The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
All manuscripts are subject to rapid peer review. Those of high quality (not previously published and not under consideration for publication in another journal) will be published without delay.
It consists of introduction about nano world and how it is different from the macroscopic world and what are the reasons. it gives information about silver nanoparticles antimicrobial property and it is various application. it consists of synthesis, characterisation of silver nanoparticles.
This document discusses the evaluation of the antimicrobial activity of ZnO nanoparticles. It begins with an introduction to nanoparticles and their size-dependent properties. It then reviews literature on the various applications of nanoparticles in biomedical, environmental, and industrial fields. Specifically, it discusses how ZnO nanoparticles have shown antibacterial effects against various microorganisms. The document concludes by outlining several references used in the literature review.
Eco-Friendly Methods for Preparation of Metal Metal Oxide NanoparticlesManal El-Sheikh
Nanoparticles can be synthesized through various methods including gas, liquid, and solid phase processes as well as mechanical size reduction. Surface modifications are often applied to nanoparticles to passivate, stabilize, functionalize, or promote assembly. Nanoparticles find applications in areas like agriculture, healthcare, and electronics when assembled in one, two, or three dimensions on a substrate. Biosynthesis using plant extracts, microorganisms, or biodegradable polymers provides an environmentally friendly alternative for producing metal and metal oxide nanoparticles. These nanoparticles show potential for developing antibacterial, smart, conductive, solar, and repellent textiles when integrated into fabrics.
This document discusses nanotechnology and electron beam technology for producing nanoparticles. It summarizes that electron beam technology can be used to evaporate materials to produce nanoparticles through vacuum evaporation. This technique is versatile, efficient and cost-effective for producing metallic and non-metallic nanoparticles. The document also discusses how nanoparticles of silver, silica and nanocomposites have been produced and studied for their antimicrobial properties and ability to decrease toxicity of drugs like antituberculosis medications.
1) Nanomaterials are materials that have at least one dimension between 1-100 nm. At the nanoscale, properties like optical, electrical, and mechanical properties change due to large interatomic forces and increased surface area.
2) Nanotechnology has applications in areas like agriculture, food packaging, nutraceuticals, waste water treatment, diagnosis, and was used in ancient India. Potential health risks also exist from nanoparticles crossing skin barriers and damaging cells.
3) Both advantages like stronger and cheaper materials as well as faster computers and new medical technologies, and disadvantages like potential health issues and nano-pollution exist for nanotechnology.
The document discusses various sources of nanoparticle exposure and their potential health effects. It addresses nanoparticles from diesel exhaust, indoor air pollution from activities like cooking, cigarette smoke, demolition sites, and engineered nanoparticles used in consumer products. Some key points include:
- Diesel exhaust nanoparticles can increase cardiovascular risk and lung cancer risk.
- Indoor activities are a major source of indoor air pollution and nanoparticle exposure.
- Cigarette smoke contains nanoparticles that increase cancer and respiratory disease risk.
- Demolition sites release asbestos and other toxic nanoparticles that can cause respiratory symptoms.
- Engineered nanoparticles are used in cosmetics, clothing, and other products but their health effects after exposure are still being studied.
Bio synthesis of nano particles using bacteriaudhay roopavath
Bacteria can be used to biosynthesize nanoparticles through intracellular and extracellular methods. Intracellular synthesis occurs inside the cell, where bacteria reduce metal ions and deposit nanoparticles in locations like the periplasmic space. Extracellular synthesis involves enzymes secreted by bacteria reducing metal ions outside the cell and precipitating nanoparticles. Examples are given of bacteria producing silver, titanium, zinc sulfide and lead sulfide nanoparticles through extracellular and intracellular pathways. While a green approach, bacterial nanoparticle synthesis can be slow with difficulty controlling size, shape and crystallinity of particles.
Nanotoxicology is the study of the toxicity of nanomaterials. As the size of particles decreases, their surface area increases, allowing more of their atoms and molecules to interact with the environment and potentially cause toxic effects. Nanomaterials can enter the body through various routes and distribute to organs, where they may cause toxicity through effects like inflammation, DNA damage, and tissue damage. They may also pollute the environment through deposition in water, soil, and plants. Occupational, consumer, and environmental exposures are increasing as nanotechnology applications expand. The toxicity depends on factors like surface area, chemical composition, and ability to interact with and inhibit enzymes.
It consists of introduction about nano world and how it is different from the macroscopic world and what are the reasons. it gives information about silver nanoparticles antimicrobial property and it is various application. it consists of synthesis, characterisation of silver nanoparticles.
This document discusses the evaluation of the antimicrobial activity of ZnO nanoparticles. It begins with an introduction to nanoparticles and their size-dependent properties. It then reviews literature on the various applications of nanoparticles in biomedical, environmental, and industrial fields. Specifically, it discusses how ZnO nanoparticles have shown antibacterial effects against various microorganisms. The document concludes by outlining several references used in the literature review.
Eco-Friendly Methods for Preparation of Metal Metal Oxide NanoparticlesManal El-Sheikh
Nanoparticles can be synthesized through various methods including gas, liquid, and solid phase processes as well as mechanical size reduction. Surface modifications are often applied to nanoparticles to passivate, stabilize, functionalize, or promote assembly. Nanoparticles find applications in areas like agriculture, healthcare, and electronics when assembled in one, two, or three dimensions on a substrate. Biosynthesis using plant extracts, microorganisms, or biodegradable polymers provides an environmentally friendly alternative for producing metal and metal oxide nanoparticles. These nanoparticles show potential for developing antibacterial, smart, conductive, solar, and repellent textiles when integrated into fabrics.
This document discusses nanotechnology and electron beam technology for producing nanoparticles. It summarizes that electron beam technology can be used to evaporate materials to produce nanoparticles through vacuum evaporation. This technique is versatile, efficient and cost-effective for producing metallic and non-metallic nanoparticles. The document also discusses how nanoparticles of silver, silica and nanocomposites have been produced and studied for their antimicrobial properties and ability to decrease toxicity of drugs like antituberculosis medications.
1) Nanomaterials are materials that have at least one dimension between 1-100 nm. At the nanoscale, properties like optical, electrical, and mechanical properties change due to large interatomic forces and increased surface area.
2) Nanotechnology has applications in areas like agriculture, food packaging, nutraceuticals, waste water treatment, diagnosis, and was used in ancient India. Potential health risks also exist from nanoparticles crossing skin barriers and damaging cells.
3) Both advantages like stronger and cheaper materials as well as faster computers and new medical technologies, and disadvantages like potential health issues and nano-pollution exist for nanotechnology.
The document discusses various sources of nanoparticle exposure and their potential health effects. It addresses nanoparticles from diesel exhaust, indoor air pollution from activities like cooking, cigarette smoke, demolition sites, and engineered nanoparticles used in consumer products. Some key points include:
- Diesel exhaust nanoparticles can increase cardiovascular risk and lung cancer risk.
- Indoor activities are a major source of indoor air pollution and nanoparticle exposure.
- Cigarette smoke contains nanoparticles that increase cancer and respiratory disease risk.
- Demolition sites release asbestos and other toxic nanoparticles that can cause respiratory symptoms.
- Engineered nanoparticles are used in cosmetics, clothing, and other products but their health effects after exposure are still being studied.
Bio synthesis of nano particles using bacteriaudhay roopavath
Bacteria can be used to biosynthesize nanoparticles through intracellular and extracellular methods. Intracellular synthesis occurs inside the cell, where bacteria reduce metal ions and deposit nanoparticles in locations like the periplasmic space. Extracellular synthesis involves enzymes secreted by bacteria reducing metal ions outside the cell and precipitating nanoparticles. Examples are given of bacteria producing silver, titanium, zinc sulfide and lead sulfide nanoparticles through extracellular and intracellular pathways. While a green approach, bacterial nanoparticle synthesis can be slow with difficulty controlling size, shape and crystallinity of particles.
Nanotoxicology is the study of the toxicity of nanomaterials. As the size of particles decreases, their surface area increases, allowing more of their atoms and molecules to interact with the environment and potentially cause toxic effects. Nanomaterials can enter the body through various routes and distribute to organs, where they may cause toxicity through effects like inflammation, DNA damage, and tissue damage. They may also pollute the environment through deposition in water, soil, and plants. Occupational, consumer, and environmental exposures are increasing as nanotechnology applications expand. The toxicity depends on factors like surface area, chemical composition, and ability to interact with and inhibit enzymes.
1) Quantum dots (QDs) are nanoscale semiconductor particles with unique optical and electrical properties that make them useful for applications in biomedical imaging, electronics, and more.
2) While QDs offer societal benefits, they may also pose risks to human health and the environment depending on their physicochemical properties and environmental conditions.
3) A review of studies found that QD toxicity depends on multiple factors like size, charge, coating, and stability, rather than all QDs being uniformly toxic. The unstable breakdown of QD coatings may release toxic core components.
National O.O. Bogomolets Medical University in Ukraine studied nanoparticles and nanosafety. Nanoscience involves studying and manipulating matter at the nanoscale from 1-100 nanometers. The European Union funds nanoscience research with a €3.5 billion budget from 2007-2013. Nanoparticles have various natural, incidental, and engineered forms and properties. Researchers evaluate nanoparticles' toxicity, biological effects, and safety risks based on size, shape, material, and other factors. Nanoparticles show potential for medical applications like cancer treatment but also risks like oxidative stress that researchers aim to reduce through characterization, regulation, and targeted delivery systems. The presentation concludes some nanoparticles may be safely used in vivo with proper
Biomedical applications of nanoparticlesSwathi Babu
This document discusses the biomedical applications of nanoparticles. It begins by defining nanoparticles as particles between 1-100 nanometers in size. It then outlines several types of nanoparticles that have biomedical applications, including gold nanoparticles, quantum dots, iron oxide nanoparticles, carbon nanotubes, dendrimers, and lipid-based nanoparticles. For each type of nanoparticle, it provides examples of their biomedical uses such as drug delivery, cancer treatment, biomedical imaging, and diagnosis. It also discusses considerations for the toxicity of nanoparticles and their potential effects on cells and animals. In closing, it covers antimicrobial nanoparticles and their use against bacteria, fungi, and viruses.
