This document analyzes factors that influence loan repayment among yam farmers in Ghana's Sene District. It finds that education level, farming experience, profit from yam sales, age, supervision from loan officers, and off-farm income positively affect repayment, while gender and marital status have negative effects. The study uses a probit model and data from 100 farmers to determine that socioeconomic characteristics like education, experience, and household income are critical for improving smallholder farmers' ability to repay agricultural loans.
This document analyzes the information needs of agricultural extension agents in rural Ghana. It discusses how access to relevant and timely information is crucial for extension agents to effectively disseminate information to small-scale farmers and help increase agricultural production. The study assessed the information needs of 130 extension agents across eight districts of northern Ghana. It found that major gaps exist in the extension agents' knowledge of technical and legal information needed by farmers, hindering improvements in productivity. The document recommends that extension agent training include computer literacy to improve their access to internet resources and agricultural information.
The study examines the influence of contact farmers on the adoption of improved cassava
varieties in Epe, Lagos state. Data for the study were generated from a field survey of cassava farmers selected
by random sampling technique among contact and non-contact farmers in Epe, Lagos state. Descriptive
statistics,Fourt and Woodlock Model, Mansfeild Model and Bass Diffusion Model were employed for the
analyses. The descriptive statistics was used to analyse social economics of the selected farmers, while Fourt
and Woodlock Model, Mansfeild Model and Bass Diffusion Model were required in analysing the diffusion
process and prediction of adopters of improved cassava varieties.The results show that 2.4% are below 30 years
of age 36.3% fall within the age bracket of 30 – 40years, 40.0% falls within 41-50years and 21.3% were above
50 year. In all, about 78% of the farmers are below the age of 50 years, which is regarded as young or youthful
age, dynamic enough to adopt improved crop varieties. The coefficient of imitation q is 0.795. This is a positive
value, and implies that the diffusion process is high. The coefficient of innovation influence p is estimated as
0.005. This also is positive, meaning that the use of external influences on potential adopters has very little
effect on the adoption decision. The decision to adopt was mainly through the word of mouth recommendation.
It was shown that, the diffusion process could be predicted by applying the Bass model, Fourt and Woodlock
model and the Mansfield model.
Influence of Socio-Economic Characteristics on the Utilization ofHudu Zakaria
This document summarizes a study that examined how socioeconomic factors influence the utilization of development interventions by shea butter processors in Northern Ghana. The study found that age, access to credit, source of start-up capital, and marital status were significantly associated with utilization of interventions provided by NGOs and government agencies to improve the shea butter industry. Despite numerous interventions, poverty remains high, possibly due to underutilization of support programs. The study calls for policies that better address socioeconomic backgrounds to increase utilization of interventions designed to boost the industry and livelihoods of rural women.
11.[1 13]adoption of modern agricultural production technologies by farm hous...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that examined factors influencing farm households' adoption of modern agricultural production technologies in Ghana. The study utilized a logit model to analyze survey data from 300 farmers in Bawku West District. The results showed that farm size, expected benefits from technology adoption, access to credit, and access to extension services significantly influenced farmers' technology adoption decisions. The document concludes that farm households' technology adoption depends on their socioeconomic circumstances and the effectiveness of institutions. It recommends policies to leverage factors that positively influence adoption and mitigate negative factors to improve agricultural productivity.
Impact of the Adoption of Improved Varieties of Household Income of Farmers i...BRNSS Publication Hub
In Benin, maize occupies a strategic place in the agricultural sector due to its growing importance in national consumption and trade with neighboring countries. This study aims to analyze the impact of the adoption of improved maize varieties on the income and expenditure of maize farmers in the South Atlantic Department of Benin. The data used were collected from 144 maize growers in the Atlantic Department. Maize farmers with or without improved varieties were selected randomly. The average treatment effect method with propensity score matching was used to estimate the impact of the adoption of improved maize varieties on household income and expenditure. Maize growers using four impact indicators: (i) Netincome; (ii) school expenses; (iii) health expenditure; and (iv) food expenditures. The results showed that the adoption of improved maize varieties led to an improvement in annual netincome (a relative effect of 8.78%), health expenditure (a relative effect of 15.88%), and expenditure on education (a relative effect of 16.08%). On the other hand, the adoption of improved varieties of maize has no significant influence on the expenditure invested in the dietof household members. It shows that the adoption of improved varieties of maize by which has a positive impact on the netincome, health expenditure, and household education expenditure.
Credit and Rice Production among Small Scale Farmers in Niger State, Nigeriaijtsrd
The study investigated the effect of credit on rice production. A total of 300 respondents were selected from a population of 1,296,032 farmers rice farmers in zone "A" Agricultural Zone of Niger State, Nigeria. Taro Yamane method was used to determine the sample size while the multistage sampling technique was used to allocate the sample strata. A structured questionnaire capturing the issues raised in the objectives designed to elicit raw data from the sample. The data collected were analyzed using both descriptive and inferential statistics Pearson Correlation and Regression Analyses and were used to address the objectives and to test the hypotheses respectively. Findings of this study revealed that there were positive and significant relations between credit and rice output r = 0.150 significant @ 0.001 level and between credit and profitability gross margin r = 0.995 significant @ 0.001 level. Also, constraints to credit access were found to have significant effect on rice production F ratio = 9.073 Significant @ 0.001 . Based on these findings, it was recommended, among other things, for a credit policy review by the government at the local, state and federal levels to enhance access to credit among the small scale farmers in Niger State Nigeria. Francis O. Nwankwo | Chinyere Frances Chigbo "Credit and Rice Production among Small Scale Farmers in Niger State, Nigeria" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-5 , August 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd26485.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/26485/credit-and-rice-production-among-small-scale-farmers-in-niger-state-nigeria/francis-o-nwankwo
This document analyzes the information needs of agricultural extension agents in rural Ghana. It discusses how access to relevant and timely information is crucial for extension agents to effectively disseminate information to small-scale farmers and help increase agricultural production. The study assessed the information needs of 130 extension agents across eight districts of northern Ghana. It found that major gaps exist in the extension agents' knowledge of technical and legal information needed by farmers, hindering improvements in productivity. The document recommends that extension agent training include computer literacy to improve their access to internet resources and agricultural information.
The study examines the influence of contact farmers on the adoption of improved cassava
varieties in Epe, Lagos state. Data for the study were generated from a field survey of cassava farmers selected
by random sampling technique among contact and non-contact farmers in Epe, Lagos state. Descriptive
statistics,Fourt and Woodlock Model, Mansfeild Model and Bass Diffusion Model were employed for the
analyses. The descriptive statistics was used to analyse social economics of the selected farmers, while Fourt
and Woodlock Model, Mansfeild Model and Bass Diffusion Model were required in analysing the diffusion
process and prediction of adopters of improved cassava varieties.The results show that 2.4% are below 30 years
of age 36.3% fall within the age bracket of 30 – 40years, 40.0% falls within 41-50years and 21.3% were above
50 year. In all, about 78% of the farmers are below the age of 50 years, which is regarded as young or youthful
age, dynamic enough to adopt improved crop varieties. The coefficient of imitation q is 0.795. This is a positive
value, and implies that the diffusion process is high. The coefficient of innovation influence p is estimated as
0.005. This also is positive, meaning that the use of external influences on potential adopters has very little
effect on the adoption decision. The decision to adopt was mainly through the word of mouth recommendation.
It was shown that, the diffusion process could be predicted by applying the Bass model, Fourt and Woodlock
model and the Mansfield model.
Influence of Socio-Economic Characteristics on the Utilization ofHudu Zakaria
This document summarizes a study that examined how socioeconomic factors influence the utilization of development interventions by shea butter processors in Northern Ghana. The study found that age, access to credit, source of start-up capital, and marital status were significantly associated with utilization of interventions provided by NGOs and government agencies to improve the shea butter industry. Despite numerous interventions, poverty remains high, possibly due to underutilization of support programs. The study calls for policies that better address socioeconomic backgrounds to increase utilization of interventions designed to boost the industry and livelihoods of rural women.
11.[1 13]adoption of modern agricultural production technologies by farm hous...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that examined factors influencing farm households' adoption of modern agricultural production technologies in Ghana. The study utilized a logit model to analyze survey data from 300 farmers in Bawku West District. The results showed that farm size, expected benefits from technology adoption, access to credit, and access to extension services significantly influenced farmers' technology adoption decisions. The document concludes that farm households' technology adoption depends on their socioeconomic circumstances and the effectiveness of institutions. It recommends policies to leverage factors that positively influence adoption and mitigate negative factors to improve agricultural productivity.
Impact of the Adoption of Improved Varieties of Household Income of Farmers i...BRNSS Publication Hub
In Benin, maize occupies a strategic place in the agricultural sector due to its growing importance in national consumption and trade with neighboring countries. This study aims to analyze the impact of the adoption of improved maize varieties on the income and expenditure of maize farmers in the South Atlantic Department of Benin. The data used were collected from 144 maize growers in the Atlantic Department. Maize farmers with or without improved varieties were selected randomly. The average treatment effect method with propensity score matching was used to estimate the impact of the adoption of improved maize varieties on household income and expenditure. Maize growers using four impact indicators: (i) Netincome; (ii) school expenses; (iii) health expenditure; and (iv) food expenditures. The results showed that the adoption of improved maize varieties led to an improvement in annual netincome (a relative effect of 8.78%), health expenditure (a relative effect of 15.88%), and expenditure on education (a relative effect of 16.08%). On the other hand, the adoption of improved varieties of maize has no significant influence on the expenditure invested in the dietof household members. It shows that the adoption of improved varieties of maize by which has a positive impact on the netincome, health expenditure, and household education expenditure.
Credit and Rice Production among Small Scale Farmers in Niger State, Nigeriaijtsrd
The study investigated the effect of credit on rice production. A total of 300 respondents were selected from a population of 1,296,032 farmers rice farmers in zone "A" Agricultural Zone of Niger State, Nigeria. Taro Yamane method was used to determine the sample size while the multistage sampling technique was used to allocate the sample strata. A structured questionnaire capturing the issues raised in the objectives designed to elicit raw data from the sample. The data collected were analyzed using both descriptive and inferential statistics Pearson Correlation and Regression Analyses and were used to address the objectives and to test the hypotheses respectively. Findings of this study revealed that there were positive and significant relations between credit and rice output r = 0.150 significant @ 0.001 level and between credit and profitability gross margin r = 0.995 significant @ 0.001 level. Also, constraints to credit access were found to have significant effect on rice production F ratio = 9.073 Significant @ 0.001 . Based on these findings, it was recommended, among other things, for a credit policy review by the government at the local, state and federal levels to enhance access to credit among the small scale farmers in Niger State Nigeria. Francis O. Nwankwo | Chinyere Frances Chigbo "Credit and Rice Production among Small Scale Farmers in Niger State, Nigeria" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-5 , August 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd26485.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/26485/credit-and-rice-production-among-small-scale-farmers-in-niger-state-nigeria/francis-o-nwankwo
The role of financial institution in agricultural developmemtExcellence Chuks
This document is a thesis submitted by Yvonne Onyekachi Paula Omeje to Caritas University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for a Bachelor of Science degree in Economics. The thesis examines the role of financial institutions in agricultural development in Nigeria from 1990-2010, using the Nigeria Agricultural Cooperative and Rural Development Bank as a case study. It includes an introduction outlining the background and objectives of the study, a literature review on topics related to agricultural financing, a methodology section, data presentation and analysis, and conclusions and recommendations. The overall aim is to evaluate the impact of financial institutions on Nigerian agriculture and provide suggestions to enhance the development of the agricultural sector.
11.factors influencing fertilizer use intensity among small holder crop farme...Alexander Decker
This study analyzed factors influencing fertilizer use among small-scale crop farmers in Abak Agricultural
Zone, Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria. A survey was conducted with 150 farmers and data was analyzed using
descriptive statistics and regression analysis. The results found that most farmers were older with low social
capital. Regression analysis identified age, gender, household size, farm size, perceived fertilizer price, farm
output value, extension visits, number of goats/sheep owned, poultry ownership, and distance to fertilizer
sellers as significant factors affecting fertilizer use. The study recommends further fertilizer subsidies and
educating farmers on family planning and fertilizer usage to
Factors influencing fertilizer use intensity among small holder crop farmers ...Alexander Decker
This study analyzed factors influencing fertilizer use among small-scale crop farmers in Abak Agricultural
Zone, Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria. A survey was conducted with 150 farmers and data was analyzed using
descriptive statistics and regression. The results found that most farmers were older with low social capital.
