa is widely acknowledged (World
Bank, 2007).
There were many studies conducted to identify role and
challenges of extension service in Ethiopia in different
region (Belay and Degnet, 2004; Belay, 2002; Belay & De
missie, 2014), but there is limitation of summarization of
current state of understanding on challenges and role of
agricultural extension service or previously published
studies on topic. Review of challenges and prospectus for
a particular region is crucial for future policy formulation.
This study has identified some of the challenges and
prospectus of agricultural extension service.
METHODOLOGY
Data were obtained from document analysis. It was
undertaken using in-depth review of related literature from
the Internet and up to-date extension service challenges
reports of Ethiopian government. Published articles and
books, reports from government and non-government
organizations, archives of stakeholders’ organizations and
some media reports (print and electronic) were also
explored.
RESULT AND DISCUSSION
Emerging challenges for sustainable agricultural
development
Emerging challenges for sustainable agriculture during the
past fifty years was agricultural development policies have
been remarkably successful at emphasizing external
inputs as the means to increase food production (FAO,
1998). This has led to growth in global consumption of
pesticides, inorganic fertilizer, animal feed-stuffs, and
tractors and other machinery. However, agricultural
extension has value as policy instruments to achieve
government goal of increasing food production, stimulating
economic growth, increasing the welfare of farm families
and promoting sustainable agriculture (Van den Ban and
Hawkins, 1998). The basic challenge for sustainable
agriculture is to make better use of internal resources. This
can be done by minimizing the external inputs used, by
regenerating internal resources more effectively, or by
combinations of both. Evidence is now emerging that
regenerative and resource-conserving technologies and
practices can bring both environmental and economic
benefits for farmers, communities, and nations (FAO,
1998).
Increased reliance on chemicals may have negative
consequences for the environment and raises the question
of both economic and environmental sustainability, and the
consequences of such inputs on the quality of livelihoods.
Pretty et al. (1996) called for greater emphasis to be
placed on ‘sustainable agriculture’ noting that ‘a massive
increase in inorganic fertilizers and pesticides is not a
necessary condition for feeding the world [although] in
certain agro-ecological systems, moderate applications of
fertilizers will be necessary to ensure the appropriate
balance of plant nutrients and minerals in the soils.’ A more
sustainable agriculture pursues a number of goals - the
incorporation of natural processes such as nutrient cycling;
minimization of the use of external and non-renewable
inputs; the participation of farmers and rural people in all
processes of problem analysis and a greater use of local
knowledge (Shah, 1994; SWCB, 1994; Pretty, 1995).
According to Rivera et al (2001), governments of
developing countries are confronting new extension
challenges: on the one hand, there is a need to increase
production to provide food for all citizens, raising the
income of the rural population and reducing poverty; on the
other hand, there is a need to manage the natural
resources in a sustainable way in a rapidly changing world
with new technologies developed all the time. Therefore,
it is important that policy-makers are aware of the key role
that extension plays in the national economy development
before modernizing and reforming the existing agricultural
system (Qamar 2005). Though achievements in crop
improvement in the last 20 years are undeniable, poor
farming families’ needs are unaddressed. On the other
hand, exotic cultivars can give better yields under selected
demonstration sites with good management, but under
conditions that prevail in most peasant farms, where there
is low inputs and varying climatic conditions, local
landraces usually perform better than exotic ones (Lakew
et al., 1997).
3. Review on Role and Challenges of Agricultural Extension Service on Farm Productivity in Ethiopia
Int. J. Agric. Educ. Ext. 095
Role of agricultural extension service on farm
productivity
A role may be defined as a set of norms, values and
interaction patterns associated with a given category of
individuals (Anaeto et al., 2012). It is therefore, the job
or function attached to a given status. It can be clarified
with the economic concept of division of labour, which
states that individuals work in different sectors of the
economy ( Mengistie and Belete, 2015). Agriculture
extension has a role to play in agriculture development.
Agricultural extension service could be the government
agency or ministry responsible for promoting the
adoption and utilization of new scientific farming
practices through educational procedures (Asiabaka et
al., 2012).