Nanotechnology has applications in combating cancer and reducing pollution, energy use, and greenhouse gas emissions. The NCI Alliance for Nanotechnology in Cancer is working to ensure responsible development of nanotechnologies for cancer treatment and diagnosis. While nanoparticles exist naturally and as byproducts of human activities, their small size raises health and safety concerns that require careful study. The NCI's Nanotechnology Characterization Laboratory evaluates over 125 nanoparticles intended for medical use to better understand their impacts and ensure safety.
ZnO nanoparticles were synthesized using a combustion method with low-temperature solution combustion. XRD and SEM characterization confirmed the formation of hexagonal wurtzite ZnO nanoparticles around 30-40nm in size. The antibacterial activity of the ZnO nanoparticles was tested against E. coli using colony counting and disk diffusion methods. Both methods showed the ZnO nanoparticles had antibacterial effects in a concentration-dependent manner, with 100μg/L ZnO demonstrating the strongest antibacterial activity through over 70% bacterial reduction and the largest inhibition zone of 24mm. The ZnO nanoparticles were also found to damage the genomic DNA of treated E. coli cells.
The document discusses nano-toxicological issues, noting that nanoparticles can interact with cells depending on their size. Particles less than 100nm can enter cells, those under 40nm can enter the cell nucleus, and those under 35nm can pass through the blood-brain barrier. Studies aim to understand how physical and chemical properties of nanoparticles like size, shape, surface chemistry and aggregation affect toxic biological responses. Some toxic issues discussed are oxidative stress induced inflammation and mitochondrial dysfunction. Progress in reducing toxicity includes using approved materials in development and international efforts to standardize in vitro and in vivo testing protocols.
It is an unforgettable thing and it is the first conference paper which I have presented in my university. This describes how the Nanotechnology alters the world to advance. It also has lots of applications due to it's large surface area.
- Biomagnification refers to the increasing concentration of chemicals or toxins in organisms at higher levels of the food chain. Nanoparticles used in nanofungicides can potentially biomagnify due to their persistence, ability to accumulate in organisms, and low degradation rates.
- Nanoparticles can enter plants directly through soil, water and air or systemically through the use of nano-based agricultural chemicals. Once inside plants, nanoparticles can cause toxicity, hormone imbalances, and accumulation in plant cells and tissues.
- For safe use of nanotechnology in agriculture, more studies on nanoparticle impacts are needed. Biodegradable nanoparticles should be developed and thorough safety testing of nano-products conducted to prevent biom
Nanotechnology has the potential to significantly impact the environment through applications such as water purification, pollution remediation, and green energy technologies. It can remove contaminants from water supplies and air at the nanoscale and help measure and mitigate pollutants. Some examples where nanotechnology is already benefiting the environment include battery recycling, radioactive waste cleanup, oil spill remediation, and desalination. However, nanopollution from nanomaterials production is a potential negative impact that requires further research to understand environmental and health effects. More study is also needed to identify and manage high risk nanomaterials.
Nanomaterials & Nanoparticles - Sources & Toxicity - Resources for Healthy Children www.scribd.com/doc/254613619 - For more information, Please see Organic Edible Schoolyards & Gardening with Children www.scribd.com/doc/254613963 - Gardening with Volcanic Rock Dust www.scribd.com/doc/254613846 - Double Food Production from your School Garden with Organic Tech www.scribd.com/doc/254613765 - Free School Gardening Art Posters www.scribd.com/doc/254613694 - Increase Food Production with Companion Planting in your School Garden www.scribd.com/doc/254609890 - Healthy Foods Dramatically Improves Student Academic Success www.scribd.com/doc/254613619 - City Chickens for your Organic School Garden www.scribd.com/doc/254613553 - Huerto Ecológico, Tecnologías Sostenibles, Agricultura Organica www.scribd.com/doc/254613494 - Simple Square Foot Gardening for Schools - Teacher Guide www.scribd.com/doc/254613410 - Free Organic Gardening Publications www.scribd.com/doc/254609890 ~ arxiv.org
Nano particles are extremely small particles that are now being used in many products including sunscreen. There is ongoing research about whether nano particles in sunscreen are safe. While nano particles help sunscreen go on clear rather than white, some studies show they may penetrate the skin and cause harm. Alternative natural nano particles from ivy are being researched as potentially safer options. Overall, the risks of nano particles in sunscreen are still being evaluated.
This document discusses the risks of nanotechnology related to soil, air and water pollution. It begins by outlining the objectives of understanding the nature and characteristics of nanoparticles, the manufacturing processes used and their byproducts, and how nanoparticles may behave in the environment. It then discusses some examples of consumer products containing nanoparticles and potential health issues if nanoparticles are inhaled, ingested or absorbed through skin. Environmental groups are concerned about a lack of research on nanoparticle impacts and the need for regulation and oversight of nanotechnology. In conclusion, while nanotechnology has potential benefits, new risk assessment and regulatory approaches may be needed to understand and mitigate potential negative environmental and health impacts.
The document discusses the use of nanobioremediation to clean up environmental pollution. It proposes using genetic engineering and nanoparticles to enhance the ability of microorganisms to remediate contaminants. Key points:
1) Nanoparticles and genetic engineering can be used to modify microbial cells to increase their ability to degrade various pollutants like heavy metals and organic compounds through increased enzyme production and substrate specificity.
2) Immobilizing microbial cells and enzymes onto nanoparticles increases their stability and reusability, improving bioremediation efficiency.
3) A radioresistant bacterium, Deinococcus radiodurans, has been genetically engineered to remediate multiple contaminants found in radioactive waste, providing a
This document summarizes the key points from a presentation on the safety and toxicity related to nanopharmaceuticals. It discusses nanotoxicology and some of the reasons nanoparticles can be toxic, such as their large surface area to volume ratio. It covers toxicological factors, routes of exposure including inhalation, skin contact and ingestion. Diseases associated with nanoparticles are mentioned. The document provides an overview of ensuring safety in nanopharmaceuticals through measures like material safety data sheets, personal protective equipment, safety engineering controls and proper disposal procedures. It concludes more research is still needed to understand nanoparticle toxicity and ensure safer materials can be developed.
This presentation includes the information's about nano materials, their toxicity, types, causes of toxicity, mode of entry, toxic effects, different substances of nano materials and their toxicity.
Iron nanoparticles were synthesized using green technology from carrom seeds and green tea, and through chemical synthesis. The nanoparticles were characterized through pH analysis, UV-Vis spectroscopy, and dynamic light scattering. pH analysis indicated reduction reactions occurred. UV-Vis spectroscopy showed absorbance peaks around 500 nm for all samples, consistent with iron nanoparticles. Dynamic light scattering showed particle sizes of 65.6 nm, 72.7 nm, and 88.9 nm for carrom seed, green tea, and chemically synthesized nanoparticles, respectively, confirming synthesis of nanoparticles in the desired size range.
Nanotechnology is an unique field of recent research studies which has a wide range of applications. It is a highly multidisciplinary field, drawing attentions from applied physics, material science, colloidal science, supramolecular chemistry and even mechanical and electrical engineering . This new science is a boon to the environment. It is used in solving many environmental problems like pollution control, waste treatment, maintain good air quality, cleaning of oil spillage etc. Current scenario suggests that it promises a great success in future. Nanoparticle, due to its small size has a great surface area due to which is has a good catalytic property. NASA studied that it has many applications in construction of space shuttles due to its light weight and friction resistance property. Nanoparticles are used in medical sciences for the treatment of cancer cells. Colloidal Nanoparticles are beneficial in bulk forms such as suntan lotions, cosmetics, protective coating and stain resistance clothing. Not only western countries, but India also is spreading their hands in this field.
The document summarizes key topics related to nanosafety in a nanomaterials and nanotechnology course taught by Dr. XA Sun. It discusses potential hazards of nanomaterials, important considerations for nanosafety including proper personal protective equipment, engineering controls, and safe handling practices. It also notes challenges in characterizing nanomaterials and a lack of standards and regulations. The document emphasizes the need for more research on nanosafety and collaboration between researchers and environmental health and safety experts to develop effective safety protocols and practices.
This document provides an overview of nanotechnology including definitions, materials, fabrication methods, applications, and toxicity concerns. Nanotechnology involves manipulating matter at the nanoscale (100nm or less). Nanoparticles can be organic, inorganic, or composites and are synthesized through various physical and biological methods. Applications include drug delivery, cancer treatment, imaging, and tissue engineering. However, toxicity depends on factors like size, shape, and chemistry, as smaller nanoparticles may more readily interact with and potentially damage biological systems. The future promises revolutionary advances through nanotechnology but continued research is still needed into its impacts.
TARGETED DRUG DELIVERY SYSEM(NANO PARTICLES)Ram Kumar AR
This document discusses targeted drug delivery using nanoparticles. It begins by defining nanoparticles as particles between 1-100 nanometers in size, including an interfacial layer that affects their properties. The document then covers the history of nanoparticles, their properties, common synthesis methods like sol-gel processing, functionalization for biological applications, and potential health and safety issues. It concludes by describing some applications of nanoparticles in medicine, optics, electronics, and as drug delivery systems to achieve spatial and temporal control of drug release.
