Eyelid surgery: What is chemosis and how to treat it
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Chemosis is a condition that someone can experience post any surgery around the eyes. This SlideShare explains more about the condition and how to treat it.
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Corneal opacity
Corneal opacity occurs when the normally clear cornea becomes scarred, clouding vision. It has many causes like infection, injury, vitamin A deficiency, measles, contact lens overuse. Symptoms include decreased vision, eye pain or redness. There are different types classified by opacity density and location. Treatment options include eye drops, surgery like phototherapeutic keratectomy, or cornea transplant if dense opacity. Prevention involves eye protection and proper contact lens care. Corneal disease is a major cause of blindness in India, affecting millions.
Dry Eye Disease
Dry eye disease (DED) is a condition caused by many factors that result in inflammation of the eye and the tear-producing glands.
Entropion
This document provides information on entropion, including anatomy of the eyelid, causes of entropion, classification, symptoms, assessment, differential diagnosis, and surgical and non-surgical management. Entropion is defined as inward rotation of the eyelid margin. It discusses various procedures for correcting entropion such as Quickert-Rathbun eversion sutures, lower lid retractor advancement combined with lateral tarsal strip or wedge resection, tarsal fracture/transverse tarsotomy, and use of posterior lamellar grafts for severe cicatricial entropion. Non-surgical management includes artificial tears, bandage contact lenses, lower lid taping, and botulinum
Chemical injuries of the eye
This document discusses chemical injuries to the eye. It begins with an introduction and overview of the epidemiology, etiology, pathogenesis, classification, clinical course, features, and management of such injuries. It notes that alkali injuries are more common and can be more deleterious. The pathogenesis and healing process differs for acid versus alkali injuries. Classification systems include Hughes, Roper-Hall, and Dua's, which predicts outcomes. Management involves immediate irrigation, acute medical treatment with steroids and antibiotics, and potential surgical interventions like debridement or amniotic membrane transplantation. Long-term goals are promoting healing, controlling inflammation and preventing complications.
Tear film test
Dr. Monika Soni presented on the topic of tear film at the upgraded department of ophthalmology at MGMMC & MYH Indore. The presentation discussed the anatomy and physiology of tear film, including the three layers of the tear film, mechanisms of tear secretion and distribution, functions of the tear film, tests to evaluate tear film such as tear breakup time, Schirmer's test, and osmolarity. A variety of glands contribute secretions to form and maintain the tear film, which is essential for maintaining a clear cornea and proper vision.
Mooren’s ulcer
Mooren's ulcer is a rare autoimmune condition characterized by a chronic, painful peripheral corneal ulcer. It is more common in males and older individuals. Treatment involves a stepwise approach starting with topical steroids, then conjunctival resection to remove inflammatory cells, followed by systemic immunosuppressants if needed. Later stages may require additional surgeries like lamellar keratectomy or keratoplasty to promote healing and rehabilitation of the cornea. The goals are to arrest the destructive process and promote reepithelialization of the corneal surface.
Corneal opacity
Corneal opacity is a loss of normal transparency of the cornea due to scarring. It can be caused by healed corneal wounds, ulcers, or congenital defects. Risk factors include vitamin A deficiency, measles, eye injuries, infections, contact lens overwear, and cold sores. Symptoms are reduced or lost vision, pain, redness, photophobia, and cloudy appearances in parts of the eye. Types of opacity include nebula, macula, leukoma, and anterior staphyloma. Treatment options are phototherapeutic keratectomy using excimer laser for nebula, optical iridectomy for central opacities, and keratoplasty.
Squint
This document summarizes key concepts related to strabismus and eye movement examination. It defines terms like strabismus, visual axis, anatomical axis, orthophoria and describes tests to evaluate eye alignment and movement including:
- Hirschberg test to measure strabismus angle
- Cover-uncover test and alternate cover test to detect heterotropia and heterophoria
- Prism bar cover test for measuring strabismus angle
- Synoptophore for grading binocular vision
- Maddox rod test for detecting horizontal and vertical phorias
- Extraocular muscle actions and innervations are also summarized.
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Corneal opacity
Corneal opacity occurs when the normally clear cornea becomes scarred, clouding vision. It has many causes like infection, injury, vitamin A deficiency, measles, contact lens overuse. Symptoms include decreased vision, eye pain or redness. There are different types classified by opacity density and location. Treatment options include eye drops, surgery like phototherapeutic keratectomy, or cornea transplant if dense opacity. Prevention involves eye protection and proper contact lens care. Corneal disease is a major cause of blindness in India, affecting millions.
Dry Eye Disease
Dry eye disease (DED) is a condition caused by many factors that result in inflammation of the eye and the tear-producing glands.
Entropion
This document provides information on entropion, including anatomy of the eyelid, causes of entropion, classification, symptoms, assessment, differential diagnosis, and surgical and non-surgical management. Entropion is defined as inward rotation of the eyelid margin. It discusses various procedures for correcting entropion such as Quickert-Rathbun eversion sutures, lower lid retractor advancement combined with lateral tarsal strip or wedge resection, tarsal fracture/transverse tarsotomy, and use of posterior lamellar grafts for severe cicatricial entropion. Non-surgical management includes artificial tears, bandage contact lenses, lower lid taping, and botulinum
Chemical injuries of the eye
This document discusses chemical injuries to the eye. It begins with an introduction and overview of the epidemiology, etiology, pathogenesis, classification, clinical course, features, and management of such injuries. It notes that alkali injuries are more common and can be more deleterious. The pathogenesis and healing process differs for acid versus alkali injuries. Classification systems include Hughes, Roper-Hall, and Dua's, which predicts outcomes. Management involves immediate irrigation, acute medical treatment with steroids and antibiotics, and potential surgical interventions like debridement or amniotic membrane transplantation. Long-term goals are promoting healing, controlling inflammation and preventing complications.