Regression analysis identified age, gender, household size, farm size, perceived fertilizer price, farm
output value, extension visits, number of goats/sheep owned, poultry ownership, and distance to fertilizer
sellers as significant factors affecting fertilizer use. The study recommends further fertilizer subsidies by
the state government and education programs to promote proper family planning and
1. Agriculture has historically played a major role in the Indian economy, contributing over 50% of national income in 1950-1951 and employing over 70% of the population in the early 20th century. However, its economic contribution and employment share have declined with industrialization.
2. Agricultural productivity in India has been low compared to other countries due to small landholding sizes, lack of infrastructure and credit, and traditional farming methods. The Green Revolution in the 1960s boosted wheat and rice yields through high-yielding varieties and irrigation but gains were not sustained equally across crops.
3. Marketing of agricultural goods in India faces issues such as inadequate transport and storage infrastructure, lack of credit and price information for farmers, and explo
Agriculture in Ethiopia yet bases on small scale farming is experiencing frequent drought. The study examines, does improved wheat seed adoption benefit farmer’s wheat yield or not in Ofla woreda, Tigrai? A primary data sources from a survey of random sample 300 small scale farm households were gathered. Of which 100 were certified wheat seed adoptor farmers and the remaining 200 were non users. In dealing with propensity score matching (PSM) was applied. The average treatment effects on the treated (ATT) result revealed that improved wheat seed adoptor household’s earn 35 to 54 quintal of wheat yield per hectare at a cost of plowing 9,400 Birr larger in a single production year compared to non adoptors earn below 18 quintal at a cost of Birr 7,000. Adoption of certified wheat seed complementary with other packages is more recommendable to enhance wheat yield at small scale level.
Analysis of impact of national fadama development projects on beneficiaries i...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a journal article that analyzes the impact of Nigeria's National Fadama Development Projects on the incomes and wealth of beneficiary farmers in the Federal Capital Territory (FCT). The study found that while the value of productive assets owned by beneficiary farmers increased during the Fadama III project, their net farm income actually decreased. This could be due to limitations faced by farmers or because beneficiary contributions to acquire new assets may have reduced short-term investment and income. The article recommends promoting access to productive assets through rotating savings and credit associations and addressing the low capacity of poor farmers to efficiently manage assets through training.
11.productivity and resource use efficiency in tomato and watermelon farmsAlexander Decker
This study examines productivity and resource use efficiency in tomato and watermelon farms in Ghana. The value of output for watermelon farms was higher than for tomato farms, due to differences in output prices and input costs. It cost more to produce a hectare of tomato (GH¢704.59) than watermelon (GH¢509.03), but tomato yields per hectare were lower (GH¢480.37 vs GH¢1738.68 for watermelon). Factors like land, labor, and experience influenced tomato output value, while land, non-farm activity, and training impacted watermelon output. Marginal values for land and labor exceeded market prices, indicating inefficient resource use for both crops
Productivity and resource use efficiency in tomato and watermelon farmsAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that examined productivity and resource use efficiency in tomato and watermelon farms in Ghana. The study found that the value of output for watermelon was higher than for tomato, due to differences in output prices and input costs. Analysis of factors affecting output value found that for tomato, land, labor and experience were significant, while for watermelon, land, non-agricultural activity and training were significant. Marginal values for land and labor were higher than market prices, indicating inefficient use of those resources for both crops. Fertilizer use for tomato and capital use for watermelon did not significantly impact output values, showing underutilization of those inputs. The results have implications for
Analysis of Land Use Efficiency among Women Cassava Farmers in South-West Nig...Premier Publishers
This study analyzed land use efficiency among women cassava farmers in Southwest Nigeria. A survey was conducted of 300 female cassava farmers across 4 local government areas in Ogun and Ondo states. Heckman probit and Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) models were used to analyze the data. Heckman probit found that farm size, primary occupation, income, number of dependents, proximity to processing industry and social group positively influenced access to land, while cassava output, access to extension, household size and proximity to market negatively influenced access. DEA showed that 12.8% of land-secured farmers were technically efficient, compared to 3.74% of non-land secured farmers, and mean efficiencies
Effect of Manual Screw Press Utilization on Output, Income, and Standard of L...BRNSS Publication Hub
The study assessed the effect of utilization of manual screw press for gari production on output, income, and standard of living of gari processors in four local government areas across the agricultural development program zones in Kwara state, Nigeria. Using multistage sampling technique and a semi-structured questionnaire as instrument, data for the study were collected from a sample of 384 gari processors who use the screw press in the state. Descriptive statistics, namely frequency count, percentages, and mean were used for analysis of generated field data. The study revealed a 35.5% increase in gari production was achieved with the utilization of the screw press for gari production. Furthermore, average annual income from gari processing after utilization went from N809662 to N1249375; 35.19% increase. Furthermore, average household properties owned by processors went from 2.31 before utilization to 3.24 after utilization which is an increase of 28.7%. The study concluded that utilization of manual screw press by gari producers in Kwara state has led to increased output, a higher income, and a better standard of living for gari producers. These increases would most probably lead to increase in their probability of escaping poverty, and in the long run, would lead to sustainable food security for the country.
Relationship between Farmers’ Participation in Technology Development and Dis...Premier Publishers
Improved sugarcane varieties have been developed and promoted in Kenya, to enhance sugarcane productivity. However, their acceptance by farmers is low. This paper investigates this phenomenon in attempt to underpin contributing factors to low acceptance. It examines the relationship between farmers’ participation in technology development and dissemination processes; and acceptability of improved sugarcane varieties in Kakamega County. This study used cross-sectional survey research design. Target population was 137,355 small-scale sugarcane farmers from Kakamega County, from which a sample of 384 farmers was randomly selected. Questionnaires were used to collect data, which was analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. The study established limited participation of sugarcane farmers in the development and dissemination of improved sugarcane varieties. Significant relationships were established between farmers’ participation in the development and dissemination of improved sugarcane varieties with their acceptability by farmers. The number of year’s farmers had produced these varieties was found to be a strong indicator of their acceptability by farmers. Research findings indicate need to avail necessary information about the improved varieties to farmers by the extension service providers. Utilization of farmer Participatory Technology Development and Dissemination approaches need to be enhanced in the development and dissemination of improved sugarcane technologies.
Nigerian rural youths’ utilization of agricultural information on selected ar...IAALD Community
Presentation by Olumuyiwa Akin Olaniyi (LADOKE AKINTOLA UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY) at the IAALD 2010 World Congress - 26-29 April 2010, Montpellier, France
Coping Strategies of Diabetic Yam Farming Households in Benue State, NigeriaIJEAB
This study engaged the Multinomial Logistic Model (MLN) to determine factors influencing te choice of coping strategies of diabetic yam farming households in Benue State, Nigeria. A multi-stage random sampling technique was used to select 340 yam farming households with emphasis on 2015 farming season. Primary data were obtained using a well structured and pretested questionnaire. The results of analysis shows that the most frequently used coping strategies were special diets such as millet, cocoyam, locust bean, groundnut, fruits and vegetables accounting for 39%, constant intake of drugs like metformin, biguarnide, sulphorylureas and insulin 25%, hired labour, 23.2%, routine exercise, 12.6%, while hawking was 0.3%. The choice of constant drug was -0.012, while the choice of hawking was significantly (p < 0.05) and negatively affected by education as a coping strategy. The marginal effect of education on constant drug was -0.012, while the choice of hawking was significantly (p < 0.05) and positively affected by the age as a coping strategy. The marginal effect of age on hawking was 0.04. It is recommended that government at Federal, State and Local levels with partners in progress should consider critical ways of managing diabetes by emphasizing healthy lifestyles such as ceasation of smoking, moderate alcohol intake, regular medical check-up and improvement of the socio-economic status of the diabetic farm households through good road network, steady supply of electricity which will better the quality of life of the farm households.
Journalists’ attitudes towards the coverage of agricultural and rural develop...Alexander Decker
This study examined journalists' attitudes toward covering agricultural and rural development news in Ogun State, Nigeria. The researchers surveyed 40 journalists and found that most were male, married, Christian, and had 6-10 years of experience. The majority cited organizational problems, lack of transportation to rural areas, poor roads, inadequate equipment, and lack of audience interest as constraints. Older and more experienced journalists had a more negative perception of covering agricultural news. There was an inverse relationship between constraints faced and amount of coverage - the more constraints, the less coverage. The researchers concluded that journalists were generally not well-disposed toward covering agricultural news due to these challenges.
The document summarizes a study on vegetable production and marketing in Zanzibar, Tanzania. It finds that about 59% of farmers commercially produce vegetables, though only 30-35% of yields are sold. Of the 16 dominant vegetable types in markets, only 9 were profitably produced by local farmers. Constraints included lack of land expansion for production, insufficient access to inputs, pests/diseases, and limited access to markets. Wholesalers purchased 85% of farmers' yields, dictating prices in most sales. Imports filled domestic demand gaps due to seasonal local supply and quality issues. Support was recommended to improve farmers' production and market access.
Influence of Farmer Level of Education on the Practice of Improved Agricultur...paperpublications3
Abstract: The study examined the influence of farmers’ education level on the practice of improved agricultural technologies by farmers in Nyamusi division of Nyamira County. Multi-stage and stratified sampling techniques were applied for sample selection. Data collection was done by use of semi-structured questionnaires. Both descriptive and inferential statistical techniques were used for data analysis. Among the descriptive statistic techniques used included Mean, Standard Deviations and frequencies. For Inferential statistics, correlation, Chi-square and cross tabulation were used to establish relationships between dependent and the independent variables. Internal consistency technique was used to ensure reliability of the research instrument through the computation of Cronbach’s Coefficient Alpha and was found to be 0.81 which meant that the data collection instrument was consistent and reliable. A total of 332 questionnaires were filled by the sampled farmers but only 304 were completely and adequately filled and analysed giving a Questionnaire Return Rate (QRR) of 91.6%. The analysed data was presented using tables. The study revealed that 44.4% of the farmers had completed primary level education. The study established that farmer level of education did not significantly influence the practice of agricultural technologies. In order to boost farmer literacy levels, the study recommends that the Directorate of Adult and Continuing Education should consider working with farmer groups in promoting functionality of literacy centres.
11. factors preventing the adoption of agriculturalikhwanecdc
This document summarizes a review of recent literature on factors preventing the adoption of agricultural technology among banana and plantain growers. It identifies four main factors that previous studies have found influence technology adoption: technological factors, economic factors, institutional factors, and social factors. The document then provides more details on the definition and categories of technology adoption, and discusses some specific technological, economic, and institutional barriers identified in previous studies on banana and plantain farmers, such as lack of access to inputs, markets, and information.
Microcredit and poverty alleviation programs aim to help the world's poorest families access credit and financial services to support self-employment. The Microcredit Summit Campaign works towards this by ensuring that 175 million of the world's poorest families receive these services by 2015. It focuses on reaching the poorest people, especially women, building sustainable microfinance institutions, and measuring its positive impact on clients' lives. The annual report found that in 2007 over 3,500 microfinance institutions served over 154 million total clients, with 106 million being among the poorest. The campaign holds global and regional summits to advance its goals of helping 100 million families rise above the $1 per day poverty line.
Mcor-Arke-Customer-Presentation-V1MEDIUM-RES-FOR-PC1Guy J. Ofek
The document summarizes information about Mcor Technologies, a company that invented Selective Deposition Lamination (SDL) 3D printing. It discusses Mcor's full-color 3D printing capabilities and applications, provides an overview of the company and management team, and analyzes the growing 3D printing market. The document contains information on Mcor's SDL technology, how full-color printing works, various use cases and applications, and the Arke desktop 3D printer.
La autobiografía describe la decisión de la persona de convertirse en maestra de preescolar. Nació en Colima en 1997 y disfrutó interactuar con otros niños en el preescolar, observando la motivación de su maestra. Su familia y novio la apoyaron para estudiar educación preescolar a pesar de las dificultades para encontrar trabajo, y quiere ser una buena maestra.
The role of financial institution in agricultural developmemtExcellence Chuks
This document is a thesis submitted by Yvonne Onyekachi Paula Omeje to Caritas University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for a Bachelor of Science degree in Economics. The thesis examines the role of financial institutions in agricultural development in Nigeria from 1990-2010, using the Nigeria Agricultural Cooperative and Rural Development Bank as a case study. It includes an introduction outlining the background and objectives of the study, a literature review on topics related to agricultural financing, a methodology section, data presentation and analysis, and conclusions and recommendations. The overall aim is to evaluate the impact of financial institutions on Nigerian agriculture and provide suggestions to enhance the development of the agricultural sector.