Agriculture commercialization
The rate of agricultural growth in Ethiopia in turn depends
on the speed with which the current subsistence oriented
production system is transformed into a market orientated
production system (Berhanu et al, 2006). Among the many
institutional support services that need to catalyse/support
the transformation process, the agricultural extension
service plays a critical role, since it contributes to change
farmers skill, knowledge and attitudes in agricultural
technology, farming activities and agricultural marketing
(Berhanu et al, 2006; Biratu,2008; Belay, 2003).
Role of agricultural extension in a commercialized
agricultural system is different from such service in
subsistence farming system. In the commercialized
agriculture the extension service will mainly concentrate
on the resourceful big farmers, with favorable
environmental conditions and higher socio-economic
status few the number of farmers and large farm size
(Rohana & Bandara,2006). But Agriculture Organization
(FAO) has categorized farmers into three different
groups based on the marketable surplus as a percentage
of total production in the following manner (FAO,
1989): Subsistence farmers (Marketable surplus under
25% of the total production), Transition
farmers(Marketable surplus ranging between 25-50% of
total production) and Commercial farmers (Marketable
surplus more than 50% of the total production). Do we
have to accept this concept under each and every
situation? We think the answer is “no”. By using improved
technologies farmers can move towards commercial
agriculture without considering the size of land.
Helping farmers to reach their goals
Extension agent gives timely advice to make them aware
of a problem and helps farmers to decide most important
goals (Van den Ban and Hawkins ,1998).
Farmers’ organization
Farmers in industrialized countries have organized
themselves in many different ways to serve their collective
interest (Van den Ban and Hawkins ,1998). Such
organizations play crucial roles in agricultural development
in these countries. In less industrialized countries which
organizations either do not exist or tend to be ineffective.
Establishment of effective farm organization is at least as
important as the introduction of scientific production
technology in many of these countries. Extensionists are
well trained in terms of local organizational development;
they can build farmer institutions, organizing farmers into
associations and commodity groups and other forms or co-
operative activities. The success of extension in Taiwan
and Korea has been equated to farmer associations which
extension has played significant role in promoting
institutional technology (Rivera, 1989: 95).
Educating farmers
One definition of agricultural extension widely used in the
FAO publications sees extension as a service or system
which assists farm people, through educational
procedures, in improving farming methods and
techniques, increasing production efficiency and income,
bettering their levels of living and lifting the social and
educational standards of rural life (Swanson, 1984).
Extension agents in agricultural extension solve farmer’s
problems through education. It is believed that in
agricultural extension the main way to improve farm
efficiency and to increase farm production is to educate
farmer (Van den Ban and Hawkins ,1998). Extension is
viewed as a provider of non-formal agriculturally related
continued education for multiple audiences such as
farmers, spouses, youth rural community and urban
horticulturists (Rivera, 1989: 94).
Food security
Food security is often defined in terms of food availability,
food accessibility and food utilization (USAID, 1995) as
cited by Rivera and Qamar (2003). Extensionists have
received training which combines technical knowledge and
communication skills. They can apply this knowledge to
help in improving farming, farm yields and thereby reduce
poverty (Neuchatel Group, 2008).A general consensus
exist that extension services, if properly designed and
implemented, improves agricultural productivity, Romani
(2003).
Conservation of Natural resource
Farmers and communities have little urged to conserve
resources unless they are forced by legislation (Zwane,
2012). An extensionist does not use force but known
strategies of persuasion to assist farmers and
communities to conserve natural resources.
4. Review on Role and Challenges of Agricultural Extension Service on Farm Productivity in Ethiopia
Asfaw Albore 096
Dissemination of useful Information
For many years it thought that farmers’ conservatism was
the reason for their failure to adopt new technology
developed for them by agricultural scientists (Van den Ban
and Hawkins ,1998). Extensionists usually persuade
farmers to adopt new practices mainly because they have
access to research and its results (Zwane, 2012). They
have received proper training that can be executed to
benefit the farming communities. Extensionists should
access different information needed by farmers in terms
production, cultural practices, markets and marketing.