Nanomaterials are materials that are 100 nanometers or less in at least one dimension. They exhibit different properties than bulk materials due to their small size. Nanoparticles are synthesized using physical, chemical, and biological methods and characterized using techniques like UV-visible spectrometry, TEM, and XRD. Common types of nanoparticles include carbon-based, metal, metal oxide, semiconductor, and polymeric nanoparticles. Nanoparticles find applications in water treatment, medicine, and waste management due to their unique properties.
1) Quantum dots (QDs) are nanoscale semiconductor particles with unique optical and electrical properties that make them useful for applications in biomedical imaging, electronics, and more.
2) While QDs offer societal benefits, they may also pose risks to human health and the environment depending on their physicochemical properties and environmental conditions.
3) A review of studies found that QD toxicity depends on multiple factors like size, charge, coating, and stability, rather than all QDs being uniformly toxic. The unstable breakdown of QD coatings may release toxic core components.
National O.O. Bogomolets Medical University in Ukraine studied nanoparticles and nanosafety. Nanoscience involves studying and manipulating matter at the nanoscale from 1-100 nanometers. The European Union funds nanoscience research with a €3.5 billion budget from 2007-2013. Nanoparticles have various natural, incidental, and engineered forms and properties. Researchers evaluate nanoparticles' toxicity, biological effects, and safety risks based on size, shape, material, and other factors. Nanoparticles show potential for medical applications like cancer treatment but also risks like oxidative stress that researchers aim to reduce through characterization, regulation, and targeted delivery systems. The presentation concludes some nanoparticles may be safely used in vivo with proper
Biomedical applications of nanoparticlesSwathi Babu
This document discusses the biomedical applications of nanoparticles. It begins by defining nanoparticles as particles between 1-100 nanometers in size. It then outlines several types of nanoparticles that have biomedical applications, including gold nanoparticles, quantum dots, iron oxide nanoparticles, carbon nanotubes, dendrimers, and lipid-based nanoparticles. For each type of nanoparticle, it provides examples of their biomedical uses such as drug delivery, cancer treatment, biomedical imaging, and diagnosis. It also discusses considerations for the toxicity of nanoparticles and their potential effects on cells and animals. In closing, it covers antimicrobial nanoparticles and their use against bacteria, fungi, and viruses.
Nanotechnology has applications in combating cancer and reducing pollution, energy use, and greenhouse gas emissions. The NCI Alliance for Nanotechnology in Cancer is working to ensure responsible development of nanotechnologies for cancer treatment and diagnosis. While nanoparticles exist naturally and as byproducts of human activities, their small size raises health and safety concerns that require careful study. The NCI's Nanotechnology Characterization Laboratory evaluates over 125 nanoparticles intended for medical use to better understand their impacts and ensure safety.
ZnO nanoparticles were synthesized using a combustion method with low-temperature solution combustion. XRD and SEM characterization confirmed the formation of hexagonal wurtzite ZnO nanoparticles around 30-40nm in size. The antibacterial activity of the ZnO nanoparticles was tested against E. coli using colony counting and disk diffusion methods. Both methods showed the ZnO nanoparticles had antibacterial effects in a concentration-dependent manner, with 100μg/L ZnO demonstrating the strongest antibacterial activity through over 70% bacterial reduction and the largest inhibition zone of 24mm. The ZnO nanoparticles were also found to damage the genomic DNA of treated E. coli cells.
The document discusses nano-toxicological issues, noting that nanoparticles can interact with cells depending on their size. Particles less than 100nm can enter cells, those under 40nm can enter the cell nucleus, and those under 35nm can pass through the blood-brain barrier. Studies aim to understand how physical and chemical properties of nanoparticles like size, shape, surface chemistry and aggregation affect toxic biological responses. Some toxic issues discussed are oxidative stress induced inflammation and mitochondrial dysfunction. Progress in reducing toxicity includes using approved materials in development and international efforts to standardize in vitro and in vivo testing protocols.
It is an unforgettable thing and it is the first conference paper which I have presented in my university. This describes how the Nanotechnology alters the world to advance. It also has lots of applications due to it's large surface area.
- Biomagnification refers to the increasing concentration of chemicals or toxins in organisms at higher levels of the food chain. Nanoparticles used in nanofungicides can potentially biomagnify due to their persistence, ability to accumulate in organisms, and low degradation rates.
- Nanoparticles can enter plants directly through soil, water and air or systemically through the use of nano-based agricultural chemicals. Once inside plants, nanoparticles can cause toxicity, hormone imbalances, and accumulation in plant cells and tissues.
- For safe use of nanotechnology in agriculture, more studies on nanoparticle impacts are needed. Biodegradable nanoparticles should be developed and thorough safety testing of nano-products conducted to prevent biom
Nanotechnology has the potential to significantly impact the environment through applications such as water purification, pollution remediation, and green energy technologies. It can remove contaminants from water supplies and air at the nanoscale and help measure and mitigate pollutants. Some examples where nanotechnology is already benefiting the environment include battery recycling, radioactive waste cleanup, oil spill remediation, and desalination. However, nanopollution from nanomaterials production is a potential negative impact that requires further research to understand environmental and health effects. More study is also needed to identify and manage high risk nanomaterials.
Nanomaterials & Nanoparticles - Sources & Toxicity - Resources for Healthy Children www.scribd.com/doc/254613619 - For more information, Please see Organic Edible Schoolyards & Gardening with Children www.scribd.com/doc/254613963 - Gardening with Volcanic Rock Dust www.scribd.com/doc/254613846 - Double Food Production from your School Garden with Organic Tech www.scribd.com/doc/254613765 - Free School Gardening Art Posters www.scribd.com/doc/254613694 - Increase Food Production with Companion Planting in your School Garden www.scribd.com/doc/254609890 - Healthy Foods Dramatically Improves Student Academic Success www.scribd.com/doc/254613619 - City Chickens for your Organic School Garden www.scribd.com/doc/254613553 - Huerto Ecológico, Tecnologías Sostenibles, Agricultura Organica www.scribd.com/doc/254613494 - Simple Square Foot Gardening for Schools - Teacher Guide www.scribd.com/doc/254613410 - Free Organic Gardening Publications www.scribd.com/doc/254609890 ~ arxiv.org
Nano particles are extremely small particles that are now being used in many products including sunscreen. There is ongoing research about whether nano particles in sunscreen are safe. While nano particles help sunscreen go on clear rather than white, some studies show they may penetrate the skin and cause harm. Alternative natural nano particles from ivy are being researched as potentially safer options. Overall, the risks of nano particles in sunscreen are still being evaluated.
This document discusses the risks of nanotechnology related to soil, air and water pollution. It begins by outlining the objectives of understanding the nature and characteristics of nanoparticles, the manufacturing processes used and their byproducts, and how nanoparticles may behave in the environment. It then discusses some examples of consumer products containing nanoparticles and potential health issues if nanoparticles are inhaled, ingested or absorbed through skin. Environmental groups are concerned about a lack of research on nanoparticle impacts and the need for regulation and oversight of nanotechnology. In conclusion, while nanotechnology has potential benefits, new risk assessment and regulatory approaches may be needed to understand and mitigate potential negative environmental and health impacts.
The document discusses the use of nanobioremediation to clean up environmental pollution. It proposes using genetic engineering and nanoparticles to enhance the ability of microorganisms to remediate contaminants. Key points:
1) Nanoparticles and genetic engineering can be used to modify microbial cells to increase their ability to degrade various pollutants like heavy metals and organic compounds through increased enzyme production and substrate specificity.
2) Immobilizing microbial cells and enzymes onto nanoparticles increases their stability and reusability, improving bioremediation efficiency.
3) A radioresistant bacterium, Deinococcus radiodurans, has been genetically engineered to remediate multiple contaminants found in radioactive waste, providing a
This document summarizes the key points from a presentation on the safety and toxicity related to nanopharmaceuticals. It discusses nanotoxicology and some of the reasons nanoparticles can be toxic, such as their large surface area to volume ratio. It covers toxicological factors, routes of exposure including inhalation, skin contact and ingestion. Diseases associated with nanoparticles are mentioned. The document provides an overview of ensuring safety in nanopharmaceuticals through measures like material safety data sheets, personal protective equipment, safety engineering controls and proper disposal procedures. It concludes more research is still needed to understand nanoparticle toxicity and ensure safer materials can be developed.
This presentation includes the information's about nano materials, their toxicity, types, causes of toxicity, mode of entry, toxic effects, different substances of nano materials and their toxicity.
Iron nanoparticles were synthesized using green technology from carrom seeds and green tea, and through chemical synthesis. The nanoparticles were characterized through pH analysis, UV-Vis spectroscopy, and dynamic light scattering. pH analysis indicated reduction reactions occurred. UV-Vis spectroscopy showed absorbance peaks around 500 nm for all samples, consistent with iron nanoparticles. Dynamic light scattering showed particle sizes of 65.6 nm, 72.7 nm, and 88.9 nm for carrom seed, green tea, and chemically synthesized nanoparticles, respectively, confirming synthesis of nanoparticles in the desired size range.
Nanotechnology is an unique field of recent research studies which has a wide range of applications. It is a highly multidisciplinary field, drawing attentions from applied physics, material science, colloidal science, supramolecular chemistry and even mechanical and electrical engineering . This new science is a boon to the environment. It is used in solving many environmental problems like pollution control, waste treatment, maintain good air quality, cleaning of oil spillage etc. Current scenario suggests that it promises a great success in future. Nanoparticle, due to its small size has a great surface area due to which is has a good catalytic property. NASA studied that it has many applications in construction of space shuttles due to its light weight and friction resistance property. Nanoparticles are used in medical sciences for the treatment of cancer cells. Colloidal Nanoparticles are beneficial in bulk forms such as suntan lotions, cosmetics, protective coating and stain resistance clothing. Not only western countries, but India also is spreading their hands in this field.