11.factors influencing fertilizer use intensity among small holder crop farme...Alexander Decker
This study analyzed factors influencing fertilizer use among small-scale crop farmers in Abak Agricultural
Zone, Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria. A survey was conducted with 150 farmers and data was analyzed using
descriptive statistics and regression analysis. The results found that most farmers were older with low social
capital. Regression analysis identified age, gender, household size, farm size, perceived fertilizer price, farm
output value, extension visits, number of goats/sheep owned, poultry ownership, and distance to fertilizer
sellers as significant factors affecting fertilizer use. The study recommends further fertilizer subsidies and
educating farmers on family planning and fertilizer usage to
Factors influencing fertilizer use intensity among small holder crop farmers ...Alexander Decker
This study analyzed factors influencing fertilizer use among small-scale crop farmers in Abak Agricultural
Zone, Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria. A survey was conducted with 150 farmers and data was analyzed using
descriptive statistics and regression. The results found that most farmers were older with low social capital.
Regression analysis identified age, gender, household size, farm size, perceived fertilizer price, farm
output value, extension visits, number of goats/sheep owned, poultry ownership, and distance to fertilizer
sellers as significant factors affecting fertilizer use. The study recommends further fertilizer subsidies by
the state government and education programs to promote proper family planning and
1. Agriculture has historically played a major role in the Indian economy, contributing over 50% of national income in 1950-1951 and employing over 70% of the population in the early 20th century. However, its economic contribution and employment share have declined with industrialization.
2. Agricultural productivity in India has been low compared to other countries due to small landholding sizes, lack of infrastructure and credit, and traditional farming methods. The Green Revolution in the 1960s boosted wheat and rice yields through high-yielding varieties and irrigation but gains were not sustained equally across crops.
3. Marketing of agricultural goods in India faces issues such as inadequate transport and storage infrastructure, lack of credit and price information for farmers, and explo
Agriculture in Ethiopia yet bases on small scale farming is experiencing frequent drought. The study examines, does improved wheat seed adoption benefit farmer’s wheat yield or not in Ofla woreda, Tigrai? A primary data sources from a survey of random sample 300 small scale farm households were gathered. Of which 100 were certified wheat seed adoptor farmers and the remaining 200 were non users. In dealing with propensity score matching (PSM) was applied. The average treatment effects on the treated (ATT) result revealed that improved wheat seed adoptor household’s earn 35 to 54 quintal of wheat yield per hectare at a cost of plowing 9,400 Birr larger in a single production year compared to non adoptors earn below 18 quintal at a cost of Birr 7,000. Adoption of certified wheat seed complementary with other packages is more recommendable to enhance wheat yield at small scale level.
Analysis of impact of national fadama development projects on beneficiaries i...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a journal article that analyzes the impact of Nigeria's National Fadama Development Projects on the incomes and wealth of beneficiary farmers in the Federal Capital Territory (FCT). The study found that while the value of productive assets owned by beneficiary farmers increased during the Fadama III project, their net farm income actually decreased. This could be due to limitations faced by farmers or because beneficiary contributions to acquire new assets may have reduced short-term investment and income. The article recommends promoting access to productive assets through rotating savings and credit associations and addressing the low capacity of poor farmers to efficiently manage assets through training.
11.productivity and resource use efficiency in tomato and watermelon farmsAlexander Decker
This study examines productivity and resource use efficiency in tomato and watermelon farms in Ghana. The value of output for watermelon farms was higher than for tomato farms, due to differences in output prices and input costs. It cost more to produce a hectare of tomato (GH¢704.59) than watermelon (GH¢509.03), but tomato yields per hectare were lower (GH¢480.37 vs GH¢1738.68 for watermelon). Factors like land, labor, and experience influenced tomato output value, while land, non-farm activity, and training impacted watermelon output. Marginal values for land and labor exceeded market prices, indicating inefficient resource use for both crops
Productivity and resource use efficiency in tomato and watermelon farmsAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that examined productivity and resource use efficiency in tomato and watermelon farms in Ghana. The study found that the value of output for watermelon was higher than for tomato, due to differences in output prices and input costs. Analysis of factors affecting output value found that for tomato, land, labor and experience were significant, while for watermelon, land, non-agricultural activity and training were significant. Marginal values for land and labor were higher than market prices, indicating inefficient use of those resources for both crops. Fertilizer use for tomato and capital use for watermelon did not significantly impact output values, showing underutilization of those inputs. The results have implications for
Analysis of Land Use Efficiency among Women Cassava Farmers in South-West Nig...Premier Publishers
This study analyzed land use efficiency among women cassava farmers in Southwest Nigeria. A survey was conducted of 300 female cassava farmers across 4 local government areas in Ogun and Ondo states. Heckman probit and Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) models were used to analyze the data. Heckman probit found that farm size, primary occupation, income, number of dependents, proximity to processing industry and social group positively influenced access to land, while cassava output, access to extension, household size and proximity to market negatively influenced access. DEA showed that 12.8% of land-secured farmers were technically efficient, compared to 3.74% of non-land secured farmers, and mean efficiencies
Effect of Manual Screw Press Utilization on Output, Income, and Standard of L...BRNSS Publication Hub
The study assessed the effect of utilization of manual screw press for gari production on output, income, and standard of living of gari processors in four local government areas across the agricultural development program zones in Kwara state, Nigeria. Using multistage sampling technique and a semi-structured questionnaire as instrument, data for the study were collected from a sample of 384 gari processors who use the screw press in the state. Descriptive statistics, namely frequency count, percentages, and mean were used for analysis of generated field data. The study revealed a 35.5% increase in gari production was achieved with the utilization of the screw press for gari production. Furthermore, average annual income from gari processing after utilization went from N809662 to N1249375; 35.19% increase. Furthermore, average household properties owned by processors went from 2.31 before utilization to 3.24 after utilization which is an increase of 28.7%. The study concluded that utilization of manual screw press by gari producers in Kwara state has led to increased output, a higher income, and a better standard of living for gari producers. These increases would most probably lead to increase in their probability of escaping poverty, and in the long run, would lead to sustainable food security for the country.
Relationship between Farmers’ Participation in Technology Development and Dis...Premier Publishers
Improved sugarcane varieties have been developed and promoted in Kenya, to enhance sugarcane productivity. However, their acceptance by farmers is low. This paper investigates this phenomenon in attempt to underpin contributing factors to low acceptance. It examines the relationship between farmers’ participation in technology development and dissemination processes; and acceptability of improved sugarcane varieties in Kakamega County. This study used cross-sectional survey research design. Target population was 137,355 small-scale sugarcane farmers from Kakamega County, from which a sample of 384 farmers was randomly selected. Questionnaires were used to collect data, which was analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. The study established limited participation of sugarcane farmers in the development and dissemination of improved sugarcane varieties. Significant relationships were established between farmers’ participation in the development and dissemination of improved sugarcane varieties with their acceptability by farmers. The number of year’s farmers had produced these varieties was found to be a strong indicator of their acceptability by farmers. Research findings indicate need to avail necessary information about the improved varieties to farmers by the extension service providers. Utilization of farmer Participatory Technology Development and Dissemination approaches need to be enhanced in the development and dissemination of improved sugarcane technologies.
Nigerian rural youths’ utilization of agricultural information on selected ar...IAALD Community
Presentation by Olumuyiwa Akin Olaniyi (LADOKE AKINTOLA UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY) at the IAALD 2010 World Congress - 26-29 April 2010, Montpellier, France
Coping Strategies of Diabetic Yam Farming Households in Benue State, NigeriaIJEAB
This study engaged the Multinomial Logistic Model (MLN) to determine factors influencing te choice of coping strategies of diabetic yam farming households in Benue State, Nigeria. A multi-stage random sampling technique was used to select 340 yam farming households with emphasis on 2015 farming season. Primary data were obtained using a well structured and pretested questionnaire. The results of analysis shows that the most frequently used coping strategies were special diets such as millet, cocoyam, locust bean, groundnut, fruits and vegetables accounting for 39%, constant intake of drugs like metformin, biguarnide, sulphorylureas and insulin 25%, hired labour, 23.2%, routine exercise, 12.6%, while hawking was 0.3%. The choice of constant drug was -0.012, while the choice of hawking was significantly (p < 0.05) and negatively affected by education as a coping strategy. The marginal effect of education on constant drug was -0.012, while the choice of hawking was significantly (p < 0.05) and positively affected by the age as a coping strategy. The marginal effect of age on hawking was 0.04. It is recommended that government at Federal, State and Local levels with partners in progress should consider critical ways of managing diabetes by emphasizing healthy lifestyles such as ceasation of smoking, moderate alcohol intake, regular medical check-up and improvement of the socio-economic status of the diabetic farm households through good road network, steady supply of electricity which will better the quality of life of the farm households.
Journalists’ attitudes towards the coverage of agricultural and rural develop...Alexander Decker
This study examined journalists' attitudes toward covering agricultural and rural development news in Ogun State, Nigeria. The researchers surveyed 40 journalists and found that most were male, married, Christian, and had 6-10 years of experience. The majority cited organizational problems, lack of transportation to rural areas, poor roads, inadequate equipment, and lack of audience interest as constraints. Older and more experienced journalists had a more negative perception of covering agricultural news. There was an inverse relationship between constraints faced and amount of coverage - the more constraints, the less coverage. The researchers concluded that journalists were generally not well-disposed toward covering agricultural news due to these challenges.
The document summarizes a study on vegetable production and marketing in Zanzibar, Tanzania. It finds that about 59% of farmers commercially produce vegetables, though only 30-35% of yields are sold. Of the 16 dominant vegetable types in markets, only 9 were profitably produced by local farmers. Constraints included lack of land expansion for production, insufficient access to inputs, pests/diseases, and limited access to markets. Wholesalers purchased 85% of farmers' yields, dictating prices in most sales. Imports filled domestic demand gaps due to seasonal local supply and quality issues. Support was recommended to improve farmers' production and market access.
Influence of Farmer Level of Education on the Practice of Improved Agricultur...paperpublications3
Abstract: The study examined the influence of farmers’ education level on the practice of improved agricultural technologies by farmers in Nyamusi division of Nyamira County. Multi-stage and stratified sampling techniques were applied for sample selection. Data collection was done by use of semi-structured questionnaires. Both descriptive and inferential statistical techniques were used for data analysis. Among the descriptive statistic techniques used included Mean, Standard Deviations and frequencies. For Inferential statistics, correlation, Chi-square and cross tabulation were used to establish relationships between dependent and the independent variables. Internal consistency technique was used to ensure reliability of the research instrument through the computation of Cronbach’s Coefficient Alpha and was found to be 0.81 which meant that the data collection instrument was consistent and reliable. A total of 332 questionnaires were filled by the sampled farmers but only 304 were completely and adequately filled and analysed giving a Questionnaire Return Rate (QRR) of 91.6%. The analysed data was presented using tables. The study revealed that 44.4% of the farmers had completed primary level education. The study established that farmer level of education did not significantly influence the practice of agricultural technologies. In order to boost farmer literacy levels, the study recommends that the Directorate of Adult and Continuing Education should consider working with farmer groups in promoting functionality of literacy centres.
11. factors preventing the adoption of agriculturalikhwanecdc
This document summarizes a review of recent literature on factors preventing the adoption of agricultural technology among banana and plantain growers. It identifies four main factors that previous studies have found influence technology adoption: technological factors, economic factors, institutional factors, and social factors. The document then provides more details on the definition and categories of technology adoption, and discusses some specific technological, economic, and institutional barriers identified in previous studies on banana and plantain farmers, such as lack of access to inputs, markets, and information.
Microcredit and poverty alleviation programs aim to help the world's poorest families access credit and financial services to support self-employment. The Microcredit Summit Campaign works towards this by ensuring that 175 million of the world's poorest families receive these services by 2015. It focuses on reaching the poorest people, especially women, building sustainable microfinance institutions, and measuring its positive impact on clients' lives. The annual report found that in 2007 over 3,500 microfinance institutions served over 154 million total clients, with 106 million being among the poorest. The campaign holds global and regional summits to advance its goals of helping 100 million families rise above the $1 per day poverty line.
Mcor-Arke-Customer-Presentation-V1MEDIUM-RES-FOR-PC1Guy J. Ofek
The document summarizes information about Mcor Technologies, a company that invented Selective Deposition Lamination (SDL) 3D printing. It discusses Mcor's full-color 3D printing capabilities and applications, provides an overview of the company and management team, and analyzes the growing 3D printing market. The document contains information on Mcor's SDL technology, how full-color printing works, various use cases and applications, and the Arke desktop 3D printer.
La autobiografía describe la decisión de la persona de convertirse en maestra de preescolar. Nació en Colima en 1997 y disfrutó interactuar con otros niños en el preescolar, observando la motivación de su maestra. Su familia y novio la apoyaron para estudiar educación preescolar a pesar de las dificultades para encontrar trabajo, y quiere ser una buena maestra.