Depending on their tasks they can broaden it if possible to
include farmer education and problem solving advices
(Rivera, Röling, 1988: 37; Bembridge, Leagans, 1961: 3).
Other priority information may have to be identified for
dissemination. According to (Arion, Merce, Mihasan &
Horvat, 1991: 1) what extension should disseminate to
farmers may include: - technology transfer; - offering
economical advice (including book-keeping); - developing
agricultural markets and informational system; -
developing small enterprises and discovering new
alternatives for obtaining profits. It is important to note
that information and knowledge transfer are important
factors for accelerating agricultural development
through appropriate production planning, adoption,
management for developing to countries realize their
full potential (Pontius, et al, 2002)
Promote sustainable agriculture
According to Mengistie and Belete (2015), extension could
play a central role in fostering sustainability through its
educational programs but there has been a growing
realization that traditional extension models have not been
sufficiently effective in promoting adoption of sustainable
agricultural practices. Since sustainable agriculture is a
knowledge intensive system, it requires a new kind of
knowledge, which differs from other forms on the basis of
conventional agricultural practices. In fact, conventional
extension system cannot accomplish sustainability in
agriculture; because today's agricultural extension must
consider environmental implications, social issues, and
overall economic growth within the agriculture sector
(Mohammad, 2009). One of the tasks of extension is the
emphasis on developing the human capital, enhancing his
or her capacity to make decisions, to learn and manage
the communication process with others, to analyze the
environment, to be a leader, to stand up to oppression and
to organize (Röling,1988: 37).
Challenges of agricultural extension service in
Ethiopia
The major challenges of the past and current agricultural
extension service delivery in Ethiopia are :absence of the
national framework of agricultural extension policy that has
been developed in a participatory manner, top down,
unclear extension approach ,lack of suitable adaptation of
technology packages to local conditions, frequent
restructuring of the extension institutions, high turnover of
staff, limitation in the quality of field and technical staff,
inadequate budget for the implementation of the extension
system, limited private sector involvement in service
delivery, administrators unnecessary interferences on
technical matters, lack of monitoring and evaluation of the
extension system , weak system of agricultural inputs
supply and distribution (seeds, fertilized, credit, subsidies
etc) systems, involvement of experts on duties other than
extension responsibility, weak market linkage and
information system, weak linkage of research-extension
farmer, absence of public private partnership in extension
service delivery, not enough attention given to indigenous
knowledge of local people and absence of irrigated
agriculture focused extension and research
systems(IFPRI, 2009:Belay et al and Belay ,2002; Birhanu
et al, 2016 ;Tilahun, 2008 and Belay ,2014).Moreover;
According to Mengistie and Belete (2015) current
extension service challenge in Ethiopia has top-down
approach, non-participatory, supply driven not demand
driven, gender bias extension services, lack of staff moral,
capacity and capability of staff, development agents
involvement in non-extension activities, lack of qualified
extension supervisors, insufficient appropriate and
relevant technology options both for on crops and
livestock sector and inadequate public funding. According
to Belay (2014) the challenges are categorized as
technical, financial, institutional and administrative. The
major challenges of the current agricultural extension
service delivery in Ethiopia are:
Institutional
Institutional concern challenges of agricultural extension
service are top down, limited private sector involvement in
service delivery, lack of monitoring and evaluation of the
extension system, leak system of agricultural inputs supply
and distribution, involvement of experts on duties other
than extension responsibility, weak market linkage and
information system, weak linkage of research-extension-
farmer, absence of public private partnership in extension
service delivery, Not enough attention given to indigenous
knowledge of local people and absence of irrigated
agriculture focused extension and research
systems(IFPRI, 2009;Belay. and et al and Belay, 2002;
Birhanu et al, 2016 ; Tilahun, 2008 and Belay ,2014).
