Fact inf hydro graophs ap
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This document discusses factors that affect the shape of a hydrograph during a rainstorm, specifically mentioning basin lag time. It notes that a longer lag time and shallower rising limb can occur if snow is on the ground acting as a storage area, or if the ground is permeable. A steeper rising limb and shorter lag time may result from intense rainfall, saturated ground from previous rain, steep slopes promoting rapid overland flow, or impermeable surfaces from urbanization.
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1. The document provides instructions for making a diagram of a river basin using a template, glue, and coloring utensils. Key features of a river basin are labeled on the template including the watershed, source, mouth, confluence, tributary, channel, and drainage basin.
2. Students are instructed to cut out the template, shade areas, glue parts of the template into their book, and label the numbered river features with their definitions.
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3) Runoff from precipitation flows over land into streams, rivers, lakes and
Periglacia processes and their landscapes and landforms
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Water is constantly circulating through the hydrologic cycle between the oceans, atmosphere, and land. It moves through stages of evaporation, transpiration, condensation, precipitation, collection in rivers, lakes, and underground, and its return to the oceans in an endless, ceaseless interchange. The hydrologic cycle involves storage of water in various reservoirs on Earth's surface and underground, and transfer between reservoirs in solid, liquid, and gas forms through processes like evaporation and precipitation.
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This document discusses key hydrologic concepts and quantities important for flood forecasting. It explains the hydrologic cycle and its components like infiltration, evaporation and transpiration. It also discusses watershed characteristics that influence runoff like area, slope and land use. Finally, it describes the combination of precipitation and antecedent moisture conditions that can lead to flooding, and how forecasts must consider both short-term weather and long-term hydrologic patterns.
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hydrologic cycle
The hydrologic cycle describes the continuous movement of water on, above, and below the surface of the Earth. Most of the Earth's water (96.5%) is stored in oceans. A small fraction of water is present in the atmosphere, lakes, rivers, groundwater, and glaciers at any given time. The hydrologic cycle involves the processes of evaporation, transpiration, condensation, precipitation, infiltration, streamflow, and runoff that redistribute water throughout the planet.
Introduction, hydrologic cycle, climate and water m1
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Hydrograph explanation and animation
Hydrographs show changes in river discharge over time in response to rainfall. They are constructed by measuring river discharge during and after storms. A typical hydrograph has a rising limb as discharge increases, peaks at maximum discharge, then declines on the recession limb. Analysis of hydrographs can predict flooding and inform flood prevention. Characteristics like basin area, slope, soil, land use, and rainfall patterns influence a hydrograph's shape and timing.
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Fact inf hydro graophs ap
- 1. •Rainfall Intensity •Rising Limb •Recession Limb •Lag time •Peak flow compared to Base flow •Recovery rate, back to Base flow You need to refer to: Basin lag time 0 12 24 36 48 30 72 Hours from start of rain storm 3 2 1 Discharge(m3/s) Base flow Through flow Overland flow mm 4 3 2 Peak flow Interpretation of Storm Hydrographs
- 2. Recap on Hydrographs • Have a go at the Living Hydrograph exercise …where do you think each statement would be best placed on the graph? • Now watch this video
- 3. Two different Hydrographs A & B – can you describe them?
- 5. 1. Amount and type of precipitation
- 6. 1. Amount and type of precipitation • Short intense rainstorms can produce rapid overland flow and steep rising limb. • Snow will be stored on the ground and not effect the hydrograph until it melts. This means in spring there may be steep rising limbs.
- 10. 2. Temperature • Snow on the ground can act as a store producing a long lag time and shallow rising limb. Once a thaw sets in the rising limb will become steep. • If there have been extreme temperatures, the ground can be hard (either baked or frozen) causing rapid surface run off.
- 11. 3. Previous weather conditions
- 12. 3. Previous weather conditions • If it has rained a lot before the storm, the ground will be saturated. This would encourage more surface runoff, causing a steeper rising limb on the hydrograph.
- 13. 4. Relief
- 14. • Overland flow can be faster down a steep slope therefore steeper rising limb and shorter lag time 4. Relief (shape of the land)
- 15. 5. Rock Type
- 16. 5. Rock Type • Permeable rocks mean rapid infiltration and little overland flow therefore shallow rising limb and longer lag time.
- 17. Land Use
- 18. Land Use
- 19. 6. Land Use • Urbanisation - concrete and tarmac form impermeable surfaces, creating a steep rising limb and shortening the time lag • Afforestation (planting trees) - intercepts the precipitation, creating a shallow rising limb and lengthening the lag time
- 20. Hydrographs What could cause 2 peaks in a hydrograph?