Sosial media memiliki beberapa kekurangan dan dampak negatif seperti disalahgunakan untuk kejahatan, akun palsu yang merusak nama baik orang, dan menyebarkan virus komputer. Hal ini dapat menyebabkan kerugian seperti data pribadi mudah diambil untuk kejahatan, hubungan asmara online yang berbahaya, dan penipuan. Dampak negatif lainnya adalah mengurangi interaksi langsung antar keluarga, terlalu
This document lists the titles and topics of various Master of Strategic Studies projects covering areas like strategic ambiguity in the Taiwan Strait, water security in the South Saskatchewan River Basin, ethics in unconventional warfare, the US-Saudi relationship after Iraq, Mozi's military thought, Canadian Arctic sovereignty, culture in the Canadian Forces from 1968-1993, conflict resolution in the Congo, corporate social responsibility, US policy on Israel, and peacebuilding, development and security.
Garima Garg is a graduate student studying Statistics and Applied Mathematics at UC Santa Cruz. She has a B.Tech in Computer Science and Engineering from Jaypee Institute of Information Technology. Her areas of interest include statistics, machine learning, data science, and data visualization. She has work experience as a teaching assistant, research assistant, and software engineer/analyst. Some of her projects include predictive modeling of prostate cancer, disease prediction using neuroimaging data, and Bayesian regression models applied to HIV and life expectancy datasets.
Verbs used in citations should be in the past tense when referring to a specific researcher's actions in the past, such as "Jones (1987) investigated the causes of lung cancer." The present perfect tense should be used when not specifying a researcher's actions, like "The causes of lung cancer have been widely investigated." General statements about a topic use the present simple tense, for example "The causes of lung cancer are complex."
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms.
Webinar Lunch & Learn: Conociendo El apetito de riesgoSoftware Guru
En este webinar aprendimos más acerca de:
El concepto "el apetito de riesgo", la importancia de establecerlo y entender como las áreas directivas de la organización juegan un rol muy importante en su definición así como las normas a nivel mundial que las respaldan.
Por: Ángel Luis Rivera.
Filmology is a full-service video production company that guides clients from concept to broadcast. It offers scriptwriting, videography, editing, and other services to create professional videos for clients in various industries. Filmology prides itself on high production standards and working within client budgets. It has experience in commercials, documentaries, corporate profiles, and other video types.
El documento describe los componentes básicos de un aeropuerto, incluyendo las pistas, calles de rodaje, terminales y estacionamientos. Explica los factores que se deben considerar al planificar un nuevo aeropuerto, como la ubicación, funciones previstas, economía local y condiciones meteorológicas. También analiza brevemente el aeropuerto de Bahía Blanca y los desafíos que plantea el crecimiento del tráfico aéreo.
This document discusses counters, which are digital circuits used for counting pulses. It describes asynchronous and synchronous counters, and different types including up/down counters, decade counters, ring counters, and Johnson counters. Examples of counter applications are given such as in kitchen appliances, washing machines, microwaves, and programmable logic controllers. Counters are used for tasks like time measurement, frequency division, and digital signal generation.
The document outlines the new product development process, which consists of 8 main steps: 1) idea generation, 2) idea screening, 3) concept development and testing, 4) marketing strategy development, 5) business analysis, 6) product development, 7) market testing, and 8) commercialization. It describes each step in the process, from generating initial product ideas to testing concepts with customers to ultimately launching the new product commercially. The goal of the new product development process is to successfully introduce innovative products to the market that satisfy customer needs.
Influence of Cooperative Credit on Cassava Production in Anambra State, NigeriaYogeshIJTSRD
The study analyzed the influence of cooperative credit on cassava production. A multi stage sampling technique was used to select 120 respondents in the study area and structured questionnaire was administered for data collection. Descriptive statistics was used to analyze the socio economic characteristics of the respondents while multiple regressions using exponential form was used to quantitatively determine the influence of credit obtained and utilized on cassava output. It showed that 36.7 of the respondents were above 60 years of age which can be grouped as aged this revealed that majority of the farmers there are within their prime age and can utilize credit obtained effectively and efficiently. 76.7 of these farmers were males while the remaining 23.3 were females, majority of the respondents were married and 84.2 of them had formal education. Average amount requested by the farmers was N212, 600,000 but N185, 725,000 was approved this shows that the farmers in that location are small scale farmers which they need to upgrade to large scale in order to produce in large quantity and have durable profit. Influence of credit on cassava output showed that 89.7 of the regression was explained by the regessors. The result revealed that the farming experience with credit use, interest rate charged, total expenditure on production, and loan repayment period were the major significant that influence cassava output. Also, the hypothesis results revealed that credit obtained and utilized had significance influence on cassava output. And concluded that cassava production in the study area is worthwhile embarking on and that credit enhances the farmer’s production, which was reflected in their cassava output. Therefore recommended that credit institutions or lending agencies should lend money to the small scale farmers to improve their productivity, financial institutions in the country should see to the smooth spending of the credit received to avoid diversion of credit. Nwafor, Grace Obiageli | Umebali, Emmanuel E. "Influence of Cooperative Credit on Cassava Production in Anambra State, Nigeria" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd43931.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/other/43931/influence-of-cooperative-credit-on-cassava-production-in-anambra-state-nigeria/nwafor-grace-obiageli
Determinants of Micro Finance Accessibility among Tomato Farmers in Kokona Lo...AI Publications
This study was carried out to access the Determinants of micro finance accessibility among tomato farmers in Kokona Local Government Area in Nasarawa State. Primary data was collected from 60 tomato farmers from six Communities in Kokona Local Government Area using a structured questionnaire. Data was analyzed using descriptive statistics such as mean, percentages, frequency distribution, range and regression analysis. The results indicated that most of the respondents were young and able-bodied who could be productive for agricultural production in a given conducive atmosphere. Majority of the respondents were married and had 30 years and above farming experience. Results of the findings revealed that majority (73.3%) had access to credit while only 26.7% had no access to credit. The result also indicated that majority (80.0%) of the respondents were males while only 20.0% were female. Results from the findings revealed that larger proportion (26.7%) of the respondents had annual income between the range of N100,001- N150,000, while 21.7% had annual income ranging between N200,001- N250,000 and N50,000- N100,000 respectively. The result showed that all of the respondents (100.0%) of the farmers engaged in tomato farming had no access to extension contact.Results also revealed that majority (70.0%) of the respondents had farm sizes ranging from 1-2 hectares. The results of the multiple regression analysis revealed that the value of the multiple regressions co-efficient (R2) was found to be 0.896, implying that the regression model accounted for about 89% of none zero variations in the study.The research work concluded by advocating the establishment of financial institutions in each local government headquarters of Nasarawa State for easy accessibility to loan by farmers.
Determinants of Micro Finance Accessibility among Tomato Farmers in Kokona Lo...AI Publications
This study was carried out to access the Determinants of micro finance accessibility among tomato farmers in Kokona Local Government Area in Nasarawa State. Primary data was collected from 60 tomato farmers from six Communities in Kokona Local Government Area using a structured questionnaire. Data was analyzed using descriptive statistics such as mean, percentages, frequency distribution, range and regression analysis. The results indicated that most of the respondents were young and able-bodied who could be productive for agricultural production in a given conducive atmosphere. Majority of the respondents were married and had 30 years and above farming experience. Results of the findings revealed that majority (73.3%) had access to credit while only 26.7% had no access to credit. The result also indicated that majority (80.0%) of the respondents were males while only 20.0% were female. Results from the findings revealed that larger proportion (26.7%) of the respondents had annual income between the range of N100,001- N150,000, while 21.7% had annual income ranging between N200,001- N250,000 and N50,000- N100,000 respectively. The result showed that all of the respondents (100.0%) of the farmers engaged in tomato farming had no access to extension contact.Results also revealed that majority (70.0%) of the respondents had farm sizes ranging from 1-2 hectares. The results of the multiple regression analysis revealed that the value of the multiple regressions co-efficient (R2) was found to be 0.896, implying that the regression model accounted for about 89% of none zero variations in the study.The research work concluded by advocating the establishment of financial institutions in each local government headquarters of Nasarawa State for easy accessibility to loan by farmers.
Constraints to Accessing Micro-Credit and Loan Scheme of Bank of Agriculture ...ijtsrd
The study examined constraints to accessing micro-credit/loan scheme of Bank of Agriculture (BOA) among farmers in Enugu State, Nigeria: Implications for extension service delivery. Purposive and simple random sampling techniques were used in selecting one hundred (100) respondents for the study. Data were collected using structured interview schedule/questionnaire and analyzed using frequency, percentage, mean scores and standard deviation. The study revealed that micro-credit/ loan scheme (88.6%) were the most patronized among the rural farmers. Others such as ECOWAS, IFAD project and ATHP programme were not patronized at all, probably because the type of projects sponsored by these credit/loan scheme are not important to the respondents. The respondents (farmers) were highly constrained by late release of funds (M= 1.27), grace period too short (M= 1. 17), excessive bureaucracy (M= 1. 14), too short payback period (M= 1. 13), services not regular (M= 1. 13), among others. The Bank of Agriculture staff also noted that they were constrained by late release of approved funds by head quarters of the Bank of Agriculture (M= 1.43), loan diversion (M= 1.27), poor funding of field officers (M= 1.20), lack of awareness by borrowers (M= 1.10) and insufficient staff (M= 0.93). The study recommends that adequate awareness campaign on the availability of micro-credit/loan scheme by Bank of Agriculture should be created in order for the beneficiaries to be knowledgeable about it. It highlights the need for approval of more funds under the scheme and timely release of funds when needed especially during planting season in order to enable the farmers to make judicious use of it for optimum productivity. Mbah Evangeline N | Jiriko, R | Agada, M.O."Constraints to Accessing Micro-Credit and Loan Scheme of Bank of Agriculture among Farmers in Enugu State, Nigeria: Implications for Extension Service Delivery" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-1 | Issue-4 , June 2017, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd89.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/89/constraints-to-accessing-micro-credit-and-loan-scheme-of-bank-of-agriculture-among-farmers-in-enugu-state-nigeria-implications-for-extension-service-delivery/mbah-evangeline-n
Accessibility constraints of small scale fish farmers to formal credit in the...Alexander Decker
- The document analyzes factors that affect small-scale fish farmers' access to formal credit in Nzema East Municipality, Ghana.
- A survey of 80 farmers found that 37.5% had accessed formal credit, while 62.5% had not.
- A logistic regression model identified several significant factors influencing access, including age, education, income, distance to financial institutions, family size, credit awareness, and farming experience.
- Farmers ranked the top constraints to accessing formal credit as short repayment times, high interest rates, high transaction costs, and delays in loan approval.
The study assessed the socio economic variables of cashew farmers in Oyo State. Two towns within
Ibarapa East Local Government Area (Temidire and Eruwa) were purposively sampled. These areas are known
for the cultivation, production and marketing of this crop. A total sampling frame of fifty-six respondents was
used.
Access to Agricultural Credit and Cassava Production A Study of Selected Coop...YogeshIJTSRD
This study examined access to agricultural credit and cassava production A study of selected cooperative farmers in Anambra State, Nigeria. This study adopted a descriptive survey research design that aimed to determine the relationship between the independent variables and dependent variable in a population. The population of this study was made up of 2978 members of selected thirty six cooperative societies in Anambra State. A sample of 353 was determined for the study using Taro Yamani formula. A structured questionnaire was administered to 353 respondents only 348 responded to the questionnaire. The data collected using the questionnaire was analyzed using descriptive statistics like frequency, mean and standard deviation and also inferential statistics such as regression analysis and t test statistics. All analysis was conducted using SPSS version 23. Findings show that all the five coefficients cost of cooperative credit, amount of credit borrowed, loan repayment period, interest paid and loan repayment performance significantly influence cassava production in Anambra State. In general, the joint effect of the explanatory variables independent variables in the model account for 0.883 or 88.3 of the variations in the influence of cooperative credit on cassava production in Anambra State, Nigeria. This implies that 88.3 of the variations in the cassava production are being accounted for or explained by the variations in the explanatory variables. While other independent variables not captured in the model explain just 11.7 of the variations in cassava production. The study therefore recommends that credit institutions should supervise and spread the repayment period for credit obtained in such a way that the cost will not be heavy. Adequate credit facilities should be provided for farmers to enable them increase their production capacity. The loan repayment period for the farmers should be well spread to enhance their productivity among others. Low interest rate should be charged farmer to enable them reduce their rate of defaulting repayment. Nwafor, Grace Obiageli | Umebali, Emmanuel E. "Access to Agricultural Credit and Cassava Production: A Study of Selected Cooperative Farmers in Anambra State" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd45009.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/economics/other/45009/access-to-agricultural-credit-and-cassava-production-a-study-of-selected-cooperative-farmers-in-anambra-state/nwafor-grace-obiageli
SMALLHOLDER FARMERS’ CREDIT PARTICIPATION: THE CASE OF OMO MICROFINANCE INSTI...Premier Publishers
This study was conducted with specific objectives to examine households’ participation in credit services of Omo Microfinance Institution and identify the determinants of credit participation and loan amount received in the Gimbo district of Kaffa zone, Southern Ethiopia. The study was based on the data collected from 200 sample households selected through two-stage sampling technique. Both descriptive statistics and econometric model were used to analyze the data. A double hurdle model was employed to assess the determinants of households’ credit participation and the amount of loan received. Econometric model result showed that sex, education level, family size, land size, distance from service provision center, extension contact, perception on group lending, and perception on loan provision time were found to be significant in influencing the probability of credit participation. Furthermore, sex, education, family size, land size, livestock holding, and extension contact were found to be significantly affecting loan amount received. The result suggests the need for improvement on delayed loan disbursement time for credit service in order to increase households’ participation in the services.