Top-down/non-participatory/supply driven
According to Biratu (2008) a good agricultural extension
system accepts and incorporates farmers’ traditional
knowledge in research processes and sees farmers as
partners during decision making. However, in most cases
the problem with science in agriculture and extension is
that it has a poor understanding of the knowledge from
very poor, indigenous rural people. For many scientists, in
5. Review on Role and Challenges of Agricultural Extension Service on Farm Productivity in Ethiopia
Int. J. Agric. Educ. Ext. 097
order to develop those rural people, formal research and
extension has to transform their knowledge into another
knowledge system, because their knowledge is
considered as unscientific and primitive (Röling and Pretty,
1997). This is true when it comes to the case of agricultural
extension in Ethiopia. In most cases, the approach is top-
down, whereby technologies are developed somewhere
and the farmers are told what to do by the development
agents (EEA, 2006; Belay, 2002; Belay, 2003; Abesha et
al, 2000; Wale and Yalew, 2007) and as it was indicated
by Simane. (2004), much of the agricultural inputs
imported and distributed are supply driven, without giving
due consideration to the demand from the farmers’ side.
Weak research-extension linkage
According to Belay and Dawit (2017) earlier empirical
studies in developing countries have identified weak
links between research and extension as the major factor
limiting the flow of information, knowledge, useful new
technologies, and resources among actors in the
technology-delivery utilization system and recommend
measures to overcome the widely acknowledged
weaknesses (Agbamu, 2000; Anderson and Feder, 2004;
Asiabaka, 2002; Belay, 2002, 2003). Under normal
conditions, agricultural extension service serves as a
farmer organization that expresses the concern and
feeling of farmers to the public and conveys information
from research institute to farmers and from the farmers
back to research institutes (Birkhaeuser, et al 1991).
Contrary to this fact, agricultural research in Ethiopia is
poorly linked to extension (Belay, 2003; EEA, 2006; Wale
and Yalew, 2007) because of the fact that extension and
research activities have been carried out under different
institutions with zero or minimal coordination between
them (Belay, 2002).
Gender biased service
Gender issues should be afforded the highest priority in
Ethiopian extension. Failure to take into account gender
relationships leads to unsuccessful extension activities,
the marginalization of the disadvantaged sector of society
and a large part of the agricultural workforce (Vince, 2005;
Olawoye, 2005 and Odebode, 2008). It includes focusing
on the relationship between men and women, their roles,
access to and control over resources, the division of
labour, and other needs. Thus, understanding gender
relationships and adjusting methods and messages to
them is crucial. A holistic approach to research and
extension that considers the total socio-economic system
is more likely to result in technology solutions being more
family and women friendly
HIV/AIDS epidemic
Challenge of an HIV/AIDS epidemic on agricultural
extension services in sub-Saharan Africa is quite unusual
as it affects both staff and clientele and involves human
emotions to a depressing degree, that is, in addition to
technical aspects. The spread of HIV/AIDS is
counteracting gains in human development and has the
potential for serious social dislocation especially in rural
areas (Vince, 2005; Kalim , 2003). From nature of
extension work most of the extension staff themselves
have their genetic roots in rural families. They travel
frequently in rural areas, many times spending nights away
from home, and being offered “hospitality” in villages due
to their status. Also, they are in touch with so many widows
forced into farming because of their husbands’ death, who
need extension advice. Thus, the extension workers have
ample opportunities of getting involved with multiple sex
partners (Kalim, 2003). All these factors expose the
extension staff to the maximum risk of HIV infection,
especially with their very limited knowledge of the
epidemic. Reductions and disruptions in staff is the other
dimension of challenges extension service. According to
Kalim (2003) discussions made with government
extension service officials reveal that their capacity for
delivering satisfactory services is being affected by
HIV/AIDS. This is due to disruption in their programmes
caused by deaths, protracted sickness and frequent
absences of staff.