The document summarizes key topics related to nanosafety in a nanomaterials and nanotechnology course taught by Dr. XA Sun. It discusses potential hazards of nanomaterials, important considerations for nanosafety including proper personal protective equipment, engineering controls, and safe handling practices. It also notes challenges in characterizing nanomaterials and a lack of standards and regulations. The document emphasizes the need for more research on nanosafety and collaboration between researchers and environmental health and safety experts to develop effective safety protocols and practices.
This document provides an overview of nanotechnology including definitions, materials, fabrication methods, applications, and toxicity concerns. Nanotechnology involves manipulating matter at the nanoscale (100nm or less). Nanoparticles can be organic, inorganic, or composites and are synthesized through various physical and biological methods. Applications include drug delivery, cancer treatment, imaging, and tissue engineering. However, toxicity depends on factors like size, shape, and chemistry, as smaller nanoparticles may more readily interact with and potentially damage biological systems. The future promises revolutionary advances through nanotechnology but continued research is still needed into its impacts.
TARGETED DRUG DELIVERY SYSEM(NANO PARTICLES)Ram Kumar AR
This document discusses targeted drug delivery using nanoparticles. It begins by defining nanoparticles as particles between 1-100 nanometers in size, including an interfacial layer that affects their properties. The document then covers the history of nanoparticles, their properties, common synthesis methods like sol-gel processing, functionalization for biological applications, and potential health and safety issues. It concludes by describing some applications of nanoparticles in medicine, optics, electronics, and as drug delivery systems to achieve spatial and temporal control of drug release.
Nanomaterials are materials that are 100 nanometers or less in at least one dimension. They exhibit different properties than bulk materials due to their small size. Nanoparticles are synthesized using physical, chemical, and biological methods and characterized using techniques like UV-visible spectrometry, TEM, and XRD. Common types of nanoparticles include carbon-based, metal, metal oxide, semiconductor, and polymeric nanoparticles. Nanoparticles find applications in water treatment, medicine, and waste management due to their unique properties.
Targeted drug delivery system, Nano particles (basic ideas)Ram Kumar AR
The document discusses nanoparticles, including their definition as particles between 1-100 nanometers in size, a brief history of their use dating back to ancient Rome and the Middle Ages, and their unique size-dependent properties. It also covers several common synthesis methods for nanoparticles, how they can be functionalized for different applications, some potential health and safety concerns, and examples of current applications in fields like medicine, optics, and electronics.
Nanoparticles are particles between 1 and 100 nanometres in size with a surrounding interfacial layer. The interfacial layer is an integral part of nanoscale matter, fundamentally affecting all of its properties. The interfacial layer typically consists of ions, inorganic and organic molecules.
Nanotechnology harnesses unusual behaviors of materials at the nanoscale (1-100 nanometers) to achieve scientific and practical results. Materials behave differently at the nanoscale, enabling applications in many fields. Nanotechnology is used in electronics, sunscreens, and other products, and is predicted to significantly grow the number of related jobs. Nanostructures are classified by their dimensions, with zero-dimensional structures having all dimensions in the nanoscale and higher dimensions having some dimensions outside this range. Properties like surface area to volume ratio and quantum confinement explain how size at the nanoscale impacts behavior.
Biogenic– Biosynthesis Metallic Nanoparticles (MNPs) for Pharmacological, Bio...Al Baha University
In future, the biogenic– biosynthesis MNPs have wide perspective synthesis in healthcare, sustainable and renewable energy and
other commercial products. MNPs produced by nanotechnology have received global attention due to their extensive applications in
the biomedical and physiochemical fields. Biomolecules present in live plants, plant extracts and microorganisms such as: bacteria,
fungi, seaweeds, actinomycetes, algae and microalgae can be used to reduce metal ions to MNPs in a single-step and green synthesis
process. Biological green synthesis of MNPs has been always beneficial, more economical, energy efficient and eco-friendly approach,
which is free of toxic contaminates as required in therapeutic applications. The biosynthesis reduction of metal ion to base metal is
quite rapid, readily conducted at room temperature, pressure and easily scaled up.
The reducing agents involved include the various water-soluble plant metabolites (e.g. alkaloids, phenolic compounds, terpenoids,
flavonoids, saponins, steroids, tannins and other nutritional compounds) and co-enzymes. The polysaccharides, proteins and lipids
present in the algal membranes act as capping agents and thus limit the use of non-biodegradable commercial surfactants, which are
difficult to remove after the synthesis of MNPs. Metallic nanoparticles viz. cobalt, copper, silver, gold, platinum, zirconium, palladium,
iron, cadmium and metal oxides such as titanium oxide, zinc oxide, magnetite, etc. have been the particular focus of green biosynthesis.
Here we review the methods of making MNPs using plants extracts and microorganisms. Methods of particle characterization,
biomedical and environmental applications of MNPs are reviewed. In the near future, the application of clean, non-toxic, and ecofriendly
nanostructured material will be possible in industry and biomedicine.
A NOVEL PRECURSOR IN PREPARATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF NICKEL OXIDE (NIO) A...antjjournal
Synthesis of Nickel Oxide (NiO) nanoparticles and cobalt oxide (CO3O4) materials synthesis by aqueous chemical growth (ACG) Techniques. Oxide based material having a wide band gap, and suitable for optical devices,Optoelectronic devices, UV photodetector, and Light emitting diode LEDs. The analysis
and characterizationof Nickel Oxide (NiO) and cobalt oxide (CO3O4) nanoparticles by(1) X-ray diffraction (XRD), (2) Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and (3) Ultraviolet–visible (UV–Vis) spectroscopy.
Nanocatalysts and nanozymes in heavy metal rmovalArka Debnath
This document discusses the use of nanomaterials like nanocatalysts and nanozymes for the removal of heavy metals from wastewater. It defines nanomaterials as structures less than 100 nm in at least one dimension. Nanocatalysts and nanozymes are two types of nanomaterials used for wastewater treatment. Nanocatalysts include metal oxides and semiconductors that can degrade pollutants through photocatalysis, electrocatalysis, and Fenton-based reactions. Nanozymes mimic the catalytic properties of enzymes and have advantages over natural enzymes like stability. The document explores various applications of nanocatalysts and nanozymes for detecting and removing heavy metals from water.
Enginneered nanoparticles and microbial activity- Dinesh et al (2012)Raghavan Dinesh
This presentation is based on our review paper ‘Engineered nanoparticles in the soil and their potential implications to microbial activity’, Geoderma, 2012, 173-174, 19-27 (http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2011.12.018)
This document provides an overview of nanocomposite materials. It defines nanocomposites as materials with at least one component that has dimensions between 1-100 nm. Nanocomposites consist of inorganic or organic nanoparticles embedded in a matrix. They exhibit enhanced and unique properties compared to bulk materials due to quantum effects and high surface area. The document discusses various synthesis methods for nanomaterials and nanocomposites, as well as their advantages and limitations.
This document discusses various types and properties of engineered nanomaterials. It explains that nanomaterials are between 1 to 100 nanometers in at least one dimension, and they exhibit unique properties due to their small size. The document then describes different categories of nanomaterials including carbon-based, ceramic, metal, semiconductor, polymeric, and lipid nanoparticles. It provides examples of how each type is used in applications such as electronics, energy, medicine, consumer products, and more.
Eze Chinwe Catherine presented on applying nanotechnology to microbial pollution control. Key points:
1) Nanotechnology involves manipulating matter at the atomic scale between 1-100 nanometers. Properties change dramatically at this scale, enabling novel applications like selective sensors, fast dissolution, and catalytic/antimicrobial activity.
2) Nanomaterials like carbon nanotubes, nanoparticles, and dendrimers have antimicrobial properties that can physically pierce cells and inhibit biofilm formation on surfaces. Silver nanoparticles generate ions that bind to microbes and inactivate them.
3) Nanotechnology enables more targeted and effective bioremediation through enzyme immobilization techniques like single enzyme nanoparticles, which allow enzymes to withstand extreme conditions while maintaining
Nanotechnology involves manipulating matter at the nanoscale, between 1 to 100 nanometers. Nanobiotechnology applies nanotechnology to biological systems. It develops tools to study biological phenomena at the nanoscale. Some key applications of nanotechnology and nanoparticles include medicine for targeted drug delivery, electronics for smaller devices, energy like solar cells, and environmental areas like water filtration. Nanoparticles are synthesized using various methods and have properties dependent on their size. While nanotechnology provides advantages like improved materials and devices, concerns also exist around health and environmental effects of nanoparticles.
Know About The Nanoparticles and Its Different TypesChristianSmith141
Nanoparticles are a hot topic in the world of nanotechnology, and for a good reason. These tiny particles have a range of important uses. Learn more about nanoparticles and their properties here.
This document discusses ferromagnetic nanomaterials. It introduces magnetic nanoparticles and their size requirements for various applications. It describes the magnetic properties of ferromagnetic materials and how temperature and magnetic fields affect them. Common ferromagnetic elements are iron, nickel and cobalt. Their magnetic domains can be aligned with external fields. Preparation methods like co-precipitation and thermal decomposition are discussed. Applications include nanomagnetism, targeted drug delivery, and using zero valent iron for groundwater remediation.
This document provides an overview of electrodeposition of nanostructure materials. It discusses how electrodeposition is a bottom-up technique that involves the electrochemical reduction of metal ions from an electrolyte solution to deposit a thin metal film on a substrate. The process allows precise control over film thickness and properties at the nanoscale level. Electrodeposition is widely used to synthesize nanostructured materials for applications in electronics, energy storage, and catalysis due to its low cost and ability to control material composition at the nanoscale.