Tear film test
Dr. Monika Soni presented on the topic of tear film at the upgraded department of ophthalmology at MGMMC & MYH Indore. The presentation discussed the anatomy and physiology of tear film, including the three layers of the tear film, mechanisms of tear secretion and distribution, functions of the tear film, tests to evaluate tear film such as tear breakup time, Schirmer's test, and osmolarity. A variety of glands contribute secretions to form and maintain the tear film, which is essential for maintaining a clear cornea and proper vision.
Mooren’s ulcer
Mooren's ulcer is a rare autoimmune condition characterized by a chronic, painful peripheral corneal ulcer. It is more common in males and older individuals. Treatment involves a stepwise approach starting with topical steroids, then conjunctival resection to remove inflammatory cells, followed by systemic immunosuppressants if needed. Later stages may require additional surgeries like lamellar keratectomy or keratoplasty to promote healing and rehabilitation of the cornea. The goals are to arrest the destructive process and promote reepithelialization of the corneal surface.
Corneal opacity
Corneal opacity is a loss of normal transparency of the cornea due to scarring. It can be caused by healed corneal wounds, ulcers, or congenital defects. Risk factors include vitamin A deficiency, measles, eye injuries, infections, contact lens overwear, and cold sores. Symptoms are reduced or lost vision, pain, redness, photophobia, and cloudy appearances in parts of the eye. Types of opacity include nebula, macula, leukoma, and anterior staphyloma. Treatment options are phototherapeutic keratectomy using excimer laser for nebula, optical iridectomy for central opacities, and keratoplasty.
Squint
This document summarizes key concepts related to strabismus and eye movement examination. It defines terms like strabismus, visual axis, anatomical axis, orthophoria and describes tests to evaluate eye alignment and movement including:
- Hirschberg test to measure strabismus angle
- Cover-uncover test and alternate cover test to detect heterotropia and heterophoria
- Prism bar cover test for measuring strabismus angle
- Synoptophore for grading binocular vision
- Maddox rod test for detecting horizontal and vertical phorias
- Extraocular muscle actions and innervations are also summarized.
Scleritis
Scleritis and episcleritis affect the layers of the sclera and surrounding tissues. Episcleritis is usually benign and recurrent, occurring as either simple or nodular types. Scleritis can be anterior and non-necrotizing, nodular, or necrotizing. Complications of scleritis include keratitis, uveitis, glaucoma, hypotony, and perforation. Treatment involves topical steroids, NSAIDs, immunosuppressants, or antibiotics depending on the type and cause.
binocular single vision
Binocular single vision refers to simultaneous vision with two eyes that occurs when an individual fixates on an object. There are three grades of binocular vision: simultaneous perception, fusion, and stereopsis. Fusion is the ability to see a composite picture from two similar images, while stereopsis provides the impression of depth by superimposing images from slightly different angles. Tests for binocular vision include those for simultaneous perception, fusion, and stereopsis using instruments like the synaptophore. Binocular vision develops through infancy and childhood as the visual axes become coordinated to direct each fovea at the object of regard.
Vernal keratoconjunctivitis
VKC is a chronic allergic inflammation of the ocular surface that is more common in children under 10 years of age. It involves the conjunctiva and cornea and causes symptoms like itching, redness, watering and sensitivity to light. Signs include thick mucus, transient yellow-white deposits called Horner-Tranta's dots, and large papillae on the conjunctiva that are graded based on their size. Corneal involvement can lead to punctate keratitis, erosions, ulcers and scarring if left untreated. The disease is seasonal in onset but may become perennial over time.
Dry eye: An Overview
Dry eye occurs when there is inadequate tear production or function, resulting in an unstable tear film and ocular surface disorder. It can be caused by conditions that reduce tear production such as Sjogren's syndrome, vitamin A deficiency, Stevens-Johnson syndrome, or medications. Other causes affect the tear film layers, like meibomian gland dysfunction reducing the outer lipid layer. Symptoms include dryness, burning, and blurred vision. Treatment focuses on replacing tears, improving ocular surface health, addressing underlying causes, and escalating care based on severity through the DEWS treatment guidelines.
Diseases of sclera ppt ophthalmology
Sclera is the opaque outer fibrous tunic of the eyeball. Diseases of the sclera include episcleritis, which involves inflammation of the outer episcleral layer, and scleritis, which is a deeper inflammation of the sclera proper. Scleritis can be non-necrotizing or necrotizing, and is often associated with autoimmune disorders. Other scleral conditions include blue sclera seen in certain genetic disorders, and staphylomas which are localized bulgings of a weakened sclera lined by inner ocular layers.
Keratoconus
Keratoconus is a non-inflammatory condition where the cornea progressively thins and changes from a dome shape to a cone shape. It typically develops between ages 8-45. The cornea thins and breaks occur in the Bowman's layer and Descemet's membrane. Diagnosis involves examining for Fleischer's ring, Vogt's striae, and irregular topography. Mild cases are treated with glasses or soft contacts while more severe cases require rigid gas permeable contacts or surgical interventions like intracorneal ring segments, lamellar keratoplasty, or penetrating keratoplasty.