Drivers of Improved Cassava Variety Adoption among Farmers in Oyo State, NigeriaPremier Publishers
Low cassava productivity in Nigeria has been linked to low adoption of modern technologies amongst farmers, creating a large gap between the current and the potential yield of cassava. Therefore, this study examined the level of adoption of improved cassava variety (TME 419) and its drivers among cassava farmers in Oyo state, Nigeria. Data collected from 236 cassava farmers with the aid of structured questionnaires were analyzed using descriptive statistics, adoption index and logit regression model. Results showed that cassava farmers in Oyo state were 49 years of age with farming experience of 21 years and farm size of 4 ha. About 69% of surveyed farmers adopted the improved cassava variety while the adoption coefficient was 0.66. The likelihood of adopting improved cassava varieties was significantly influenced by education, household size, primary occupation, farming experience, farm size, land ownership and age. Therefore, increasing the years of farmers’ education, farm size, ownership of land, entry of younger farmers, household size and non-farm occupation will increase the likelihood of adopting improved cassava variety among farmers.
Farmers’ constraints in rice production in South-East Nigeriaresearchagriculture
The study was carried out in South East Nigeria to evaluate the socioeconomic attributes of rice farmers and identify the major constraints facing the rice enterprise in the area. The study relied mainly on primary data obtained by questionnaire and interview administered on a total of 158 farmers across four states that constitute the South East Agro-ecological area. Descriptive statistics was mainly used to analyze the data collected. Findings show that farmers in rice production were dominated by married, literate, male farmers. Major constraints to rice production include poor extension contact, lack of finance, high cost of agrochemical, lack of inorganic fertilizer, lack of processing facilities/ standard measure for rice, lack of credit, and delay in supply of improved rice varieties. It was recommended that the government should expose farmers to skills and knowledge required to overcome the constraints in rice production through the development of extension training/ teaching service, development of rural infrastructure, irrigation/storage/processing facilities and credit supply at affordable interest rates.
Article Citation:
Emodi AI.
Farmers’ Constraints In Rice Production In South-East Nigeria.
Journal of Research in Agriculture (2012) 1(2): 114-123.
Full Text:
http://www.jagri.info/documents/AG0026.pdf
Farmers’ Constraints In Rice Production In South - East Nigeriaresearchagriculture
The study was carried out in South East Nigeria to evaluate the
socioeconomic attributes of rice farmers and identify the major constraints facing the
rice enterprise in the area. The study relied mainly on primary data obtained by
questionnaire and interview administered on a total of 158 farmers across four states
that constitute the South East Agro
-
ecological area. Descriptive statistics was mainly
used to analyze the data collected. Findings show that farmers in rice production were
dominated by married, literate, male farmers. Major constraints to rice production
include poor extension contact, lack of finance, high cost of agrochemical, lack of
inorganic fertilizer, lack of processing facilities/ standard measure for rice, lack of
credit, and delay in supply of improved rice varieties. It was recommended that the
government should expose farmers to skills and knowledge required to overcome the
constraints in rice production through the development of extension
training/ teaching service, development of rural infrastructure, irrigation/storage/
processing facilities and credit supply at affordable interest rates.
This document summarizes a study on the socioeconomic characteristics of farmers who benefit from rural credit in Pakistan. The study collected primary data through surveys of 320 farmers using stratified sampling. Statistical analyses including descriptive statistics, ANOVA, and linear regression were used to analyze the data. The results found that younger, more educated farmers who visited agricultural information centers benefited more and were better able to improve their standard of living through the use of rural credit. Education level and visits to information centers were the most significant factors determining benefit from rural credit.
Determinants of Farmers’ Adoption of Agricultural Development Programme Exten...BRNSS Publication Hub
The study analyzed the determinants of farmers’ adoption of Agricultural Development Programme (ADP)
extension technology packages in Ivo L.G.A of Ebonyi State. Multistage sampling procedure was employed
to select 80 farmers and eight extension agents who formed the respondents for the study. Data were
collected through the aid of questionnaire and interview schedule whereas the analysis was done using
descriptive and inferential statistics suiting each specific objective. The result showed that most of the
farmers (82.50%) and extension agents (75%) were males, respectively. Evidence showed that the mean age
of the farmers was 37 years while the mean age of the extension agents was 44 years. It was obvious that
67.50% and 75% of the farmers and extension agents were, respectively, married. The mean annual income
of the farmers and extension agents was ₦98,070 and ₦504,200, respectively. The result showed further
that about 81.9% change in the dependent variable (adoption of extension technology packages) was caused
by variations of socio-economic characteristics included in the regression model. The following were the
research recommendations; educational facilities should be made available for rural farmers to enhance
easy adoption of ADP extension technology packages to enhance production; government and NGOs should
endeavor to subsidize the cost of ADP extension technology packages to enhance easy adoption by rural
farmers; and credit institutions are advised to give farmers loans to enhance their accessibility of ADP
extension technology packages in the area
Determinant of income from pineapple production in imo state, nigeriaAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on the determinants of income from pineapple production in Imo State, Nigeria. 120 pineapple farmers were surveyed using a structured questionnaire. Key findings include:
- The average age of farmers was 47 years, most had secondary education, and the average household size was 5.68 people.
- The average farm income was 81,810 Naira ($545) per year. The average farm size was 1.41 hectares.
- Regression analysis found that household size, farm income, extension services, education, farm size, and cooperative membership significantly influenced income levels.
- Farmers cited inadequate capital, storage, and processing facilities as key challenges to pineapple production. The
Determinants of Willingness to Pay for Private Extension Services by Crop Far...Premier Publishers
The study analysed determinants of willingness to pay for private extension services among crop farmers in the Federal Capital Territory (FCT) Abuja, Nigeria. Primary data were collected from respondents using a structured questionnaire. Data were analysed using simple descriptive statistics and logit regression model. From the results, the mean age of respondents was 39 years. The mean annual income of respondents was N504,811.1 (SD = N767,997.7). Many (49.4%) of the farmers interviewed had between 6 – 10 persons in their households with an average household size of 8 persons. Majority (79.4%) of the respondents were male while only 20.6% of the respondents were female. Socioeconomic factors influencing crop farmers’ willingness to pay for private extension found in the study were age, income, membership of cooperatives and frequency of extension visits. Age was significant at 10% while Income and membership of cooperatives were both significant at 5% respectively. However, frequency of extension visits was significant at 1%. There should be deliberate policies that will draw younger Nigerian into farming as the study reveals that willingness to pay for private extension increases within the younger generation of farmers. Younger farmers have the innovativeness to incorporate vital innovations and modern technologies in farming.
Assessment of the Perception of Farming Households on Off Farm Activities as ...ijtsrd
The overall purpose of the study was to assess the perception of farming households on off farm activities as a livelihood coping strategy in Wudil local government area of Kano State, Nigeria. Multistage sampling technique was used for the study. At stage one, purposive sampling technique was used to select two 2 wards cikingari and sabongari for the study. At stage two, seven 7 farmers’ cooperatives were picked based on convenience and accessibility. At the final stage, simple random sampling was employed to select ten 10 respondents from each of the farmers’ cooperatives, this give a total of seventy 70 sample size for the study. Both primary and secondary data were used, these were derived from administration of structured questionnaire and review of relevant literatures. Descriptive statistics such as frequency, percentage, mean, ranking and standard deviation were used to analyze the four specific objectives. Findings of the research shows that majority 38.57 of the respondents go into fishing activities during off farm season, followed by those who diversify into clay pot making and carpentry work constituting 11.43 , and 10 respectively. As regards the respondents’ perception of off farm income activities those that strongly agreed to the statement “there was reduced level of idleness crime rate as a result of involvement in off farm activities” constitute the highest mean value of X=4.64 , followed by agreement to‘there was improvement in procurement of inputs as a result of involvement in off farm activities’ constitute X=4.37 .It was also revealed that there was a tangible increase in the annual income of respondents after involvement in off farm activities. The major constraints identified were inadequate startup capital, high cost of equipment and transportation and inadequate storage facilities. It is therefore recommended that there should be provision of credit facilities to enable rural dwellers boost their income, subsidized prices of equipment and also provision of stable electricity supply and storage facilities to help preserve perishable products. Elachi M. S | Imam. A | Ngwu S | Ogundele, O. T "Assessment of the Perception of Farming Households on Off-Farm Activities as a Livelihood Coping Strategy in Wudil Lga of Kano State, Nigeria" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-6 , October 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd35696.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/economics/other/35696/assessment-of-the-perception-of-farming-households-on-offfarm-activities-as-a-livelihood-coping-strategy-in-wudil-lga-of-kano-state-nigeria/elachi-m-s
11.socioeconomic characteristics of beneficiaries of rural creditAlexander Decker
1) The document examines the socioeconomic characteristics of beneficiaries of rural credit in Pakistan. It analyzes data collected from 320 farmers who received credit.
2) Younger, more educated farmers who visited agricultural information centers were found to make better use of credit and improve their living standards. Farm size and number of times credit was obtained were also significant factors.
3) Middle-aged farmers (31-45 years old) generally improved their standards of living more than younger or older farmers after using credit. Better educated farmers also benefited more.
3.[24 33]socioeconomic characteristics of beneficiaries of rural creditAlexander Decker
1) The document analyzes the socioeconomic characteristics of beneficiaries of rural credit in Pakistan. It collected primary data from 320 farmers through questionnaires to determine the factors affecting their well-being after using credit.
2) Descriptive statistics, ANOVA, and linear regression were used to analyze the data. Education level and visiting agricultural information centers were found to significantly impact farmers' ability to improve their standard of living with credit.
3) Younger, more educated farmers who visited information centers were better able to utilize credit to boost their productivity and incomes, suggesting they should be priority beneficiaries of rural credit programs.
This summary analyzes the resource use efficiency among maize farmers in Ghana based on a study of 576 maize farmers across four regions of Ghana. The study found that maize farmers in Ghana were generally inefficient in their use of available resources, underutilizing fertilizer, herbicide, pesticide, seed, manure and land, while overutilizing labor and capital. The results also showed increasing returns to scale, indicating farmers could increase output by increasing some key resources. The conclusion recommends incentives and strategies to encourage farmers to optimize use of underutilized resources to improve maize productivity in Ghana.
This document summarizes a study that examined factors influencing customer satisfaction at Bosomtwe Rural Bank Limited in Ghana. The study used a survey of 300 customers across 4 branches to collect data on socioeconomic characteristics and perceptions of service quality factors. A probit regression model was then used to analyze how factors like attention to complaints, accessibility, cleanliness, speed of service, and staff knowledge influence customer satisfaction. The results showed customers were generally satisfied and identified these service quality factors as having a positive impact on customer satisfaction.
This study examined the economic viability of gari processing enterprises in Mampong District, Ghana. Data was collected through surveys of 110 processors. The study found that gari processing was dominated by women aged 31-50 years old. Most processors had basic education and 7 years of experience. Gari processing generated an average gross margin of GH¢31,038.85 and net returns of GH¢30,474.16. The enterprise was found to be economically viable with favorable financial indicators. Key determinants of profitability included access to labor, cassava, and credit. The study recommends processors source cassava cheaper, adopt labor saving methods, and access cheaper loans to further enhance economic returns.
The document summarizes a study on vegetable handling practices, distribution, and wholesale profitability in Abinchi night market in Kumasi, Ghana. It finds that vegetables are transported from farms to the night market by open and closed trucks, mini vans, and taxis. At the market, vegetables are packed in jute sacks and have a shelf life of 3-7 days depending on the vegetable. The study analyzes the financial records of wholesalers and finds that vegetable wholesale was most profitable in July, August, and September.