Congenital Agenesis Of The Corpus Callosum With Intracerebral Lipoma And Fron...iosrphr_editor
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
“Hemodynamic and recovery profile with Dexmedetomidine and Fentanyl in intrac...iosrphr_editor
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
Correlation of Estrogen and Progesterone Receptor expression in Breast Canceriosrphr_editor
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
Analytical Study of Urine Samples for Epidemiology of Urinary Tract Infection...iosrphr_editor
The current study was carried out in District Abbottabad aimed to determine the common urinary
tract infections in local community to determine the epidemiology of significant diseases in asymptomatic patients
of renal disorder. In this study a total of 1000 urine samples were examined during 3rd February to 1st April 2015
from patients attending Ayub Teaching Hospital Abbottabad by using dipstick and microscopic analysis of urine.
There were 638 females and 362 males patients examined during this period. The range of age groups is between
1.5 years to 80 years. Results of this study was reported as Pyuria 11%, Proteinuria 21.1%, Hematuria 10.4%,
Epithelial Cells 8.2%, pH 7.8 %, Granular casts 7.3%, Triple phosphate 6.6%, Calcium oxalate 6.4%, Glycosuria
6.3%, Bacteria 6.2% and mucous 4.1%. This study concludes that routing urinalysis should be performed for all
individuals to diagnose the asymptomatic diseases that will help in simple therapeutic measurements as urinalysis
is a simple step to determine the root of Urinary tract disorders.
Chest sonography images in neonatal r.d.s. And proposed gradingiosrphr_editor
BACKGROUND : Lung sonography has been used to monitor the patients of R.D.S. in
N.I.C.U. in recent times.
AIMS : To Describe and Grade the changes of R.D.S. by lung sonography.
SETTING & DESIGN : Tertiary care institutional set up in a rural medical college.
STUDY DURATION : September 2014 to May 2015. Follow-up variable, upto 2 weeks.
PROSPECTIVE, ANALYTICAL STUDY.
MATERIALS AND METHODS -This was a single institute study approved by the institutional ethics
committee. Prior informed consent was obtained from the parents. 100 consecutive patients admitted in
N.I.C.U. WITH gestational age < 36 weeks with respiratory complaints were enrolled. Chest x-ray was
obtained within few hours of admission and lung sonography was performed within 24 hours. Follow – up
sonography was performed as and when necessary. Sonography image was graded and correlated with chest
xray and clinical picture
The Comprehensive Review on Fat Soluble Vitaminsiosrphr_editor
This review article deals with brief description of fat soluble vitamins with figures and tables
showing statistical analytical data duly quoting the references wherever necessary. The word “soluble” actually
means “able to be dissolved.” Whether a vitamin is classified as 'fat-soluble' or 'water-soluble' has to do with
how the vitamin is absorbed, stored and removed from the body. Vitamins are tiny organic compounds with a
huge impact on the health and well-being of the body. The body needs a small amount of fat soluble vitamins in
order to stay in optimal health. Fat soluble vitamins play an important role in keeping the body healthy and
functioning from immune system and muscle and heart function, easy flow and clotting of blood as well as eye
health. They are critical to health and wellness–particularly reproductive health and wellness. Low-fat, no-fat
and vegan diets are woefully lacking in fat soluble vitamins. However a diet based on traditional foods can
naturally provide these vitamins. Science is still learning about many of the functions of vitamins. "Too much
vitamin A, D, or K can lead to increased levels that are unhealthy and can cause serious health consequences.
Diseased conditions leading to decreased fat absorption leads to decreased absorption of vitamins. The fatsoluble
vitamins work most safely and effectively when obtained them from natural foods within the context of a
diet rich in all their synergistic partners. If fat soluble vitamins are stored for lengthy time they generate threat
for toxicity than water soluble vitamins and such situation even aggravated, provided they are consumed in
excess. Vitamin products, above the legal limits are not considered food supplements and must be registered as
prescription or non-prescription (over-the-counter drugs) due to their potential side effects. Vitamin A and E
supplements do not provide health benefits for healthy individuals, instead they may enhance mortality, and it is
held proved that beta-carotene supplements can be harmful to smokers
Sulphasalazine Induced Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis A Case Reportiosrphr_editor
The document describes a case study of an 18-year-old female patient who developed toxic epidermal necrolysis as a severe adverse reaction to the drug sulfasalazine, which she had been taking for ankylosing spondylitis. She was admitted to the intensive care unit and treated with high dose corticosteroids, fluid replacement, and supportive care. She improved with treatment and was discharged with only post-inflammatory hypopigmentation.
Evaluation the efficacy of IVIgG in treatment of Hemolytic Disease of Newborniosrphr_editor
Hemolytic disease of newborn (HDN) is an important cause of hyperbilirubinemia in the
neonatal period,and delayed diagnosis and treatment may lead to permanent brain damage. Traditional
neonatal treatment of HDN is intensive phototherapy and exchange transfusion.Intravenous
immunoglobulin(IVIgG) has been introduced as an alternative therapy to exchange transfusion. This study was
conducted to assess the effect of IVIG in HDN .
FIBROLIPOMATOUS HAMARTOMA OF ULNAR NERVE: A RARE CASE REPORT.iosrphr_editor
Nervous fibrolipomatous hamartoma is said to be a rare tumor-like condition involving the peripheral
nerves,in which the epineurium and perineurium are enlarged and distorted by excess of fatty and fibrous tissue
s that infiltrate between and around nerve boundaries. The median nerve is more likely to develop a hamartoma
than other nerves with a predilection for the carpal tunnel.
A fibrolipomatous hamartoma – is a rare, benign, congenital lesion most commonly found in the median nerve,
usually at the level of the wrist or hand.
We report a case of this rare condition in ulnar nerve.
SELF MEDICATION PRACTICES FOR ORAL HEALTH PROBLEMS AMONG DENTAL PATIENTS IN B...iosrphr_editor
This study examined self-medication practices for oral health problems among dental patients in Bangalore, India. The study found that 100% of the 175 dental patients surveyed practiced self-medication. Toothache was the most common triggering factor reported. Analgesics and herbal remedies were commonly used for self-treatment. Most participants consulted pharmacists for advice on self-medication and would see a dentist only if problems persisted after self-medicating. The high prevalence of self-medication indicates a need for education programs to increase awareness of risks.
Clinico-haematological Profile of Falciparum Malaria in a Rural Hospital of T...iosrphr_editor
Aim: To study the clinico-haematological profile malaria in a rural hospital of Tripura.
Material and methods: A cross-sectional hospital-based study was done from at Kulai District
Hospital,Tripura. This hospital based cross sectional study was done on 60 confirmed cases of falciparum
malaria (either by peripheral smear or rapid diagnostic test) admitted in Kulai District Hospital. A case sheet
proforma was prepared and data (demographic profile,clinical feature, investigation, treatment, and
complication) from all indoor patients was collected and analyzed.
Result: Out of 60 patients, 40(66.6%) were males and 20 (33.4%) were females. Most of the patients were
between the age group 21-40 years with the highest prevalence between the age group of 21-30. Fever was the
most common symptom. Anemia was present in 42(70%) patients, out of which 6(10%) patients had severe
anemia. Thrombocytopenia was present in 36(60%) patients.Abnormal liver function tests were observed in
26(43.3%) subjects while abnormal kidney function tests were observed in16(26.6%) patients. All the 60
patients received Artemisinin based antimalarial drugs.
Conclusion: Early detection, prompt management, and adequate supportive therapy may reduce mortality due
to falciparum cerebral malaria.
Indonesian Wild Ginger (Zingiber sp) Extract: Antibacterial Activity against ...iosrphr_editor
The document summarizes a study that tested the antibacterial activity of extracts from three species of wild ginger plants from Indonesia (Zingiber zerumbet, Zingiber amaricans, and Zingiber aromaticum) against Mycoplasma gallisepticum, a pathogen that causes respiratory disease in chickens. Phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, and terpenoids in the plant extracts. Disc diffusion and minimum inhibitory concentration assays showed that ethanol extracts of dried rhizomes had the strongest inhibitory effects against the pathogen, with minimum inhibitory concentrations ranging from 7.8 to 31.2 mg/ml. The results suggest that extracts from these wild ginger plants
A case of allergy and food sensitivity: the nasunin, natural color of eggplantiosrphr_editor
Abstract: Allergies and food sensitivities can both be considered as "adverse reactions individualistic" to food.
Are pathological and individual forms because they affect a few individuals in way rather serious; immediate
or delayed reactions occur instead with simple effects histamine, or, in severe cases with respiratory and
anaphylactic shock
The eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) is known to cause food allergies in some Asian countries, but detailed
studies on allergies caused by eggplant are lacking, however, it was highlighted the presence of allergens in
edible parts of eggplant with preponderance in the peel .
The purpose of this study was to propose an extraction method rapid, efficient and cost of natural dye from
waste products from the food industry, such as the peels of eggplant, from which it was extracted, isolated and
purified the nasunin,a colored molecule in red-fuchsia.
Nasusin was tested on 58 patients to evaluate the potential sensitizing effect on the skin. The results demonstrate
that allergenic effects are negligible and therefore the nasunin can be used as a colorant in various industrial
sectors with a certain safety margin
Complete NMR Assignment of MogrosidesII A2, II E andIII A1Isolated from Luo H...iosrphr_editor
NMR analysis allowed complete assignments of three known mogrol glycosides, Mogroside IIA2 (1),
II E (2)and IIIA1 (3), isolated from the extracts of Luo Han Guo. Herein, complete 1H and 13C NMR
assignmentsof all threemogrosidesare described based on NMR experiments (1H NMR, 13C NMR, COSY,
HSQC-DEPT, HMBC, NOESY and 1DTOCSY) and mass spectral data.