Pterygium
Pterygium is a wing shaped growth of conjunctiva onto the cornea caused by damage to limbal stem cells from ultraviolet radiation. It can be progressive, appearing thick, fleshy and vascular, or regressive, appearing thin and atrophic. Surgical excision is often performed for cosmetic reasons or if vision is impaired. Recurrence is common but can be reduced by mitomycin C application or use of conjunctival autografts including limbal stem cells.
Vitreous
This document provides information on the anatomy and diseases of the vitreous humor. It discusses that the vitreous humor is a jelly-like structure that fills the back of the eye and provides support. Common diseases include vitreous liquefaction, detachment, hemorrhage, and opacities. Vitreous liquefaction is the most common degenerative change and causes floaters. Posterior vitreous detachment often occurs in older individuals and may lead to retinal tears or breaks. Vitreous opacities can result from inflammatory cells, aggregates, tumors or hemorrhages. Vitreous hemorrhage usually stems from retinal vessels and can cause vision loss.
Hypermetropia
Hypermetropia, also known as hyperopia or longsightedness, is a refractive error where the eye focuses images behind the retina rather than directly on it. It can be caused by the eyeball being too short, the cornea being too flat, or changes in the lens with age. Hypermetropia is classified as simple, pathological, or functional. It is usually corrected using convex lenses, contact lenses, or refractive surgery depending on the degree of nearsightedness and any other factors. Early diagnosis and treatment of hypermetropia in children is important to prevent vision problems.
Ectropion
This document discusses eyelid ectropion, including its definition, classification, causes, clinical presentation, evaluation, and surgical treatment options. Eyelid ectropion refers to eversion of the eyelid away from the eye. It is classified as involutional, cicatricial, paralytic, or mechanical. Surgical treatment depends on the type and severity of ectropion, and may include procedures like conjunctival cautery, wedge resections, horizontal lid tightening, and sling or grafting techniques. Potential complications of ectropion surgery include under or overcorrection, recurrence, and eyelid notching or punctal injury. A thorough evaluation is important to plan the appropriate surgical approach for correcting the
Evaluation of squint
- Squint, or strabismus, is a misalignment of the visual axes that leads to loss of binocular single vision. It can be caused by issues in the orbit, eye muscles, motor nerves, or brainstem.
- Strabismus is classified as apparent, latent, or manifest. Manifest strabismus is further divided into concomitant, where the deviation is the same in all gazes, and incomitant, where the deviation varies with gaze.
- Evaluation of strabismus involves assessing history, visual acuity, refractive error, eye alignment tests, and binocular vision. Accurately measuring any refractive errors and prescribing corrections as needed is important for diagnosis and treatment of
Lid diseases ii
Trichiasis is a condition characterized by misdirected eyelashes that rub against the cornea. It can be caused by entropion due to conditions like trachoma or scarring. Symptoms include irritation, pain, and blurred vision. Treatment options include epilation, cryotherapy, or electrolysis to remove misdirected eyelashes. Lagophthalmos is incomplete eye closure that can result from lid paralysis or contraction. It puts the cornea at risk for drying and infection if not treated with lubricants, taping, or tarsorrhaphy surgery. Ptosis refers to drooping of the upper eyelid and can be congenital, neurogenic, myogenic, or involutional in nature. The
Orbital cellulitis
Orbital cellulitis is an infection behind the orbital septum that can spread from adjacent sinuses or bloodstream. It is classified by Chandler into 5 groups based on location and severity. Group 1 is preseptal cellulitis anterior to the septum. Group 2 is orbital cellulitis within the orbit. Group 3 is a subperiosteal abscess between the bone and periosteum. Group 4 is an orbital abscess within orbital contents. Group 5 is cavernous sinus thrombosis spreading bilaterally. Symptoms include eyelid swelling, pain, and vision issues. Imaging helps locate the infection and guide treatment which involves intravenous antibiotics, analgesics, and sometimes surgery.
Mucopurulent Conjuctivitis
This document defines and describes conjunctivitis (inflammation of the conjunctiva). It classifies conjunctivitis as either infective or non-infective. Infective conjunctivitis is further divided into bacterial, viral and chlamydial types. Common causative organisms of bacterial conjunctivitis are listed. Symptoms include redness, discharge, sticking of eyelids. Signs involve mucopus, congestion, papillae. Treatment involves topical antibiotic eye drops as first line, with alternatives if unresponsive. Supportive measures like saline irrigation and avoidance of steroids are also outlined.
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This document provides an overview of central serous chorioretinopathy (CSC), including its pathogenesis, clinical presentation, diagnosis, course and treatment. CSC is characterized by a localized serous retinal detachment in the macula due to leakage of fluid from the choroid. It typically affects men ages 30-50 and can be associated with stress, corticosteroid use, hypertension and type A personality. Diagnosis is usually clinical but can be confirmed with fluorescein angiography showing characteristic leakage patterns or optical coherence tomography identifying subretinal fluid. While most cases resolve spontaneously, laser photocoagulation or photodynamic therapy may be used in persistent or recurrent cases to seal leaking sites and accelerate resolution.