This document summarizes a study that examined the determinants of profit in tomato marketing in Ghana's Ashanti Region. The study analyzed data from 200 tomato traders, including 100 wholesalers and 100 retailers. It found that wholesalers had higher margins of 99.7% compared to retailers' margins of 75.4%. Key determinants of marketing profit for both groups were labor costs, purchase price, transportation costs, and selling price. The document calls for policies to stabilize currency and eliminate illiteracy among traders, as well as enable retailers to increase their scale of operations.
This document examines factors that influence polytechnic students' decisions to graduate as entrepreneurs in Ghana. A survey of 250 students at Kumasi Polytechnic was conducted. The results from a probit model analysis show that personality factors, family and friend support, parental occupation, entrepreneurship education, gender, and access to finance positively influence students' decisions to become entrepreneurs, while concerns about public remarks negatively influence decisions. Only 36.8% of surveyed students expressed an interest in becoming entrepreneurs. The study aims to help address graduate unemployment in Ghana by better understanding what promotes graduate entrepreneurship.
The document analyzes factors affecting cashew production in Wenchi Municipality, Ghana. It finds that most cashew farmers are aging, with over 74% over 40 years old. Education levels are low, with 61.4% of farmers having no formal education. Farm size averaged 3.33 acres. Regression analysis found farm size, fertilizer, pesticides, pruning, education, and contact with extension officers positively impacted cashew output, while labor and experience had inverse relationships. The study aims to identify determinants of cashew production to improve yields and incomes for farmers in the region.
- The study examined the profitability of cashew production among smallholder farmers in Wenchi Municipality, Ghana.
- Data was collected from 140 farmers and analyzed using net present value, benefit-cost ratio, and internal rate of return to assess profitability over a 25-year period.
- The results showed that a 1-hectare cashew plantation has a positive net present value of GH¢260.82 ($343.16), a benefit-cost ratio of 1.13, and an internal rate of return of 43.85%, indicating that cashew production is profitable.
The document summarizes a study on resource use efficiency in cashew production in Wenchi Municipality, Ghana. It finds that most cashew farmers in the region are aging, have low levels of education, and use traditional farming techniques. Through surveys and statistical analysis, the study determines relationships between various inputs (like land, labor, capital, fertilizer, pesticide) and cashew nut output. It finds that land, fertilizer and pesticide are underutilized, while labor and capital are overutilized. The study concludes farmers could increase productivity by increasing use of underutilized resources like land, fertilizer and pesticide.
1. [111]
Factors Affecting Loan Repayment Performance Among Yam Farmers
in the Sene District, Ghana
C. A. Wongnaa1
, D. Awunyo-Vitor2
1
Department of Agropreneurship, Institute of Entrepreneurship and Enterprise Development, Kumasi
Polytechnic, Ghana
2
Department of Agricultural Economics, Agribusiness and Extension, Faculty of Agriculture, Kwame
Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Ghana
Abstract
The study analyzed the factors that are critical in improving loan repayment by yam farmers in the Sene
district of Ghana. Random sampling technique was used to select 100 respondents in the district and structured
questionnaire was administered to collect data. Descriptive statistics and the probit model were employed.
The results show that 42% of yam farmers in Sene district are illiterates. More males (93%) are involved
in yam farming than females (7%) and most of the farmers are married (91%). Also most of the yam farmers
in the district have a family size of 6-10 households (66%) and 54% of them have 1-10 years of yam farming
experience. Also, the results show that education, experience, profit, age, supervision and off-farm income
have positive effects on loan repayment performance. Conversely, gender and marriage have negative effects
on loan repayment while the effect of household size was found to be ambiguous.
Key words
Yam farmers, Loan repayment, Probit model.
Agris on-line Papers in Economics and Informatics
Volume V Number 2, 2013
Introduction
Yams (Dioscorea species) are a major component
of rural people’s livelihoods in Ghana. They are
an important source of food and income for
producers’ households and an important food
source for both local consumption and export.
A survey by German Technical Cooperation
(GTZ) of the Northern region of Ghana identified
yams as the most important cash and food crop
in that region. According to Fowler (2000),
yam also received the highest priority ranking
of all crops in the National Agricultural Research
Strategy Plan (NARSP) and in the Agricultural
Services Sector Investment Programme (AgSSIP).
West Africa produces more than 90 per cent
of the world’s yam output, with Ghana the third
most important producer, ranked behind Nigeria and
Côte d’Ivoire. Ghana produced 2.2 million tonnes
in 1995, compared with 2.8 million tonnes in Côte
d’Ivoire and Nigeria’s 23 million tonnes (Vernier
et al, 1997). The crop is one of Ghana’s major
staples. Yams are ranked second in importance
(in tonnage terms) after cassava in staple food
production and, as a result of their relatively high
unit price, are the most important food crop in terms
of value of production. Together with cassava,
they provide 31 per cent of national food security
and supply in excess of 50 per cent of the calorie
needs of the average Ghanaian. The crop is grown
mainly by smallholders, covering approximately
10 per cent of the country’s cultivated land which
is approximately one-third of the area planted
to cassava (Nkum Associates, 1994).
While cocoa provides 14 per cent of the natural
resources sector’s GDP, other crops, which include
yams, make up 61 per cent (1994 data). More
detailed analysis shows that roots and tubers account
for 46 per cent (of which cassava: 19 per cent; yams:
17 per cent; and, cocoyams: 10 per cent) and maize
for 5 per cent (Anon, 1994). Fisheries (5 per cent),
forestry (11 per cent) and livestock (7 per cent),
comprise the balance. The importance of yams
as a food staple is underlined by the observation
that its consumption is sometimes used as a poverty
indicator – thus, if fufu is prepared only rarely,
the household is considered to be poor. Indeed, it
is reported that rural households seek to extend
the period of tuber storage so that they can eat yams
regularly in order to demonstrate to neighbours
that they are not poor (Anamoh and Bacho,
2. Factors Affecting Loan Repayment Performance Among Yam Farmers in the Sene District, Ghana
[112]
1994). In addition, the crop is important to rural
households for food security purposes because its
yields fluctuate less than those of cassava (Impact
Evaluation Consulting Team, 1999). The crop is
grown widely in 34 of the country’s 43 agricultural
districts, although data showing the breakdown
of production by region are unfortunately not
published regularly (Anon, 1994). The principal
areas of production are the northern forest and
southern savanna zones, with about two-thirds
of the national harvest being produced in Brong
Ahafo and Northern regions. The crop is consumed
in all parts of the country (GTZ, 1999).
Yams are a prestigious crop having strong
cultural, ritual and religious significance and their
consumption is preferred to other starchy staples
at social gatherings (Dorosh, 1988; GTZ, 1999;
IITA, 1998; Orkwor et al, 1998; Tetteh and Saakwa,
1991). They are used, for example, to fulfill social
obligations to chiefs and in-laws in the rural areas
(Langyintuo, 1993), which is why the production
of ‘ware yams for daily consumption and sale
continues alongside the production of even larger
tubers which are used principally for ceremonial
purposes. They are also an indispensable part
of bride-price. Consequently, yams are likely
to remain an important component of the crop
mix in Ghana’s savanna and northern forest
agro-ecological zones for the foreseeable future.
Many financial institutions in developing countries
provide financial services such as saving and
credit to aid several smallholder enterprises
including farmers. This is an effort in line with
the Millennium development goals which seeks
to reduce poverty by 50% by the year 2015.
However, the sustainability and continuity
of the financial institutions to increase the volume
of credit to stimulate the poverty reduction goal
depends on the repayment rates. High repayment
rates allow the institutions to lower the interest rates
and processing costs and consequently increase
patronage of loans. Repayment performance
thus serves as a positive signal for increasing
the volume of credit availability to various sectors
of the economy (Acquah and Addo, 2011).
However, the financial institutions continue
to decline credit to the agricultural and fisheries
sectors. This decline is partly due to poor loan
repayment performance from these sectors. Most
of the loans default in these sectors could arise
from poor management procedures, loans diversion
and unwillingness to repay loans as well as other
socioeconomic characteristics.
Generally, in spite of the importance of loan
in agricultural production, its acquisition and
repayment are fraught with a number of problems
especially in the small holder farming (Awoke,
2004). Awunyo-Vitor (2012) has reported
in empirical studies that large rate of default
has been a major problem in agricultural credit
delivery and sustainability, consequently large
proportion of formal financial institution has
suspended agricultural credit. Thus a key issue
in the sustainability of agricultural credit delivery
hinges on improved loan repayment. It is therefore,
important for the financial institutions to devise
means to reduce the levels of loan default. This can
be achieved if they know the factors that influence
loan repayment. The question this study seeks
to answer is what factors are critical in improving
loan repayment by farmers?
Inability of borrowers to repay amount of loans
collected is crucial for the long-term sustenance
of the credit institutions. As a result, many studies
have tried to examine loan repayment performance
of many socio-economic groups. Empirical work
by Arene (1993) revealed income, farm size,
age of farmers, farming experience and level
of education of farmers contributed positively
to the credit worthiness of farmers. Oladeebo
and Oladeebo (2008) examined the determinants
of loan repayment among smallholder farmers
in Ogbomoso Agricultural Zone, Nigeria. Results
from multiple regression analysis showed that
amountofloanobtainedbyfarmers,yearsoffarming
experience with credit and level of education were
major factors that positively and significantly
influenced loan repayment. Eze and Ibekwe (2007)
examined the determinants of loan repayment
under the indigenous financial system in Southeast
Nigeria. Empirical results from multiple regression
analysis revealed amount of loan received, age
of beneficiary, household size, years of formal
education and occupation as important predictors
of loan repayment under the system. Mashatola
and Darroch (2003) analyzed the factors affecting
the loan status and repayment scheme of sugarcane
farmers who received graduated mortgage loan in
Kwazulu-Natal, South Africa. Results identified
farm size (proxied by annual gross turnover),
access to off-farm income, and average annual
gross turnover relative to loan size as criteria
in selecting potential farmers for such scheme as
they provided additional liquidity to fund future
operations and debt repayment. Okorie (1986)
examined the major determinants of agricultural
smallholder loan repayment in Ondo State, Nigeria.
3. Factors Affecting Loan Repayment Performance Among Yam Farmers in the Sene District, Ghana
[113]
Results identified the nature and timeliness of loan
disbursement, the number of supervisory visits
by credit officers, profitability of the enterprise
on which the loan funds were invested as significant
factors that stimulate loan repayment. Kohansal
and Mansoori (2009) investigated the factors
affecting loan repayment performance of farmers
in Khorasan- Razavi Province of Iran. Results
from a logistic model showed that loan interest rate
was the most important factor affecting repayment
of agricultural loans. Farming experience, and total
application cost were the next factors respectively.
Chirwa (1997) analyzed the determinants of credit
repayment among smallholder farmers in Malawi
using a probit model. Results revealed sales
of crops, size of group, degree of diversification,
income transfer and the quality of information
as significant determinants of agricultural credit
repayment. Bassem (2008) examined the factors
vulnerable to affect the repayment performance
of group lending in Tunisia. Empirical results
from a logistic regression estimation showed
that the repayment is influenced positively
by the internal rules of conduct, the same
business, and the knowledge of the other members
of the group before its formation, the peer pressure,
the self-selection, the sex, the education and
the non financial services. However,
the homogeneity, and the marital status had
a negative influence on repayment.
Materials and methods
Study area and data collection
Sene District is one of the 22 districts in the
Brong Ahafo Region of Ghana. It was created out
of the Atebubu District in 1988. Kwame Danso is
the capital town of the district. Sene District is
bounded to the north by the Volta Lake and East
by the Gonja District (in the Northern Region), to
the east and south-east by the Volta Lake, Krachi
West, Krachi East and Jasikan District in the Volta
Region, to the south and south-west by Afram
Plains and Sekyere East District in the Eastern
and Ashanti Region respectively, to the west
by Atebubu-Amanten and Pru district of Brong
Ahafo Region.
The Sene District is located between longitudes
0°15E and 0°15W, and latitudes 7°N and 8°30N.
Out of the 19 administrative districts in the Brong
Ahafo Region, Sene has the largest land area
which is about 8586.44 km². The distance from
the district capital (Kwame Danso) to the regional
capital (Sunyani) is about 241km via Nkoranza
and Techiman. According to the 2010 population
and housing census, the district has a population
of about 118,820 people. It is characterized by
two climatic seasons. These are the dry season
between November and March and the rainy season
between April and October. The favourable climate
of the area encourages about 70 percent
of the people to engage in farming activities.
Farming is the main industry in the area and they
specifically major in grain- and tuber-production
but yam dominates all other product in the district.
Farming in the district is mostly on a small scale.
The study used both primary and secondary data.
Primary data, which was mainly cross-sectional,
was collected from 100 yam farmers in the four
main yam producing communities in the Sene
District. These communities include: Kwame
Danso, Lemu, Kyeamekrom and Bassa. In each
community, 25 yam farmers were selected from lists
of members of the existing yam cooperative society
using random sampling technique. The main data
collection instruments employed in the study were
the use of structured questionnaires and interviews.