Nanoemulsion and Nanoemulgel as a Topical Formulationiosrphr_editor
: Nanoemulsion is referred type of emulsion with uniform and extremely small droplet size in the range
of 20-200 nm. Nanoemulsion provides numerous advantages over other carrier such as polymeric nanoparticle
and liposomes, including low cost preparation procedure, high hydrophilic and lipophilic drug loading system
to enhance the longer shelf live upon preserving the therapeutic agents. Incorporating the preparation of
nanoemulsion with hydrogel matrix to produce nanoemulgel exhibited by the two separate systems that forming
it. Nanoemulgel possesses the properties of thixotropic, non-greasy, effortlessly spreadable, easily be removed,
emollient, not staining, soluble in water, longer shelf life, bio-friendly, translucent and agreeable appearance.
Pharmacokinetics of High-Dose Methotrexate in Egyptian Children with Acute Ly...iosrphr_editor
Aim:Since several factors have been shown to influence the clearance of methotrexate, the purpose of this study
was to identify potential relationships between patient covariates and the methotrexate clearance estimates and
deduce a pharmacokinetic model for the estimation of methotrexate clearance in Egyptian pediatric ALL
patients that may help dosage adjustment and achieve target steady-state plasma concentrations in a similar
sittings.
Patients and methods: A total of 94 pediatric patients with B-cell ALL, of whom 70 were the studied population
and 24 were the test population, were treated with four courses of HDMTX doses 2.5 gm/m2
(low-risk arm) or 5
gm/m2
(standard-/high-risk arm) given every other week by intermittent intravenous infusions over 24 hours as
a part of their treatment protocol. Patients were monitored for the 24 hour MTX concentration and the systemic
methotrexate clearance was calculated for each methotrexate dose
Epidemiology of Tuberculosis (TB) in Albania 1998-2009iosrphr_editor
Abstract : In Albania, many people erroneously think that tuberculosis (TB) is a disease of the past-an illness
that no longer constitutes a public health threat. Surveillance is an integral part of tuberculosis (TB) control.
Albania has a highTB notification rate and there are doubts about underreporting. The evolution of the
incidence of tuberculosis is presented, together with more detailed figures over the period 1998-2009. These
figures were obtained by the monthly forms (called 14/Sh) compared with the individual notification data.
Objective: To examine the distribution and sources of increased tuberculosis (TB) morbidity and reporting
system deficiencies in the Albania from 1998 through 2009. Metodology: The study is descriptive one conductet
during the period 1998-2009. The statistical analysis is based on data reported from regional level (regional
epidemiological departments) to the central level (Public Health Institute). Results: The main findings were:
discordance between the collected data (individual form) and reported data (monthly form); tuberculosis
incidence rate shows little oscillations which ranges from 6.67 to 9.2 cases/100.000 population; 50% of the
regions show a lack of information on the confirmation of diagnosis and laboratory examination type used for
confirmation. Conclusion: TB disease in high-risk populations where it is difficult to detect, diagnose, and treat;
limitations of current control measures and the need for new tests and treatments, including an effective
vaccine; improving information system, regulation of individual form and personnel training.
Total Phenol and Antioxidant from Seed and Peel of Ripe and Unripe of Indones...iosrphr_editor
Study on total phenol and antioxidantactivity ofsugar apple fruits of various solvent, part of fruits, and level of ripening. Solvent extraction used were 80% (v/v) methanol, 50% (v/v) acetone, boiling water, and 50% (v/v) ethanol. Part of fruits thatbeen used for samples were seed and peel which are normally by products of sugar apple processing, level of ripening were unripe, and ripe sugar apple fruits. Total phenol was determined by Folin-ciocalteau method. Total antioxidant was quantified by 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl(DPPH) method.Therewas a difference in type of solvent, part of fruits, and level of ripeningon total phenol and antioxidant concentration of sugar apple fruits. Seeds have higher total phenol concentration than peels of this fruits. Unripe sugar apple fruits have higher total phenol and antioxidant than ripe fruit. The best solvent for phenol extraction was ethanol 50%butthe best solvent for antioxidant extraction was acetone 50%.
A Review on Step-by-Step Analytical Method Validationiosrphr_editor
When analytical method is utilized to generate results about the characteristics of drug related samples it is essential that the results are trustworthy. They may be utilized as the basis for decisions relating to administering the drug to patients. Analytical method validation required during drug development and manufacturing and these analytical methods are fit for their intended purpose. To comply with the requirements of GMP pharmaceutical industries should have an overall validation policy which documents how validation will be performed. The purpose of this validation is to show that processes involved in the development and manufacture of drug, production and analytical testing can be performed in an effective and reproducible manner. This review article provides guidance on how to perform validation characteristics for the analytical method which are utilized in pharmaceutical analysis.
A Cross Sectional Study of Ethnic Differences in Occurrence and Severity of A...iosrphr_editor
Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs are the most widely used "over the counter" medication all over the world despite their complications in different major organs. Present studies envisaged for knowing the occurrence and severity of adverse drug reactions from NSAIDs in different ethnic communities of Sikkim. A cross sectional study was undertaken in the medicine outpatients department of a secondary and tertiary care hospital. The patients belonging to Nepalese, Bhutias, Lepchas ethnic communities and others community (settlers from other parts of India) were included to analyzed the data based on the age and gender, ethnicity and ADRs, drugs and ADRs. Severity assessment was done using Hartwing and Siegel scale and causality assessment by Naranjo scale. Total 109 cases of ADRs, predominating in female were detected. Nepalese were the most affected and Gastrointestinal tract (GIT) being the most affected organ in them. Diclofenac showed maximum number of ADRs in all the communities. Maximum number of cases occurred on single day use (40.36%) of drugs. All the cases were belonging to the "possible category" and the maximum being the mild (72.48%) in nature. It is advisable to consider the ethnic/racial differences equally with other factors, to improve the safety and efficacy of a drug.
Rasamanikya is a excellent preparation in the field of Rasashastra, it is used in various Kushtha Roga, Shwasa, Vicharchika, Bhagandara, Vatarakta, and Phiranga Roga. In this article Preparation& Comparative analytical profile for both Formulationon i.e Rasamanikya prepared by Kushmanda swarasa & Churnodhaka Shodita Haratala. The study aims to provide insights into the comparative efficacy and analytical aspects of these formulations for enhanced therapeutic outcomes.
Osteoporosis - Definition , Evaluation and Management .pdfJim Jacob Roy
Osteoporosis is an increasing cause of morbidity among the elderly.
In this document , a brief outline of osteoporosis is given , including the risk factors of osteoporosis fractures , the indications for testing bone mineral density and the management of osteoporosis
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
TEST BANK For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition by...Donc Test
TEST BANK For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition by Stamler, Verified Chapters 1 - 33, Complete Newest Version Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition by Stamler, Verified Chapters 1 - 33, Complete Newest Version Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition by Stamler Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition TEST BANK by Stamler Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Pdf Chapters Download Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Pdf Download Stuvia Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Study Guide Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Ebook Download Stuvia Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Questions and Answers Quizlet Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Studocu Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Quizlet Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Stuvia Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Pdf Chapters Download Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Pdf Download Course Hero Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Answers Quizlet Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Ebook Download Course hero Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Questions and Answers Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Studocu Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Quizlet Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Stuvia Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Pdf Chapters Download Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Pdf Download Stuvia Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Study Guide Questions and Answers Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Ebook Download Stuvia Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Questions Quizlet Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Studocu Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Quizlet Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Stuvia
Basavarajeeyam is an important text for ayurvedic physician belonging to andhra pradehs. It is a popular compendium in various parts of our country as well as in andhra pradesh. The content of the text was presented in sanskrit and telugu language (Bilingual). One of the most famous book in ayurvedic pharmaceutics and therapeutics. This book contains 25 chapters called as prakaranas. Many rasaoushadis were explained, pioneer of dhatu druti, nadi pareeksha, mutra pareeksha etc. Belongs to the period of 15-16 century. New diseases like upadamsha, phiranga rogas are explained.
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
Novas diretrizes da OMS para os cuidados perinatais de mais qualidade
F047038044
1. IOSR Journal Of Pharmacy
(e)-ISSN: 2250-3013, (p)-ISSN: 2319-4219
www.iosrphr.org Volume 4, Issue 7 (July 2014), PP. 38-44
38
A Review on Metallic Silver Nanoparticles
Bekkeri swathy
Palamuru University
ABSTRACT:Nanotechnology refers to the branch of science and engineering dedicated to materials, having
dimensions in the order of 100th of nm or less. The term being new, but has been widely used for the
development of more efficient technology. In recent years, nanotechnology has been embraced by industrial
sectors due to its applications in the field of electronic storage systems, biotechnology, magnetic separation and
pre concentration of target analytes, targeted drug delivery and vehicles for gene and drug delivery.
Consequently, with wide range of applications available, these particles have potential to make a significant
impact to the society. In general, nanoparticles used in the field of biotechnology range in particle size between
10 and 500 nm, seldom exceeding 700 nm. The nanosize of these particles allows various communications with
biomolecules on the cell surfaces and within the cells in way that can be decoded and designated to various
biochemical and physiochemical properties of these cells. Similarly, its potential application in drug delivery
system and noninvasive imaging offered various advantages over conventional pharmaceutical agents. More
specific targeting systems are designed to recognize the targeted cells such as cancer cells. This can be
achieved by conjugating the nanoparticle with an appropriate ligand, which has a specific binding activity with
respect to the target cells. In addition, nanoparticles provide a platform to attach multiple copies of therapeutic
substance on it and hence increase the concentration of therapeutic and diagnostic substances at the
pathological site. Also, the concentration and dynamics of the active molecule can be varied by controlling the
particle size of nanoparticles (>3–5 nm).