Bacterial keratitis
This document discusses bacterial keratitis, including common pathogens, risk factors, symptoms, signs, investigations, management, and visual rehabilitation. It notes that Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus are common causes. Risk factors include contact lens wear and ocular surface disease. Treatment involves topical antibiotics, with fluoroquinolones or combination therapy used. Steroids may be added after initial antibiotic treatment but are avoided if thinning/perforation occur. Systemic antibiotics are used if systemic involvement is possible. Surgical intervention like patching or keratoplasty may be needed for perforations or dense scarring.
common Conjunctival conditions
1. The document describes various signs of conjunctival diseases including hyperemia, congestion, edema, follicles, papillae, hemorrhages, cicatrization, symblepharon, Bitot's spot, xerosis, keratoconjunctivitis sicca, vascular malformations, drug reactions, cicatricial conditions, granulomas, amyloidosis, lymphomas, and mucus fishing syndrome.
2. Key signs are described such as location, color, size, branching patterns of vessels, and associations with underlying conditions.
3. Histopathological features are provided for some conditions to aid diagnosis. Grading is described for papillae.
Ptosis
This document discusses ptosis, or drooping of the upper eyelid. It defines ptosis as the upper eyelid covering more than 2mm of the cornea. The document describes the different types of ptosis, including congenital, acquired, neurogenic, myogenic, aponeurotic, and mechanical. It also covers examinations for ptosis including measurements of marginal reflex distance, vertical fissure height, upper lid crease, and pretarsal show. The document discusses treatments for ptosis such as the Fasanella-Servat procedure, levator resection, and frontalis brow suspension.
Corneal Opacity
This document provides an overview of evaluating and treating corneal opacity. It discusses classifying opacity based on etiology ("STUMPED" classification), conducting a clinical exam including visual acuity tests and slit lamp examination of location, size, depth and vascularization of opacity. Further workup may include tear film evaluation, pachymetry, ultrasound and anterior segment OCT. Treatment aims to address underlying causes and then restore vision if possible through contact lenses, refractive surgery, or keratoplasty depending on opacity depth and visual potential.
Pterygium and its management
This document discusses pterygium, a non-cancerous growth of fleshy tissue on the eye. It begins by defining pterygium and describing its characteristics and causes. It then discusses risk factors like UV exposure, prevalence based on age, sex and geography. Clinical presentation and staging is explained. Histopathology and recurrence are also covered. Treatment involves surgery like conjunctival autografting along with preventative measures and adjuvants to reduce recurrence. Complications and outcomes of different techniques are compared.
ophthalmology
This document discusses several eye conditions and diseases:
1. Vitreous inflammation with symptoms including eye pain, blurred vision, and retinal hemorrhages.
2. Cataracts cause cloudiness of the lens and their treatment involves surgical removal of the lens.
3. Retinal detachment risks include prior eye surgery or trauma and treatments include laser surgery, cryotherapy, or vitrectomy surgery.
4. Herpetic keratitis is a viral eye infection caused by herpes simplex virus with symptoms of eye pain, light sensitivity, and blurred vision.
18th International conference on OPHTHALMOLOGY AND VISION SCIENCE,April 24-25...
18th International conference on OPHTHALMOLOGY AND VISION SCIENCE,April 24-25...OphthalmologyCongres
18th International Conference on
Ophthalmology and Vision Science
April 24-25, 2023 Amsterdam, Netherlands
Theme- Upgradation and modernization of ophthalmologists via new innovation and Research, which focuses on the most recent innovative improvements and research in the field of OphthalmologyMore Related Content
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Scleritis
Scleritis and episcleritis affect the layers of the sclera and surrounding tissues. Episcleritis is usually benign and recurrent, occurring as either simple or nodular types. Scleritis can be anterior and non-necrotizing, nodular, or necrotizing. Complications of scleritis include keratitis, uveitis, glaucoma, hypotony, and perforation. Treatment involves topical steroids, NSAIDs, immunosuppressants, or antibiotics depending on the type and cause.
binocular single vision
Binocular single vision refers to simultaneous vision with two eyes that occurs when an individual fixates on an object. There are three grades of binocular vision: simultaneous perception, fusion, and stereopsis. Fusion is the ability to see a composite picture from two similar images, while stereopsis provides the impression of depth by superimposing images from slightly different angles. Tests for binocular vision include those for simultaneous perception, fusion, and stereopsis using instruments like the synaptophore. Binocular vision develops through infancy and childhood as the visual axes become coordinated to direct each fovea at the object of regard.
Vernal keratoconjunctivitis
VKC is a chronic allergic inflammation of the ocular surface that is more common in children under 10 years of age. It involves the conjunctiva and cornea and causes symptoms like itching, redness, watering and sensitivity to light. Signs include thick mucus, transient yellow-white deposits called Horner-Tranta's dots, and large papillae on the conjunctiva that are graded based on their size. Corneal involvement can lead to punctate keratitis, erosions, ulcers and scarring if left untreated. The disease is seasonal in onset but may become perennial over time.
Dry eye: An Overview
Dry eye occurs when there is inadequate tear production or function, resulting in an unstable tear film and ocular surface disorder. It can be caused by conditions that reduce tear production such as Sjogren's syndrome, vitamin A deficiency, Stevens-Johnson syndrome, or medications. Other causes affect the tear film layers, like meibomian gland dysfunction reducing the outer lipid layer. Symptoms include dryness, burning, and blurred vision. Treatment focuses on replacing tears, improving ocular surface health, addressing underlying causes, and escalating care based on severity through the DEWS treatment guidelines.