Primary data for the 2011-2012 production
seasons was collected. Variables included
in the questionnaire were: farmers’ age, sex,
educational level, marital status, yam farming
experience, household, occupation, whether
or not farmers have ever applied for a loan, amount
of loan given to farmers, whether or not farmers
were able to pay for their loans on time, interest
on loans given to yam farmers, timeliness of release
of loans, farm size and other factors influencing
loan repayment by yam farmers in the Sene district.
The study also made use of secondary data obtained
from the internet, academic journals, Libraries etc.
Data was analysed using version 3.1 of the computer
based Econometric Views software (E-Views).
Analytical framework
Frequency and percentages were used to describe
the socioeconomic characteristics of respondents
while the probit regression model was used to
analyze the factors influencing loan repayment
performance by yam farmers. The yam farmer’s
ability to pay for his/her loan at the right time is
dichotomized, involving two mutually exclusive
alternatives. The yam farmer is either able to pay
for his/her loan at the right time or not. Models
for estimating such phenomena in which the
dependent variable is binary have been propounded
(Madala, 2005; Asante et al., 2011). The framework
for such analysis has its root in the threshold theory
of decision making in which a reaction occurs
4. Factors Affecting Loan Repayment Performance Among Yam Farmers in the Sene District, Ghana
[114]
only after the strength of a stimulus increases
beyond the individual’s reaction threshold (Hill
and Kau, 1981). This implies that every individual
when faced with a choice has a reaction threshold
influenced by several factors (Asante et al., 2011).
This yields a binary dependent variable, yi
which
takes on the values of zero (yam farmer’s inability
to pay for his/her loan) and one (a yam farmer’s
ability to pay for his/her loan). The probability
of observing a value of one is:
(1)
where F is a cumulative distribution function.
It is a continuous, strictly increasing function that
takes a real value and returns a value which ranges
from 0 to 1. Then, it follows that the probability
of observing a value of zero is:
(2)
Given such a specification, we determine
the parameters for estimating this model using
the maximum likelihood estimation approach.
The dependent variable is an unobserved
latent variable that is linearly related to yi
by the equation:
(3)
Where ui
is a random disturbance term.
The observed dependent variable is determined
by whether yi
exceeds a threshold value or
otherwise:
(4)
where yi
*
is the threshold value for yi
and is assumed
to be normally distributed. Common models
for estimating such parameters include probit
(standard normal), logit (logistic) and tobit (extreme
value) (Madala, 2005; Asante et al, 2011).
The Model
The study adopted the probit model partly because
of its ability to constrain the utility value
of the ability to pay for loans variable to lie within
0 and 1, and its ability to resolve the problem
of heteroscedasticity. The other advantages
of the probit model include believable error term
distribution as well as realistic probabilities.
Following from Madala (2005) and Asante
et al (2011), the probit model adopted
for the study is specified as:
(5)
where Pi
is the probability that an individual will
make a certain choice (ability to pay for loans
collected or otherwise); s is a random variable
normally distributed with mean zero and unit
variance; yi
is the dependent variable (ability
to pay for loans collected or otherwise); yi
*
is
the threshold value of the dependent variable.
To obtain an estimate of the index Zi
, the inverse
of the cumulative normal function is used:
(6)
The parameters β0
,β1
,β2
,β3
,…….,β∞
of the probit
model do not provide direct information about
the effect of the changes in the explanatory
variables on the probability of a yam farmer being
able to pay his loan alone. The relative effect
of each explanatory variable on the likelihood
that a farmer will be able to repay his or her loan
(marginal effect) is given by:
(7)
Where Pi
is the mean dependent variable whose
value is given in the probit results as:
(8)
(9)
f(Zi
) = Density function of the standard normal
variable and is given by:
(10)
The empirical model is specified as:
ATPi
= β0
+ β1
AML +β2
FAE + β3
EDU +β4
FSZ+
β5
TIME + β6
ACOFI + β7
NSPV + β8
PGF + β9
MAR
+ β10
AGE + β11
SEX + β12
HOS+u (11)
Where
ATP = Whether or not farmer was able to pay his
loan (measured as a dummy, 1 for able to pay
and 0 for not able to pay for his loan). This is
the dependent variable.
AML = Amount of loan obtained by farmers (Gh¢)
FAE = Years of yam farming experience (years).
5. Factors Affecting Loan Repayment Performance Among Yam Farmers in the Sene District, Ghana
[115]
Borrowers who have been in business for a long
time are expected to be more successful with their
farming activities because they have more stable
sales than those who just started. Thus experience
farmers may have higher repayment rates.
EDU = Level of education (measured in years
of schooling). Higher educational levels enable
borrowers to comprehend more complex
information, keep business records, conduct basic
cash flow analysis and generally speaking, make
the right business decisions. Hence borrowers
with higher levels of education may have higher
repayment rates.
HOS = Household size (measured in number
of members of farm family). There is a possibility
of loans diverted to unintended purposes because
of many responsibilities resulting from meeting
the needs of many members of the family. Hence
borrowers with large family sizes may have lower
repayment rates.
FSZ = Farm size (measured in acres). Some
borrowers may use a higher percentage of the loan
in clearing an unreasonably large land area and
at the end they suffer getting money to meet
the other cultural practices. This results in low yield
and hence farmers with large farm sizes may have
lower repayment rates.
ACOFI = Access to off farm income (measured as
a dummy, 1 for access to off-farm income and 0
for no access to off-farm income). Borrowers with
other sources of income may make loan repayment
from the proceeds of those jobs. Thus farmers with
other sources of income may have higher repayment
rates.
TIME = Timeliness of release of loan (measured as
a dummy, 1 for loans released at the right time and
0 for loans not released at the right time). Farming
activities in the study area is mostly seasonal and
rain fed, hence if the loan is not released at the right
time yield will be affected and repayment rate may
be low.
NSPV = Number of supervisory visits by credit
officers (measured in number of days within
the production period). Visits by loan officials to
borrowers will motivate the farmers to worker
harder and make sure the loans given to them are
not diverted to unintended purposes. Therefore
borrowers who are visited frequently may have
higher repayment rates.
PGF = Profit gained from loan (Gh¢). Since profits
are additions to principals, borrowers who are able
to make substantial profits are expected to have
higher repayment rates.
MAR = Marital status (measured as a dummy,
1 for married and 0 for single). Borrowers who are
married may use their loans in meeting the needs
of their families; hence borrowers who are single
may have higher repayment rates.
AGE = Age of yam farmer (measured in years).
It is argued that older borrowers are wiser and more
responsible than younger borrowers. On the other
hand younger borrowers are argued to be more
knowledgeable and more independent. Hence age
might have a positive or negative effect on loan
repayment rates.
SEX = Gender (measured as a dummy,
1 for male and 0 for female). Females are normally
hypothesized to be very discipline when it comes
to loans management. Therefore females may have
higher repayment rates.
ui
= Error term (which is assumed to have zero
mean and constant variance).
Results and discussions
Descriptive Analysis
Gender distribution of yam farmers
Table 1 below shows the percentage distribution
of male and female yam farmers in the Sene
District of Ghana. The results show that 93%
of the sampled yam farmers in the Sene District are
males and 7% are females. The results show that
more men are involved in yam farming in the District
than women. It also shows that only few females
in the district take yam farming as their business
and a source of employment.
Sex Frequency Percentage (%)
Male 93 93
Female 7 7
Total 100 100
Source: Field Survey data 2012
Table 1: Gender distribution of yam farmers.
TheresultisinlinewiththoseofOjiakoandOgbukwa
(2012) who studied the economic analysis of loan
repayment capacity of smallholder cooperative
farmers in Yewa North Local Government Area
of Ogun State, Nigeria who found out that the ratio
of respondents who were men was 91.8% and that
of women was 8.2%.
Age distribution of yam farmers
According to table 2 below, the results of the study
6. Factors Affecting Loan Repayment Performance Among Yam Farmers in the Sene District, Ghana
[116]
shows that only few of the yam farmers in the study
area (2%) are at most 20 years. This means that only
few teenagers are into yam production in the district.
Table 2 also indicates that 48% of the farmers are
between the ages of 21 and 40. Farmers in this age
group constitute the very energetic youth and are
likely to work effectively to increase their yields.
Table 2 also shows that 43% of the yam farmers
in the district are between the ages of 41 and 60.
In addition 7% of the farmers are at least 60 years
old. The results suggest a promising future for yam
production in the Sene district. This compares well
with the results of Ojiako and Ogbukwa (2012),
who reveals the average age of farmers to be
44.8 years. Also Acquah and Addo (2011) reveals
that fishermen in Cape Coast of Ghana have a mean
age of 43.04 years with majority of them (40.3%)
in the age range of 41-50 years, 22.4% in the age
range of 19-30 years and 7.5% in the range of 61-70
years. This result contradicts the growing evidence
of ageing farming population in most parts of rural
Nigeria as reported by Akpan (2010).
Age Group Frequency Percentage (%)
≤ 20 2 2
21-40 48 48
41-60 43 43
≥60 7 7
Total 100 100
Source: Field Survey data 2012
Table 2: Age distribution of yam farmers.
Educational level of yam farmers
Table 3 summarizes the educational status of yam
farmers in the Sene District. The results show
that 42% of yam farmers in the Sene District are
illiterates. Such farmers did not receive formal
education and are likely to have inadequate
knowledge of loan acquisition and management,
thereby making them unable to repay the loans
given to them.
Educational level Frequency Percentage (%)
Primary 23 23
JSS/JHS 21 21
SSS/SHS 10 10
Tertiary/Post Seconary 4 4
Illiterate 42 42
Total 100 100
Source: Field Survey data 2012
Table 3: Educational distribution of yam farmers.
23% of yam farmers in the Sene District ended
in the primary school while 21% of them were
educated up to the Junior Secondary School (JSS)
level. Some yam farmers in the District (10%) had
Senior Secondary School (SSS) education while
very few of them (4%) got to the Tertiary level.
This is in line with the results of Acquah and Addo
(2011). They found that fishermen in the Cape
Coast Metropolis have on the average 5.79 years
of formal education; with majority (43.3%) having
obtained basic education. 20.9% of the fishermen
have junior high school education, while only 4.5%
of them have senior secondary school education.
However, 31.3% have no formal education.
Marital status of yam farmers
Table 4 shows that only a few of the yam farmers
in the Sene District (9%) are not married and the
remaining (91%) are married. This results show
that most of the farmers in the district are married
and these married farmers are likely to spend much
of their income on their families. Since married
farmers are likely to have a larger family size, they
will have higher expenses than single farmers.
Therefore single farmers are likely to have better
repayment ability than married farmers.
Marital Status Frequency Percentage (%)
Single 9 9
Married 91 91
Total 100 100
Source: Field Survey data 2012
Table 4: Marital status of yam farmers.
Family size of yam farmers
The results show that 25% of the yam farmers
in the Sene District have a family size of one to five
whiles 66% of them have a family size of six to ten.
This shows that a greater percentage of the farmers
have large family sizes and this could likely raise
their total expenses and negatively affect their loan
repayment ability. Only 9% of the yam farmers
in the Sene District have a family size of more than
ten members (see table 5).
Family Group Frequency Percentage
1-5 25 25
1-10 66 66
> 10 9 9
Total 100 100
Source: Field Survey data 2012
Table 5: Family size of yam farmers.
On the other hand, the large sizes of the families
could serve as a source of labour which will increase
7. Factors Affecting Loan Repayment Performance Among Yam Farmers in the Sene District, Ghana
[117]
the output of the yam farmers and hence positively
affect the farmer’s ability to repay the loan. This is
consistent with the results of Ojiako and Ogbukwa
(2012) which showed the average household size
of farmers to be 7 persons.
Farming experience of yam farmers
Table 6 below shows that 54% of the respondents
have 1 to 10 years of experience in yam farming
and 46% of them have more than ten (10) years
of experience in yam farming.Therefore famers with
less experience in yam farming are more than those
with high level of experience in the Sene District
of Ghana. The low level of farming experience
could negatively influence loan repayment abilities
of the yam farmers in the district. This corroborates
the results of Ojiako and Ogbukwa (2012) who
found the average agricultural years of experience
of farmers to be 9.1 years. Also Acquah and Addo
(2011) revealed the distribution of average years of
fishing experience to be 24.21 years, with 35.8%
having from 11 to 20 years of experience, 34.3%
having from 21 to 30 years of experience, 19.4%
having from 31 to 40 years of experience and only
1.5% of the fishermen had from 51 to 60 years
of fishing experience.
Years of Experience Frequency Percentage (%)
1-10 54 54
> 10 46 46
Total 100 100
Source: Field Survey data 2012
Table 6: Farming Experience of Yam Farmers.