Technical
Lack of suitable adaptation of technology packages to
local conditions
Available evidence shows that yields of major crops under
farmers’ management are still far lower than what can be
obtained under research managed plots (Abate, 2006;
EIAR, 2007). This is the result of research and extensions
that were put in place used one size-fits for all types of
extension methods and there is no extension that suits
for all categories of adopters (EEA, 2006). Inadequate
research outputs on the felt needs of
farmers/pastoralists factors limit the contribution of
agricultural extension to the growth of agricultural
output and productivity (Birhanu G. et al, 2016; Tilahun,
2008). To summarize, research process and agricultural
extension services in Ethiopia lack preferences, criteria
and conditions of the farmers (Wale and Yalew, 2007)
and a well-articulated national research and extension
policy is not yet developed in the country (Demese, 2004
as cited in Wale and Yalew, 2007).
Financial
Inadequate public funding
One generic problem confronting the extension service is
inadequate public funding. The problem is especially acute
with regard to operational budget. Operating costs are
usually liable to budget cuts. Shortages of operating costs
seriously affect the effectiveness of the extension service
(Berhanu et al, 2006 and Axinn, 1988).
6. Review on Role and Challenges of Agricultural Extension Service on Farm Productivity in Ethiopia
Asfaw Albore 098
Administrative
Lack of qualified extension supervisors and worker
According to Birkhaeuser et al (1991), agricultural
extension service needs agents for two main activities: in
the first place to transfer required information to the
farmers and secondly to report the problems faced by
the farmers. However, many front-line extension staff in
Africa lack the competences (skills, knowledge, attitude
and resulting behavior) they need to be effective in their
work with farmers (Lindley, 2000; Belay and Degnet, 2004;
Belay, 2003). In the same line, a worldwide analysis of the
status of agricultural extension reveals the low level of
formal education and training of field extension agents in
developing countries (Swanson et al., 1990).
Involvement of experts on duties other than extension
responsibility
Agricultural extension agents in Ethiopia (named as
Development Agents), are involved in different activities
which are not necessarily related to their normal work
such as collection of fertilizer credit, being government
spokesmen, or agents for other government bureaus
and this will highly affect their relation with the farmers
(Belay, 2003; Biratu, 2008). In this respect, Howard et al.
(1999) noted that many of the extension agents
interviewed expressed concern about their heavy
involvement in credit administration-not only because it
kept them from their technical responsibilities (advising
farmers on use of improved technologies), but also
because their role as credit collection agents had a
negative impact on their personal relationships with
farmers.
Lack of staff moral
Fieldwork in many developing countries is characterized
by conditions that foster low morale: lack of mobility,
virtually no equipment and extremely low salaries
(Belay, and Degnet, 2004). These difficulties contribute to
a high turnover rate; those who remain in extension are
typically people with few employment opportunities
elsewhere (Kaimowitz, 1991).
CONCLUSIONS
Agricultural extension ensures important and relevant
information on improved agricultural technologies and
good practices are communicated to farmers with the main
objective to improve their agricultural production and
productivity. The Role of agricultural extension service on
farm productivity is commercialization of Agricultural
activity, Helping farmers to reach their goals through
advice, organizing farmers to collectively act, educating
farmers, bringing food security, Conservation of natural
resource, dissemination of useful information and promote
sustainable agriculture. However; the major challenge in
the past and current agricultural extension service delivery
in Ethiopia are HIV/AIDS epidemic, gender biased service,
absence of the national framework of agricultural
extension policy that has been developed in a participatory
manner, top down, Unclear extension approach, lack of
suitable adaptation of technology packages to local
conditions, frequent restructuring of the extension
institutions, high turnover of staff, limitation in the quality of
field and technical staff, inadequate budget for the
implementation of the extension system, limited private
sector involvement in service delivery, administrators
unnecessary interferences on technical matters, lack of
monitoring and evaluation of the extension system, weak
system of agricultural inputs supply and distribution
(seeds, fertilized, credit, subsidies etc) systems,
involvement of experts on duties other than extension
responsibility, weak market linkage and information
system, weak linkage of research-extension farmer,
absence of public private partnership in extension service
delivery, not enough attention given to indigenous
knowledge of local people and absence of irrigated
agriculture focused extension and research systems. Most
of the challenges are institutional which require
administrative commitment, but further research must
enquire about suitable adaptation of technology packages
to local conditions
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