Diseases of sclera ppt ophthalmology
Sclera is the opaque outer fibrous tunic of the eyeball. Diseases of the sclera include episcleritis, which involves inflammation of the outer episcleral layer, and scleritis, which is a deeper inflammation of the sclera proper. Scleritis can be non-necrotizing or necrotizing, and is often associated with autoimmune disorders. Other scleral conditions include blue sclera seen in certain genetic disorders, and staphylomas which are localized bulgings of a weakened sclera lined by inner ocular layers.
Keratoconus
Keratoconus is a non-inflammatory condition where the cornea progressively thins and changes from a dome shape to a cone shape. It typically develops between ages 8-45. The cornea thins and breaks occur in the Bowman's layer and Descemet's membrane. Diagnosis involves examining for Fleischer's ring, Vogt's striae, and irregular topography. Mild cases are treated with glasses or soft contacts while more severe cases require rigid gas permeable contacts or surgical interventions like intracorneal ring segments, lamellar keratoplasty, or penetrating keratoplasty.
Pterygium
Pterygium is a wing shaped growth of conjunctiva onto the cornea caused by damage to limbal stem cells from ultraviolet radiation. It can be progressive, appearing thick, fleshy and vascular, or regressive, appearing thin and atrophic. Surgical excision is often performed for cosmetic reasons or if vision is impaired. Recurrence is common but can be reduced by mitomycin C application or use of conjunctival autografts including limbal stem cells.
Vitreous
This document provides information on the anatomy and diseases of the vitreous humor. It discusses that the vitreous humor is a jelly-like structure that fills the back of the eye and provides support. Common diseases include vitreous liquefaction, detachment, hemorrhage, and opacities. Vitreous liquefaction is the most common degenerative change and causes floaters. Posterior vitreous detachment often occurs in older individuals and may lead to retinal tears or breaks. Vitreous opacities can result from inflammatory cells, aggregates, tumors or hemorrhages. Vitreous hemorrhage usually stems from retinal vessels and can cause vision loss.
Hypermetropia
Hypermetropia, also known as hyperopia or longsightedness, is a refractive error where the eye focuses images behind the retina rather than directly on it. It can be caused by the eyeball being too short, the cornea being too flat, or changes in the lens with age. Hypermetropia is classified as simple, pathological, or functional. It is usually corrected using convex lenses, contact lenses, or refractive surgery depending on the degree of nearsightedness and any other factors. Early diagnosis and treatment of hypermetropia in children is important to prevent vision problems.
Ectropion
This document discusses eyelid ectropion, including its definition, classification, causes, clinical presentation, evaluation, and surgical treatment options. Eyelid ectropion refers to eversion of the eyelid away from the eye. It is classified as involutional, cicatricial, paralytic, or mechanical. Surgical treatment depends on the type and severity of ectropion, and may include procedures like conjunctival cautery, wedge resections, horizontal lid tightening, and sling or grafting techniques. Potential complications of ectropion surgery include under or overcorrection, recurrence, and eyelid notching or punctal injury. A thorough evaluation is important to plan the appropriate surgical approach for correcting the
Evaluation of squint
- Squint, or strabismus, is a misalignment of the visual axes that leads to loss of binocular single vision. It can be caused by issues in the orbit, eye muscles, motor nerves, or brainstem.
- Strabismus is classified as apparent, latent, or manifest. Manifest strabismus is further divided into concomitant, where the deviation is the same in all gazes, and incomitant, where the deviation varies with gaze.
- Evaluation of strabismus involves assessing history, visual acuity, refractive error, eye alignment tests, and binocular vision. Accurately measuring any refractive errors and prescribing corrections as needed is important for diagnosis and treatment of
Lid diseases ii
Trichiasis is a condition characterized by misdirected eyelashes that rub against the cornea. It can be caused by entropion due to conditions like trachoma or scarring. Symptoms include irritation, pain, and blurred vision. Treatment options include epilation, cryotherapy, or electrolysis to remove misdirected eyelashes. Lagophthalmos is incomplete eye closure that can result from lid paralysis or contraction. It puts the cornea at risk for drying and infection if not treated with lubricants, taping, or tarsorrhaphy surgery. Ptosis refers to drooping of the upper eyelid and can be congenital, neurogenic, myogenic, or involutional in nature. The
Orbital cellulitis
Orbital cellulitis is an infection behind the orbital septum that can spread from adjacent sinuses or bloodstream. It is classified by Chandler into 5 groups based on location and severity. Group 1 is preseptal cellulitis anterior to the septum. Group 2 is orbital cellulitis within the orbit. Group 3 is a subperiosteal abscess between the bone and periosteum. Group 4 is an orbital abscess within orbital contents. Group 5 is cavernous sinus thrombosis spreading bilaterally. Symptoms include eyelid swelling, pain, and vision issues. Imaging helps locate the infection and guide treatment which involves intravenous antibiotics, analgesics, and sometimes surgery.
Mucopurulent Conjuctivitis
This document defines and describes conjunctivitis (inflammation of the conjunctiva). It classifies conjunctivitis as either infective or non-infective. Infective conjunctivitis is further divided into bacterial, viral and chlamydial types. Common causative organisms of bacterial conjunctivitis are listed. Symptoms include redness, discharge, sticking of eyelids. Signs involve mucopus, congestion, papillae. Treatment involves topical antibiotic eye drops as first line, with alternatives if unresponsive. Supportive measures like saline irrigation and avoidance of steroids are also outlined.