Yam farmers ability to repay loans
Table 7 below presents the results of the ability
of the farmers to repay for the loans they went
for. The results show that 59% of the yam farmers
in the Sene District were able to pay for their loans
within the stipulated time. This could be attributed
to positive factors like access to off farm income,
high yield obtained from the farm, high profitability
of loan invested, etc. 41% of the farmers were
not able to pay for their loans at the right time.
This may be due to the effect of some negative
factors like large family size, time schedule
for repayment and poor yield among others.
The above result implies that the number of farmers
who were able to pay for their loans is more than
those who were unable to pay. This is consistent
with the results of Olagunju and Adeyemo (2007)
who found a high loan repayment rate of 78.02%
in their investigation of the determinants of loan
repayment decisions among smallholder farmers
attached to the National Agricultural Cooperative
and Rural Development Bank (NACRDB) in Oyo
and Ondo States of southwest Nigeria. Ojiako
and Ogbukwa (2012) also found that the average
amount of loan repaid by respondents was 69.0%
of the amount due for payment, which was by far
below the 90% repayment rate found elsewhere
(Oke et al., 2007).
Response Frequency Percentage (%)
Yes 59 59
No 41 41
Total 100 100
Source: Field Survey data 2012
Table 7: Ability of yam farmers to repay their loans.
Determinants of loan repayment among yam
farmers
From the results in Table 8 below, a likelihood ratio
(LR) statistic of 21.78107 with a Chi-squared (X2
)
distribution at 13 degree of freedom is significant
at 10% level. This means that at least one
of the explanatory variables in the model has
a significant effect on yam farmers ability to pay for
their loans and that the explanatory variables jointly
influence yam farmers’ability to pay for their loans.
The coefficient of household size is negatively
related to yam farmers’ ability to repay their loans
and is highly significant at 1% level. Increasing
farmers’ household size by one person decreases
the likelihood of been able to repay one’s loan
by 0.39%. This means that the smaller the size
of the farm family, the higher the probability that
yam farmers will be able to repay their loans and
vice versa. This could have probably resulted
from the fact that large household sizes increased
the household head’s domestic responsibilities
and thereby constituted leakage to the household’s
income stream. As household income depleted,
liability of the household increased and there would
be greater tendency to divert loans meant for yam
production resulting in default in loan repayment.
The results corroborate those of Ugbomeh
et al. (2008) who in their study of loan repayment
performance among women self-help groups
in Bayelsa State, Nigeria, found that household
size impacted negatively on loan repayment
performance of women farmers. They attributed
the outcome to the likelihood of women with large
household members to divert some of the borrowed
fund to unintended purposes for the upkeep of their
households. Moreover, Oladeebo and Oladeebo
(2008) stated that family size has a negative
influence on the loan repayment ability. Also Ojiako
8. Factors Affecting Loan Repayment Performance Among Yam Farmers in the Sene District, Ghana
[118]
and Ogbukwa (2012) shows comparable results
that the negative sign of household size implied
that repayment capacity decreased with an increase
in household size. On the other hand, Afolabi
(2008) found a positive relationship between
family size and loan repayment and attributed it to
theyamfarmers’extensiveutilizationoffamilylabour
in the farming activities. The effect of household
size on loan repayment is therefore ambiguous.
The effect depends on the management
of the household.
Profit gain from loan and the years of farming
experience are both highly significant at 1% level
and are positively related to yam farmers’ ability
to repay their loans. An increase in the profit
gained from the use of the loan by one Ghana cedi
will increase the likelihood of been able to repay
one’s loan by 70.35%. Similarly, increasing yam
farming experience by one more year increases
the likelihood of a farmer been able to repay
his/her loan by 0.17%.This means that the likelihood
of the farmer been able to pay for his/her loan will
increase when these variables (profit gain from loan
and the years of farming experience) increase and
vice versa. This confirms the findings of Oladeebo
and Oladeebo (2008) in their study of determinants
of loan repayment among small-holder farmers
in Ogbomosho agricultural zone of Oyo state,
Nigeria. They found a significant positive
relationship between loan repayment abilities
and profit as well as farming experience.
The implication is that farming experience could
probably lead to proper utilization of agricultural
loans and inputs and this could have a positive effect
on the magnitude of farm profit and consequently
loan repayment ability would be enhanced.
In addition, access to off farm income is very
significant at 1%. Table 9 shows that yam farmers
who have access to off farm income are 49.7%
more likely to be able to repay their loans than
yam farmers who depend solely on their farm
income. This variable has a positive coefficient
which means that if a farmer has access to off farm
income, he or she has a greater probability of been
able to repay his or her loan. This is in line with
the results of Ojiako and Ogbukwa (2012) who
found that the correlation between respondents’
engagement in other jobs and their ability to repay
their loans were positive and highly significant.
The implication is that as the farmer engages
in other income generating activities, he/she
will not divert loans meant for farming activities
to unintended purposes since those activities would
be taken care of by off farm income.Also, Mashatola
and Darroch (2003) analyzed the factors affecting
the loan status and repayment scheme of sugarcane
Note: (***) Indicates significance at the 1% level. (**) Indicates significance at the 5% level. (*) indicates signifi-
cance at the 10% level
Source: Field Survey data 2012
Table 8: Probit estimates of factors influencing loan repayment by yam farmers.
Variable Coefficient Std. Error z-Statistic Prob.
C -1.760431 1.918304 -0.917702 0.3588
EDU 0.032534 0.120171*** 0.270734 0.0066
FAE 0.004342 0.060146*** 0.072195 0.0004
FSZ 0.026662 0.083961 0.317553 0.7508
SEX -0.463365 1.056406* -0.438624 0.0609
PGF 1.767525 0.495848*** 3.564653 0.0004
AGE 0.069565 0.431602* 0.161179 0.072
HOS -0.0099 0.105497*** 0.093838 0.0002
NSPV 0.625628 0.542161** -1.153953 0.0485
TIME 0.259276 0.520608 0.498025 0.6185
MAR -1.373726 0.905465*** 1.51715 0.0092
AML -6.82E-05 0.000315 -0.216269 0.8288
ACOFI 1.249051 1.047271*** 1.192672 0.003
LR statistic (13 df) 21.78107 McFadden R-squared 0.160898
Probability(LR stat) 0.058848
Obs with Dep=0 41
Obs with Dep=1 59
9. Factors Affecting Loan Repayment Performance Among Yam Farmers in the Sene District, Ghana
[119]
farmers who received graduated mortgage loan
in Kwazulu-Natal, South Africa. Results identified
farm size, access to off-farm income, and average
annual gross turnover relative to loan size as criteria
in selecting potential farmers for such scheme as
they provided additional liquidity to fund future
operations and debt repayment.
Table 8 also shows that educational level and
marital status are highly significant at 1%. While
educational level is positively related to yam
farmers’ ability to repay their loans, marriage
is negatively related. Increasing yam farmers’
educational level by one year has the effect
of increasing the likelihood of a yam farmer been
able to repay his/her loan by 1.29%. In the same
way, married yam farmers are 54.67% less likely
to be able to repay their loans than single yam
farmers. This implies that a farmer will likely
have greater loan repayment ability when he or
she has a higher educational level and vice versa
whiles single farmers will probably have greater
loan repayment ability than married farmers. This
also confirms the results of Ojiako and Ogbukwa
(2012) in which level of education and marital
status had equally significant positive and negative
correlations respectively. Also, empirical work
by Arene (1993) reveals a positive relationship
between loan repayment abilities of farmers and
age of farmers, farming experience and level
of education of farmers. Eze and Ibekwe (2007)
examined the determinants of loan repayment
under the indigenous financial system in Southeast
Nigeria. Empirical results from multiple regression
analysis revealed amount of loan received, age
of beneficiary, household size, and years of formal
education and occupation as important predictors
of loan repayment under the system. Finally, Chirwa
(1997) also reports a negative relationship between
farmers’loan repayment abilities and marital status.
The results aforementioned might be due the fact
that single farmers have fewer responsibilities than
married farmers.
Furthermore, the number of supervisory visits is
positively related to yam farmers’ ability to repay
their loans and is significant at 5% level. Increasing
thenumberofsupervisoryvisitsbyonedayincreases
the probability of a yam farmer been able to repay
his/her loan by 24.9%. This means that the more
credit officers visit farmers to supervise how loan
is used, the better farmers’ repayment abilities and
vice versa. This will motivate the farmers to work
harder and there will be less likelihood of farmers
diverting the loans to unintended purposes. Okorie
(1986) also examined the major determinants
of agricultural smallholder loan repayment in
Ondo State, Nigeria. Results identified the nature
and timeliness of loan disbursement, the number
of supervisory visits by credit officers, profitability
of the enterprise on which the loan funds were
invested as significant factors that stimulate loan
repayment.
Gender has a negative coefficient and it is
significant at 10% level. Table 9 shows that male
yam farmers are 18.4% less likely to be able to
repay their loans than female yam farmers. This
means that females are more likely to be able to
repay their loans better than males. This might be
due to the saying that females are more discipline
than males and will make sure production resources
given to them are used for their intended purposes.
The results confirm those of Ojiako and Ogbukwa
(2012). Finally, age is also highly significant
at 10% and has a positive coefficient. Addition
of one more year to a yam farmers’ age has
the effect of increasing the likelihood of him/her
been able to repay his/her loan by 2.77%. It means
that older farmers have better loan repayment
abilities than young farmers. This could be due
to the many years of yam farming experience that
these older yam farmers have. Ojiako and Ogbukwa
(2012) had similar results.
Variable Coefficient Marginal Effects
C -1.760431
EDU 0.032534 0.0129485
FAE 0.004342 0.001728
FSZ 0.026662 0.010611
SEX -0.463365 -0.18442
PGF 1.767525 0.70347
AGE 0.069565 0.027687
HOS -0.0099 -0.0039402
NSPV 0.625628 0.248999
TIME 0.259276 0.1031918
MAR -1.373726 -0.546744
AML -6.82E-05 -0.000027
ACOFI 1.249051 0.4971222
Z=-0.04591436, f(Z)= 0.398
Source: Field Survey data 2012
Table 9: Probit estimates of factors influencing loan repayment
by yam farmers.
Conclusion
The results of the study show that 42% of yam
farmers in the Sene district are illiterates and fall
within the ages of 21 to 60 (91%). More males
(93%) are involved in yam farming than females
10. Factors Affecting Loan Repayment Performance Among Yam Farmers in the Sene District, Ghana
[120]
(7%) and most of the farmers are married (91%).
Also most of the yam farmers in the district have
a family size of 6-10 households (66%) and 54%
of them have 1-10 years of yam farming experience.
The study reveals that 41% of yam farmers
in the Sene district were not able to repay their
loans. Also, the results show that educational level,
number of years of farming experience, profit
gained from loan, Age of farmer, supervisory visits
to farmers and access to off-farm income have
positive effects on yam farmers’ ability to repay
the loans given to them by financial institutions.
A rise in each of these factors will therefore
enhance yam farmers’ loan repayment abilities.
On the other hand, gender and marriage have
negative effects on yam farmers’ loan repayment
abilities. The effect of household size was however
found to be ambiguous. The aforementioned factors
are therefore critical in improving loan repayment
by farmers in the Sene district of the Brong-Ahafo
Region.
Based on the results obtained in this study,
it is recommended that credit institutions or
lending agencies should look out for the factors
that significantly influence loan repayment
before granting loans to yam farmers to reduce
the incidence of loan defaults. Routine visits
by credit officers to farmers will help put farmers
on track and monitor the proper use of the loan
they acquire. The study also recommends that all
farmers should be educated on the importance
of having other sources of income apart from their
farm so that they can use the loans they acquire
for farming activities only. This will help them
to have a better output and hence a better repayment
capacity. Again, farmers in the Sene district should
be encouraged to further their education, practice
factors that encourage a higher repayment rate and
reduce the factors that prevent them from being
able to pay for their loans.
Acknowledgement
The authors are especially indebted to the following
students of Institute of Entrepreneurship and
Enterprise Development of the Kumasi Polytechnic,
Ghana for assisting in the data collection. They
are Mustapha Murphy Mubarak, Mumuni Rufai,
Minkah Joseph and Manteaw Kojo Akunnor. They
are also grateful to the respondent yam farmers
in the Sene District of Ghana, without whose
co-operation the study could not have taken place.
Corresponding author:
Wongnaa Camillus Abawiera
Institute of Entrepreneurship and Enterprise Development, Kumasi Polytechnic, Ghana
P.O. Box 854, Kumasi, Ghana-West Africa
Phone: +233(0)243389509, Fax: +233(322)(0)22387, Email: wongnaaa@yahoo.com
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