Keywords: nanotechnology, methods of synthesis, characterization, applications, future aspects
I. INTRODUCTION
Nanotechnology plays an increasingly crucial role in many key technologies of the new millennium.
The application of nanoscale materials and structures, usually ranging from 1 to 100 nm, is an emerging area of
nanoscience and nanotechnology. Nanomaterials may provide solutions to technological and environmental
challenges in the areas of solar energy conversion, catalysis, medicine, and water treatment1
. Nanomaterials
often show unique and considerably changed physical, chemical and biological properties compared to their
macroscaled counterparts[2]
.The noble metals, especially silver and gold, have attracted great attention due to
their innumerable applications in various branches of science, namely catalysis, photonics, photography,
chemicalsensing, Surface Enhanced Raman Scattering (SERS), and most importantly, in the medicinal field as
anti-microbial agents[3]
Colloidal silver is of particular interest because of its distinctive properties, such as good
conductivity, chemical stability, catalytic and antibacterial activity.Silver nanoparticles have many important
applications that include spectrally selective coating for solar energy absorption and intercalation material for
electrical batteries, as optical receptors, polarizing filters, catalysts in chemical reaction, biolabelling, and as
antimicrobial agents[5]
.There has been an extraordinary growth in nanoscience and technology in recent years,
mainly due to both the development of new techniques to synthesize nanomaterials and the accessibility of tools
for the classification and manipulation of nanoparticles[4]
. Production of nanoparticles requires understanding
the fundamentals of nanoscale chemistry and physics, as well as the know-how to commercialize them. Broadly
speaking, there are two approaches to nanoparticle production: top-down and bottom-up.The former makes a
material decrease its size from large to nanoscale, whereas the latter produces nanomaterials by starting from the
atomic level[6]
. Generally, metal nanoparticles can be prepared and stabilized by chemical, physical and
biological methods; the chemical approach, such as chemical reduction, electrochemical techniques,
photochemical reduction2 and pyrolysis and physical methods, such as Arc-discharge and physical vapor
condensation (pvc)[7]
is used. Living organisms have huge potential for the production of
nanoparticles/nanodevices of wide applications. However, the elucidation of the exact mechanism of
nanoparticles production using living organisms needs much more experimentation[8]
. Studies have shown that
the size, morphology, stability and properties (chemical and physical) of the metal nanoparticles are influenced
strongly by the experimental conditions, the kinetics of interaction of metal ions with reducing agents, and
adsorption processes of stabilizing agent with metal nanoparticles. Hence, the design of a synthesis method in
which the size, morphology, stability and properties are controlled has become a major field of interest.
2. A Review On Metallic…
39
II. CHARACTERISTICS OF MNPs:
The main characteristics of MNPs
Large surface‐area‐to‐volume ratio as compared to the bulk equivalents;
Large surface energies
The transition between molecular and metallic states providing specific electronic structure (local
density of states ldos);
Plasmon excitation;
Quantum confinement;
Short range ordering;
Increased number of kinks;
A large number of low‐coordination sites such as corners and edges, having a large number of
˝danglingbonds˝ and consequently specific and chemical properties and the ability to store excess
electrons.
III. GOALS AND PROBLEMS IN MNPs:
Ideally,metallic nanoparticles should be prepared by a method which:is reproducible may control the
shape of the particlesyields monodisperse metallic nanoparticles is easy, cheap, use less toxis precursors: in
water or more environmentally benign solvents (e.g. ethanol) use the least number of reagents used a reaction
temperature close to room temperature with as few synthetic steps as possible (one‐pot reaction) minimizing the
quantities of generated by‐products and waste. Silver nanoparticles exhibits the highest efficiency of Plasmon
excitation is becoming an increasingly important material in many technologies is the only material whose
Plasmon resonance can be of any wavelength in the visible spectrum.
GENERAL METHODS OF PREPARATION OF SILVER NANOPARTICLES:
Synthesis methods
Traditional methods
Non traditional methods
Aqueous solution reduction
Microemulsiontechniques
Gammaradiation induced methods
Photoreduction of Ag Ions
IV. GOALS AND PROBLEMS REGARDING THE SYNTHESIS OF AG NPS
With the traditional methods, the major problem is often a limited flexibility in the size of particles that
can be produced and such methods are usually sold on their ability to make < 10 nm The major problems for
the non‐traditional methods are often a wide size distribution, lack of particle crystallinity, and the cost and
scalability of the production Synthesizing uniform and stable silver nanoparticleswith a controllable size is
difficult .The optimum synthetic method should address all of the above problems and additionally yield
particles with no extraneous chemicals that can potentially alter the particle’s optical properties and surface
chemistry.
3. A Review On Metallic…
40
MECHANISM OF ACTION
Silver and most silver compounds have an oligodynamic effect and are toxic for bacteria, algae, and
fungi. Among the elements that have this effect, silver is the least toxic for humans. The antibacterial action of
silver is dependent on the silver ion. The effectiveness of silver compounds as an antiseptic is based on the
ability of the biologically active silver ion (Ag+) to irreversibly damage key enzyme systems in the cell
membranes of pathogens.The antibacterial action of silver has long been known to be enhanced by the presence
of an electric field. Applying an electric current across silver electrodes enhances antibiotic action at the anode,
likely due to the release of silver into the bacterial culture. The antibacterial action of electrodes coated with
silver nanostructures is greatly improved in the presence of an electric field.
SILVER NANOPARTICLES SYNTHESIS
CHEMICAL METHODS[2]
Chemical methods are usually used to synthesize silver nanoparticles and among them chemical
reduction is the most frequently applied method for the preparation of stable, colloidal dispersions in water or
organic solvents.2. However, there is no special boundary between the different chemical methods to synthesize
Ag NPs which can be classified into the following methods.
Chemical reduction[9]
Typical reducing agents include polyols, NaBH4,N2H4, sodium citrate and N,N-dimethyformamide.9
Doubtless, in order to prevent aggregation ofAg NPs, it needs to stabilize with capping agents such as Sodium
dodecyl sulphate (SDS), polyvinyl pyrrolidone (pvp), tri-sodium citrate. Some of the chemical reducing
reactions can be carried out at room temperature. However, most of them need elevated temperatures for a
higher reaction rate[11]
. Thermal methods such as reduction of Ag+ by dextrose[10]
and/or hydrazine [11]
as a
reduction agent and the well-known Tollen’s reduction with reducing agent of m-hydroxy banzaldehide are
from chemical reduction methods. Nanoparticle morphologies strongly depend on the temperature adopted
during the synthesis. To develop a flower-like silver nano architecture at room temperature with size 20 nm,
ascorbic acid was used as the reducing agent while citric acid[13,14]
was found to play a key role in the
nanostructure formation. Silver nanoparticles of 40–80 nm size are formed in the process of oxidation of glucose
to gluconic acid by amine in the presence of silver nitrate, and the gluconic acid caps the nanosilver particle.
Silver nanoparticles have been synthesized by the polyol process with the assistance of supercritical carbon
dioxide (SCCO2), with silver nitrate used as the base material, polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP) as the stabilizer for
the silver clusters, and ethylene glycol as the reducing agent and solvent. Polyvinyl pyrrolidone not only
protected the nanosize silver particles from aggregation, but it also promoted nucleation. The silver
nanoparticles synthesized by SCCO2 were smaller and had a more even dispersion than those made under the
same conditions by the conventional heating process[16]
. The resultant nanosilver colloid[17,18]
had low toxicity
and high stabilization, and the particles were all spherical with mean diameters in the range of 2–5 nm[21]
.
Photochemical method [23]
Ag NPs can be successfully synthesized by using a variety of irradiation methods. For example, laser
irradiation of an aqueous solution of Ag salt and surfactant can fabricate Ag NPs of well defined shape and size
distribution. No reducing agent is required.Silver nanoparticles having narrow size distribution were synthesized
in ethylene glycol–water mixtures without the use of a stabilizer. They used pulse radiolysis method to produce
nanoparticles by silver perchlorate. Reduction of silver ions was achieved using UV light instead of chemical
materials. Silver nanoparticles were formed in a natural rubber matrix via photo reduction of film cast from
natural rubber latex (NRL) containing silver salt; their size ranged 4 to 10 nm.Synthesis procedures using
microwave irradiation have also been employed, and this method is known to have a faster heating rate than
conventional heating through conduction and convection.
Electrochemical method (electrolysis)[23]
The electrolysis process has long been used for the reduction of metal ions. However, there are a few
reports about using this method in the synthesis of metal nanoparticles, especially silver, however this could be
classified in the synthesis of Ag NPs. silver nanospheres of average size in the range of ~11 nm were grown at
room temperature by reducing silver nitrate in polyol solution using the electrochemical method in the presence
of PVP and KNO3. A rotating disk Ti electrode (6 mm diameter) was used as the cathode, and a 2 cm diameter
Pt plate was used as the anode, which resulted in the formation of electro-deposited Ag° nanoparticles.
4. A Review On Metallic…
41
Pyrolysis[24]
Another method of synthesizing Ag nanoparticles is spray pyrolysis. nanosilver powder with about
100 nm average grain size had been fabricated by spray pyrolysis, using AgNO3 solution, 336 mL h–1 flux of
AgNO3 solution, 0.32 MPa flux of carrier gas and at 720 °C furnace set temperature.Chemical methods for
metal nanoparticle fabrication usually involve toxic chemicals, which can be harmful to our environment.