CENTRAL SEROUS CHORIO RETINOPATHY
This document provides an overview of central serous chorioretinopathy (CSC), including its pathogenesis, clinical presentation, diagnosis, course and treatment. CSC is characterized by a localized serous retinal detachment in the macula due to leakage of fluid from the choroid. It typically affects men ages 30-50 and can be associated with stress, corticosteroid use, hypertension and type A personality. Diagnosis is usually clinical but can be confirmed with fluorescein angiography showing characteristic leakage patterns or optical coherence tomography identifying subretinal fluid. While most cases resolve spontaneously, laser photocoagulation or photodynamic therapy may be used in persistent or recurrent cases to seal leaking sites and accelerate resolution.
Bacterial keratitis
This document discusses bacterial keratitis, including common pathogens, risk factors, symptoms, signs, investigations, management, and visual rehabilitation. It notes that Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus are common causes. Risk factors include contact lens wear and ocular surface disease. Treatment involves topical antibiotics, with fluoroquinolones or combination therapy used. Steroids may be added after initial antibiotic treatment but are avoided if thinning/perforation occur. Systemic antibiotics are used if systemic involvement is possible. Surgical intervention like patching or keratoplasty may be needed for perforations or dense scarring.
common Conjunctival conditions
1. The document describes various signs of conjunctival diseases including hyperemia, congestion, edema, follicles, papillae, hemorrhages, cicatrization, symblepharon, Bitot's spot, xerosis, keratoconjunctivitis sicca, vascular malformations, drug reactions, cicatricial conditions, granulomas, amyloidosis, lymphomas, and mucus fishing syndrome.
2. Key signs are described such as location, color, size, branching patterns of vessels, and associations with underlying conditions.
3. Histopathological features are provided for some conditions to aid diagnosis. Grading is described for papillae.
Ptosis
This document discusses ptosis, or drooping of the upper eyelid. It defines ptosis as the upper eyelid covering more than 2mm of the cornea. The document describes the different types of ptosis, including congenital, acquired, neurogenic, myogenic, aponeurotic, and mechanical. It also covers examinations for ptosis including measurements of marginal reflex distance, vertical fissure height, upper lid crease, and pretarsal show. The document discusses treatments for ptosis such as the Fasanella-Servat procedure, levator resection, and frontalis brow suspension.
Corneal Opacity
This document provides an overview of evaluating and treating corneal opacity. It discusses classifying opacity based on etiology ("STUMPED" classification), conducting a clinical exam including visual acuity tests and slit lamp examination of location, size, depth and vascularization of opacity. Further workup may include tear film evaluation, pachymetry, ultrasound and anterior segment OCT. Treatment aims to address underlying causes and then restore vision if possible through contact lenses, refractive surgery, or keratoplasty depending on opacity depth and visual potential.
Pterygium and its management
This document discusses pterygium, a non-cancerous growth of fleshy tissue on the eye. It begins by defining pterygium and describing its characteristics and causes. It then discusses risk factors like UV exposure, prevalence based on age, sex and geography. Clinical presentation and staging is explained. Histopathology and recurrence are also covered. Treatment involves surgery like conjunctival autografting along with preventative measures and adjuvants to reduce recurrence. Complications and outcomes of different techniques are compared.
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Similar to Eyelid surgery: What is chemosis and how to treat it
ophthalmology
This document discusses several eye conditions and diseases:
1. Vitreous inflammation with symptoms including eye pain, blurred vision, and retinal hemorrhages.
2. Cataracts cause cloudiness of the lens and their treatment involves surgical removal of the lens.
3. Retinal detachment risks include prior eye surgery or trauma and treatments include laser surgery, cryotherapy, or vitrectomy surgery.
4. Herpetic keratitis is a viral eye infection caused by herpes simplex virus with symptoms of eye pain, light sensitivity, and blurred vision.
18th International conference on OPHTHALMOLOGY AND VISION SCIENCE,April 24-25...
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18th International Conference on
Ophthalmology and Vision Science
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This patient presented with chemical injury to the right eye after being hit with a scraper. The initial treatment of checking the pH and irrigating with 1L saline was not sufficient as chemical injuries require prolonged irrigation. The eye also was not checked for foreign bodies. Going forward, the eye requires patching, antibiotic drops, and monitoring in the hospital for complications like increased pressure or additional bleeding. Long term risks include scarring, glaucoma, and potential retinal detachment.
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This presentation focus on Top 10 Eye Related Problems which are commonly ignored. These problems in log term evolves into a major eye issue.
Opthalmology, the red eyes & more on the red eyes
This document provides information about various causes of red eyes, including symptoms, signs, and treatment for each condition. It discusses infective conjunctivitis, corneal ulcer/keratitis, uveitis, acute angle-closure glaucoma, allergic conjunctivitis, subconjunctival haemorrhage, episcleritis, scleritis, blepharitis/meibomianitis, orbital cellulitis, herpes simplex infection of the eyelids, and pterygium. For each condition, it outlines the characteristic red eye symptoms, signs visible to the doctor, and typical treatment approaches. The document is intended to educate students on the different reasons a person may experience red eyes and
What To Do If Tiny Bumps Form After Eyelid Surgery
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Cataracts
Extracapsular cataract surgery involves removing the clouded lens and surrounding capsule from the eye. The most common method is phacoemulsification, which uses ultrasound to break up the lens for removal through a small incision. After removal of the cataract, an intraocular lens implant is typically placed. Surgery is usually quick and has a high success rate in improving vision, but risks include infection, swelling, bleeding or complications that may require further treatment.
Therapeutic contact lens
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Corneal injury
The cornea is the clear outer layer of the eye that focuses light. Corneal injury or abrasion occurs when the cornea's surface is damaged. Common causes include chemical burns, contact lens overuse, dust, and scratches. Symptoms include eye pain and sensitivity to light. Treatment involves antibiotic eye drops to prevent infection along with pain medication. Patching the eye is not recommended as it does not improve healing and can increase pain. Close follow up is needed to monitor for complications like infection or ulcer.
Latest Treatment for Dry Eye Syndrome.pdf
Dry Eyes Syndrome
The latest treatment for dry eye syndrome, In recent times, the use of screens has become a necessity on a daily basis whether it is related to work or entertainment.
The extended periods of screen usage may lead you to dry eye syndrome. Although the dry eye syndrome can be prevented at an early stage when detected well on time.
There are some inborn causes of the dry eye syndrome for example association with Sjogren syndrome, which is an autoimmune disease, or it can occur as a separate entity such as dry eyes in people exposed to certain environmental factors such as low humidity, increased screen time, poor blinking habits, etc
What are the other terms used for dry eyes
The other terms used for dry eyes are dry eye disease and dry eye syndrome or DES/DED
What are the Causes of Dry Eyes
The normal blinking rate of your eye is reduced during extensive concentration or constantly staring at the screen. The contact between the eye surface and the air is also increased. This causes disruption in the normal tear production and its stay in the eye.
The meibomian glands in the eyelids produce mucin, a part of the tear film, due to infrequent blinking the squeezing time is reduced and can lead to tear film disruption.
This implies that the normal blink rate should be maintained all the time.
What are the Symptoms of Dry Eyes
Dry eye may present as a stinging or burning sensation, excessive watering, sandy or gritty sensation, blurred vision redness, and sensation of dryness in the eyes.
Layers of Tear Film
The normal tear film is composed of three layers. The outer lipid layer is secreted by meibomian glands. It plays a main role in preventing the evaporation of the aqueous layer.
The middle aqueous layer is secreted by the lacrimal gland.
Its function is to provide oxygen to the cornea, wash out debris, and have antibacterial activity. The inner mucous layer, secreted by goblet cells maintains the overall lubrication in order to maintain lipid and aqueous layers.
What are the Factor Involved in Effective Tear film
Three factors are involved in the effective spread of tear film.
Normal blink reflex
Contact between eye surface and eyelids
Normal corneal epithelium
The normal blink rate ensures regular and even spread of the tear film on the surface of the eye. The normal contact between the eye surface and eyelids is disrupted in conditions like facial palsy, bell’s palsy, ectropion, entropion, thyroid eye disease, etc.
These diseases should be treated well on time in order to avoid further damage. Any abrasion or corneal ulcer may lead to an uneven surface of the cornea, this will reduce the even spread of the tear film.
Normal Blinking
The spontaneous or involuntary blink rate is 12 times per minute with an amplitude of 9.5 mm and a duration of 0.3s.
What are the Steps to Avoid Dry Eye
Keep the screen at the appropriate distance of about12 inches in length.
Make the fonts of the writing bigger and bold.
Reduce the bright
eyes in general practice
This document provides guidance on examining patients presenting with eye issues in primary care. It outlines key aspects of history to obtain including symptoms, onset, associated symptoms, medical history, and family history. Examination tips are provided for visual acuity, pupils, eye movements, ophthalmoscopy, and various eye tests. Common eye conditions are described along with clinical classifications. Guidance is given on conditions requiring referral versus initial treatment in primary care.
Vitreomacular Traction Treatment, Causes, and Symptoms.pdf
Vitreomacular Traction Treatment, Causes, and Symptoms.pdfPrivate Practice of Mr Mahi Muqit PhD FRCOphth
Vitreomacular traction is when the vitreous doesn't successfully detach from the retina, which is part of the normal aging process. Some factors can increase your risk of developing this eye condition, such as age-related macular degeneration, which is common with aging and is when your macula starts to deteriorate. Epiphora
Epiphora, or watery eyes, is caused by a disruption in the balance between tear production and drainage. It is a common complaint that can develop at any age but is more frequent in babies under 1 and adults over 60. The causes include abnormalities that increase tearing or decrease drainage. Diagnosis involves examining for eyelid issues, dry eye, and conducting tests like syringing and probing. Treatment depends on the underlying causes but may include lid hygiene, artificial tears, lacrimal sac massage, punctal plugs, and surgery to repair drainage issues. Management involves a holistic approach targeting contributing factors and appropriate referral for surgical cases.
Yamout Artificial eye
Psychologic support is crucial when announcing a retinoblastoma diagnosis to parents, as it produces extreme feelings of guilt, stress, and fear. Accepting the disease and grieving the loss of the "perfect child" is essential for the child's development. An artificial eye can help rebuild the child's self-image and the image they project to others. A custom prosthetic eye is fabricated using an impression of the eye socket to create the illusion of a healthy eye. Possible reasons for needing an artificial eye include enucleation, trauma, infection, or tumor.
Epidemiology & Community Optometry-4,5,6,7 copy.pptx
This document summarizes a lecture on prevention strategies for corneal and external eye diseases. The lecture covers topics such as acanthamoeba keratitis, conjunctivitis, corneal dystrophies, dry eye, herpes keratitis, and various treatments including eyedrops, ointments, and surgeries. It also includes an introduction to health economics, discussing what health economics is, what health economists do, and different types of economic evaluations like cost-minimization analysis, cost-effectiveness analysis, and cost-utility analysis.
disorders of eyelids
This document discusses various types of eyelid disorders including blepharitis, ectropion, entropion, and ptosis.