Although these methods may successfully produce pure silver nanoparticles, they require the use of stabilizers
to protect the Ag nanoparticles against agglomeration. Additionally, these methods are usually expensive
and potentially harmful to the environment.[2]
PHYSICAL METHODS[24]
Physical methods do not involve toxic chemicals and they are usually fast. Physical methods include
physical vapor condensation (pvc) and Arc-discharge[27]
.
Physical vapor condensation (PVC)[27]
In order to fabricate nanoparticles, the vaporization method has been frequently used, in which the
target materials are vaporized by heat source and then rapidly condensed. The vaporization process can be
subdivided into physical and chemical methods depending on whether the reaction is present.
Arc-discharge method[27]
A novel technique for preparing a nanosilver water suspension without surfactants and stabilizers was
studied using the arc-discharge method. Silver wires (99.99 %) 1 mm in diameter submerged in deionized water
were used as electrodes. The DC arc-discharge system consists of five main parts: i) two silver electrodes 1 mm
in diameter, ii) a servo control system that maintains a constant distance between the electrodes, iii) a power
supply system that controls the DC arc-discharge parameters, iv) a glass container with an electrode holder and
deionized water to collect the silver colloids, v) a stirring system with magnetic stirrer and stirring bar.
In order to ionize the aqua medium between the electrodes, the DC arc-discharge system provides a pulse
voltage of 70–100 V for 2–3 ms and then maintains a pulse of 20–40 V for around 10 _s. During the arc-
discharge, the surface layer of the Ag wires evaporates and condenses in the water. The transparent solution
converts to a characteristic pale yellow color and then a silver suspension is created.
BIOLOGICAL METHODS[28]
Living organisms such as bacteria, fungi and plants have huge potential for the production of metal
nanoparticles. Microorganisms have recently been explored as potential biofactories for the synthesis of metallic
nanoparticles such as CdS[28]
, Ti/Ni[29]
, titanate[30]
, zirconia[31]
, gold[32,33]
and silver[34,36]
.The use of
microorganisms in the synthesis of nanoparticles emerges as an eco-friendly and exciting approach. On the other
hand, researchers have turned to biological synthesis because of the good control over size distribution of
nanoparticles.Here, we summarize some of the organisms used in the biosynthesis of Ag nanomaterials and
describe the properties that should be inherent for the production of Ag nanoparticles of desired characteristics.
Use of bacteria[37]
To synthesize Ag nanoparticles with size less than 200 nm. Bacteria were grown on Lennox L (LB)
agar substrate, containing 50 mmol L–1 AgNO3, at 30 °C for 48 h in the dark. Biosynthesis of silver
nanocrystals by Bacillus licheniformis was studied. Aqueous silver ions were reduced to silver nanoparticles
when added to the biomass of B.licheniformis. This was indicated by the change in color from whitish-yellow to
brown.The probable mechanism for the formation of silver nanoparticles involves the enzyme nitrate reductase.
APPLICATIONS OF Ag NPS
1. Catalysis
‐the selective oxidation of alcohols, alkanes and alkenes
‐for the synthesis of industrially interesting products including water splitting
degradation of organic pollutants.
2. Biology and Medicine:Ag is a highly antimicrobial material used in:
‐water purification
‐wound care
‐medical devices
‐ drog delivery
3. Optics: Optoelectronic devices–active waveguides in optical devices (amplifiers)
4. Electronics : electronically conductive adhesives (ECAs)
5. A Review On Metallic…
42
RECENT ADVANCES IN SILVER NANOPARTICLES [38]
Colloidal silver (a colloid consisting of silver particles suspended in liquid) and formulations
containing silver salts were used by physicians. Colloidal silver has again been marketed as an alternative
medicine, often with extensive "cure-all" claims. Colloidal silver products remain available in many countries
as dietary supplements and homeopathic remedies, although they are not effective in treating any known
condition and carry the risk of both permanent cosmetic side effects such as argyria and more serious ones such
as allergic reactions, and interactions with prescription medications.
The incorporation into wound dressings, creams, and as an antibiotic coating on medical devices. While wound
dressings containing silver sulfadiazine or silver nanomaterials may be used on external infections, there is little
evidence to support such use. There is tentative evidence that silver coatings on urinary
catheters and endotracheal breathing tubes may reduce the incidence of catheter-related urinary tract
infections and ventilator-associated pneumonia, respectively The silver ion (Ag+) is bioactive and in sufficient
concentration readily kills bacteria in vitro. Silver exhibits low toxicity in the human body, and minimal risk is
expected due to clinical exposure by inhalation, ingestion, dermal application. Silver and silver nanoparticles are
used as an antimicrobial in a variety of industrial, healthcare and domestic applications.
Antibacterial cream
A 2012 systematic review reported that topical silver showed significantly worse healing time
compared to controls and showed no evidence of effectiveness in preventing wounds infection. A
2010 Cochrane systematic review concluded that "There is insufficient evidence to establish whether silver-
containing dressings or topical agents promote wound healing or prevent wound infection".
The US Food and Drug Administration has approved a number of topical preparations of silver sulfadiazine for
treatment of second- and third-degree burns.
Dressings
A 2012 systematic review found that silver-containing dressings were no better than non-silver-
containing dressings in treating burns A 2012 Cochrane review found that silver-containing hydrocolloid
dressings were no better than standard alginate dressings in treating diabetic foot ulcers. Silver-containing foam
resulted in a greater reduction in wound size and more effective control of leakage and odor than non-silver
dressings.
Endotracheal tubes
Limited evidence suggests that endotracheal breathing tubes coated with silver may reduce the
incidence of ventilator associated pneumonia (VAP) and delay its onset, although no benefit is seen in the
duration of intubation, the duration of stay in intensive care or the mortality rate.
Urinary catheters
Tentative evidence supports a decreased risk of urinary tract infections when silver-alloy catheters are
used.
Other uses
Silver compounds are used in external preparations as antiseptics, including both silver
nitrate and silver proteinate, which can be used in dilute solution as eye drops to prevent conjunctivitis in
newborn babies. Silver nitrate is also sometimes used in dermatology in solid stick form as a caustic ("lunar
caustic") to treat certain skin conditions, such as corns and warts. Silver is also used in bone prostheses,
reconstructive orthopaedic surgery and cardiac devices. Chlorhexidine-silver-sulfadiazine central venous
catheters significantly reduce the incidence of catheter-related bloodstream infections (CR-BSI). Silver diamine
fluoride is an effective intervention to reduce dental caries (tooth decay).Silver acetate has been used as a
potential aid to help stop smoking.
Adverse effects[39]
In animals and humans, silver accumulates in the body. Chronic intake of silver products can
result in an accumulation of silver or silver sulphide particles in the skin. These particles in the skin
darken with exposure to sunlight, resulting in a blue or gray discoloration of the skin known
as argyria Localized argyria can occur as a result of topical use of silver-containing solutions, while
generalized argyria results from the ingestion of such substance.
6. A Review On Metallic…
43
While argyria is usually limited to skin discoloration, there are isolated reports of more serious
neurologic, renal, or hepatic complications caused by ingesting colloidal silver.Colloidal silver may interact
with some prescription medications, reducing the absorption of some antibiotics and thyroxine among
others.Some people are allergic to silver, and the use of treatments and medical devices containing silver
is contraindicated for such people. Water purifications Electrolytically-dissolved silver has been used as water
disinfecting agent hospitals filter hot water through copper-silver filters to defeat MRSA and legionella
infections. In developing countries for water disinfection (the silver inhibits microbial growth on the filter
substrate, to prevent clogging, and does not directly disinfect the filtered water).
CONCLUSION
Ag NPs are the most important NPs because of their applications. These nanoparticles have many
important applications that include spectrally selective coating for solar energy absorption and intercalation
material for electrical batteries, as optical receptors, polarizing filters, catalysts in chemical reaction,
biolabelling and as antimicrobial agents.Application of silver nanoparticles in these fields is dependent on the
ability to synthesize particles with different chemical composition, shape, size, and monodispersity.Generally,
there are various methods to synthesize Ag NPs. Many methods are based on the reduction of Ag+ ions in a
water solution. These methods use a reducing agent for the reduction of Ag+ ions in solution (especially). In
chemical reduction methods, the reducing agent is a chemical solution such as polyols, NaBH4, N2H4, sodium
citrate, and N, N-dimethyformamide, whereas in biological methods, collection of enzymes especially nitrate
reductase play such role. Spray pyrolysis methods are carried out in operating conditions of high temperature
and pressure; electrochemical methods are based on electrolysis of solution. In the physical method of Arc-
discharge, the Ag metal evaporates in the pure water by electric voltage, then it condenses and produces Ag
NPs. From among the mentioned methods, chemical methods have mostly been applied to synthesize Ag NPs.
However, nowadays, this method is used to synthesize Ag NPs in large scales. In some chemical methods, a
stabilizer (surfactant) is added to the first solution to prevent agglomeration of Ag NPs, whereas in biological
methods there is no need to add a stabilizing agent. Toxicity is a disadvantage of the chemical methods. In
addition, many of these methods are energy-intensive, althoughAg NPs are synthesized fast. In contrast,
biological methods, as an alternative, are carried out in environmental conditions and consume no energy. Of
course, the time required to synthesize Ag NPs is longer compared to chemical methods, although the synthesis
time has recently decreased with finding suitable microorganisms or organisms. In addition, the current interest
in nanomaterials is focused on the controllable properties of size and shape because the optical, electronic,
magnetic, and catalytic properties of metal nanoparticles strongly depend on their sizes and shapes.
Controllability in biological methods is far easier to achieve than with other methods. Therefore, the use of
microorganisms in the synthesis of nanoparticles emerges as an eco-friendly and exciting approach. In addition,
the use of bacteria as a n novel biotechnology to facilitate the production of nanoparticles is in its infancy.
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