[1] Blepharitis is inflammation of the eyelid that can be anterior (affecting the area around eyelashes) or posterior (affecting meibomian glands). Anterior blepharitis can be squamous, seborrheic, or ulcerative. Posterior blepharitis is called meibomitis. Treatment involves removing scales, applying antibiotic/steroid ointment, and sometimes oral antibiotics.
[2] Ectropion is outward turning of the eyelid that can be congenital, involutional, paraly
Info thyroid
Thyroid eye disease is caused by hyperthyroidism, which leads to swelling of soft tissues around the eyes. Common symptoms include protruding eyes, eyelid retraction, and double vision. Treatment depends on severity but may include lubricants, anti-inflammatory drugs, radiation, or surgery to decompress pressure in the eye socket or correct eyelid and muscle positions. Surgery is generally performed by ophthalmic plastic surgeons and aims to improve eye function, comfort, and appearance.
Blepharitis
blepharitis is an eye disorder , this is divided into two types. one anterior blepharitis another is posterior blepharitis .this caused by other organisms like staphylococcus and dryness of the eyes, avoid touching of the eye .advice to take the medication as prescribed by the doctor.
Posterior Vitreous Detachment Treatment.pptx
Vitreous Detachment
The eye is a very complex functional and anatomic organ. The retina is a thin, delicate and transparent sheet of tissue that lines the inside of the back of the eye. Directly in front of the retina is also a cavity that contains a gel called vitreous. The structure responsible for the bulk and shape of our eye is Vitreous part. It is a jelly-like body that fills the posterior chamber of the eye, giving the eyeball its round shape and keeping the retina in place against the back of the eye.
It is made up of millions of tiny collagen fibrils along with ground substance mucopolysaccharides such as hyaluronic acid, which form a gel. The vitreous is mostly water, which makes up 98% of it. The collagen strands connect to the superficial layers of the retina especially around the macula, the retinal vessels or sites at the retinal periphery.
Posterior vitreous detachment (PVD), also known as hyaloid detachment, occurs when the retinal layer and vitreous body/posterior hyaloid membrane dissociate, with an intervening fluid collection forming in the subhyaloid space. It is thought to be a common consequence of aging, occurring in more than 70% of the population over the age of 60
Who is at risk of posterior vitreous detachment?
The risk factors for vitreous detachment include:
Older age.
Nearsightedness.
Past eye trauma.
Prior Cataract Surgery.
Vitreous detachment in one eye.
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Eyelid surgery: What is chemosis and how to treat it
- 1. Eyelid Surgery: What is Chemosis and how to treat it
- 2. 1. What is chemosis?
- 3. It’s the jelly like swelling (edema) of the conjunctiva that lines the inner part of the eyelid. Most of the time, chemosis appears on a small area on the outer corner of the sclera (the white part of the eye).
- 4. As a result of dry eye following surgery, the conjunctiva becomes irritated and swells. This increases exposure of the conjunctiva as it can billow out of the eyelid like jelly.
- 5. Often the area swells so much that you can’t close the eye properly. This can cause tearing, however the real underlying problem is dryness and irritation of the eyes.
- 6. When can chemosis occur?
- 7. It can happen with any surgery around the eyes.
- 8. Surgical procedures can disrupt the lymphatic drainage of the eyelids, not allowing the fluid to drain properly. If enough of the channels are blocked following surgery, the fluid will drain very slowly and the chemosis will persist.
- 9. Chemosis develops most commonly in about 5-10% of patients who’ve had lower blepharoplasty. If only the upper lids have been operated on, it’s very rare for it to occur.
- 10. If additional procedures have been performed then chemosis may be more common. Procedures can include: • Canthopexy: tightening of the corners of the eyelids • Canthoplasty: tightening of the lower eyelid • Midface lift
- 11. Another possible cause of chemosis may be an allergy to the eye drops or lubricant used after surgery. Pre-existing problems with dry eye can also contribute to the problem.
- 12. How long does chemosis last?
- 13. Mild chemosis after blepharoplasty will settle down, but sometimes it can take several months.
- 14. How to treat chemosis
- 15. The simplest approach to resolving chemosis due to dry eye is aggressive dry eye management.
- 16. Artificial tears should be used at least every hour throughout the day.
- 17. It should be ensured that the eyes are closing fully at night and the affected eye should be covered with a bland ophthalmic ointment.
- 18. If the eye is not fully closing, it should be covered with an eye patch for compression or with plastic wrap to keep it moist.
- 19. Additional measures may be needed such as steroid drops or oral steroids. Antibiotics are useful if there has been any damage to the surface of the eye, in order to prevent infection from occurring.
- 20. In particularly difficult cases, sometimes the eyelid (in order to heal) needs to be temporarily closed using a tarsorrhaphy stitch, alternatively surgical revision may be required.
- 21. Your plastic surgeon should be your first contact. Let your them decide if a consultation with an ophthalmologist may be warranted to rule out other problems.
- 22. If you have any unanswered questions on chemosis or eyelid surgery, but are not yet ready to commit to a one on one consultation, I invite you to attend a free information evening with me. Click on the button below to learn more and reserve your seat.
- 23. Dr Naveen Somia MBBS, PhD, FRACS +61 2 9387 2110 www.naveensomia.com.au Visit my blog www.naveensomia.com.au/myblog Follow me