The document provides an overview of key concepts related to light and vision. It includes lessons on what light is, how light interacts with matter, using lenses, and the anatomy and function of the human eye. Specifically, it defines key terms like wavelength, frequency, medium, electromagnetic spectrum. It describes how light can be absorbed, transmitted, scattered, and refracted when interacting with matter. It also explains lens concepts such as focal point, focal length, and how lenses are used in optical instruments like cameras, telescopes, and microscopes. Finally, it outlines the major parts of the eye including the cornea, iris, pupil, lens, and retina and how they work together to form images.

1. Chapter Menu
Lesson 1: What is light?
Lesson 2: Light and Matter
Lesson 3: Using Lenses
Lesson 4: The Eye and Vision
Click on a hyperlink to view the corresponding lesson.

2. wavelength
frequency
medium
electromagnetic spectrum
11.1 What is light?

3. Light Transfers Energy
• Similar to water waves, light waves also
carry energy from place to place.
11.1 What is light?

4. Parts of a Wave
• The distance between
any two crests of any
two troughs is the
wavelength.
11.1 What is light?

5. Frequency and Wavelength
• The frequency of a
wave is the number of
wavelengths that pass a
given point in one
second.
11.1 What is light?
• As the frequency of a
wave increases,
wavelength decreases.

6. Electromagnetic Waves
• The substance through which a wave moves
is called the medium.
11.1 What is light?
• Light is an
electromagnetic
wave, which is a
type of wave that
can travel in
empty space as
well as in matter.

7. A Range of Wavelengths
• The electromagnetic spectrum includes all
electromagnetic waves.
11.1 What is light?
• It is arranged in order, from those with the
longest wavelengths to those with the
shortest wavelengths.
• Frequency increases as wavelength
decreases, and is arranged in order of
increasing frequency.

8. Visible Light
• The visible light spectrum is the range of
electromagnetic waves human eyes can
detect.
11.1 What is light?
• Visible light wavelengths are measured in
nanometers (nm).
• The wavelengths range from 700 nm to
400 nm.

9. 11.1 What is light?

10. What is the amplitude of a wave?
A distance from crest
to crest
B distance from crest
to trough
C distance from crest
to resting position
D wavelength x frequency
11.1 What is light?
A
B
C
D
0% 0%0%0%
1. A
2. B
3. C
4. D

11. What is a wavelength?
A the distance from
crest to trough
B the distance from crest
to the rest position
C the distance from
crest to crest
D the opposite
of frequency
11.1 What is light?
A
B
C
D
0% 0%0%0%
1. A
2. B
3. C
4. D

12. What is the term for the substance
through which a wave moves?
A medium
B substrate
C water
D vacuum
11.1 What is light?
A
B
C
D
0% 0%0%0%
1. A
2. B
3. C
4. D

13. End of lesson

14. absorption
transmission
scattering
refraction
law of reflection
11.2 Light and Matter

15. The Interaction of Light and Matter
• All electromagnetic waves, including light,
transfer energy from one place to another.
• When light rays hit matter, they can be
absorbed, reflected, or pass through the
matter.
11.2 Light and Matter

16. Absorption of Light
• The transfer of energy
can cause the
temperature of the
material to increase.
• Absorption occurs when light rays hit a
material, and some of the rays’ energy is
transferred to the atoms in the material.
11.2 Light and Matter

17. Transmission of Light
• Whether the light
waves are transmitted
or absorbed depends
on the wavelength of
the light waves.
• Transmission occurs when light waves
strike a material and pass through it, such
as with glass.
11.2 Light and Matter

18. Scattering of Light
• Scattering occurs
when a material
causes light waves
traveling in one
direction to travel in
all directions.
11.2 Light and Matter

19. Opaque, Transparent, and
Translucent Materials
11.2 Light and Matter
• The three candleholders are made of
different materials that absorb, transmit,
and scatter light in different ways.

20. The Speed of Light in
Different Materials
11.2 Light and Matter
• No object or wave can
move faster than the
speed of light in empty
space.
• When light waves
travel in matter, they
move more slowly.

21. Refraction
• Refraction occurs when a light ray
changes direction when it moves from one
material to another.
11.2 Light and Matter

22. Refraction and Speed Changes
• Light waves
change direction—
refract—when they
change speed
moving from one
medium to another.
11.2 Light and Matter
Bending Light

23. The Visible Spectrum
• White light is a combination of all light waves
in the visible light spectrum.
11.2 Light and Matter
• Almost any color of
light can be made
by mixing the three
primary colors—red,
green, and blue—in
different amounts.

24. Reflection
• According to the law of reflection, when a
light ray is reflected from a surface, the angle
of incidence equals the angle of reflection.
11.2 Light and Matter

25. Regular and Diffuse Reflection
• Light ray reflected from an uneven surface
hits a spot in the surface that is at a slightly
different angle, causing the rays to go in
many different directions.
• Diffuse reflection is the reflection of light rays
from a rough surface.
11.2 Light and Matter

26. Regular and Diffuse Reflection (cont.)
• The smooth surface of a mirror reflects
parallel light rays so that they remain
parallel.
• This is called regular reflection.
11.2 Light and Matter

27. Reflection and Color
• As white light strikes and
object, some of the light is
absorbed and some is
reflected.
• The reflected light enters
your eyes and causes you
to see the object.
11.2 Light and Matter
Color

28. What is the term for the process of
transferring light energy to the
molecules in a material?
A transmission
B absorption
C scattering
D refraction
11.2 Light and Matter
A
B
C
D
0% 0%0%0%
1. A
2. B
3. C
4. D

29. Which of the following does light
travel fastest through?
A transparent objects
B empty space
C air
D water
11.2 Light and Matter
A
B
C
D
0% 0%0%0%
1. A
2. B
3. C
4. D

30. Why does an object appear to be blue?
A it absorbs the blue
wavelength
B it scatters the blue
wavelength
C it reflects all the other
colors except blue
D it absorbs all the
wavelengths except blue
11.2 Light and Matter
A
B
C
D
0% 0%0%0%
1. A
2. B
3. C
4. D

31. End of lesson

32. 11.3 Using Lenses
lens
convex lens
focal point
focal length

33. What is a convex lens?
• A lens is a transparent object with at least
one curved side that causes light waves to
bend.
• A convex lens is a lens that bulges
outward.
11.3 Using Lenses
– Convex lens: parallel light rays are bent
so they come together, or converge
– Concave lens: parallel light rays spread
apart, or diverge

34. What is a convex lens? (cont.)
• A concave lens is thinner in the middle than
at the edges.
11.3 Using Lenses

35. Light’s Path Through a Convex Lens
• A light ray bends when it slows down
moving from air into the lens.
• The light ray bends again when it speeds
up moving from the lens back into the air.
11.3 Using Lenses

36. Focal Point and Focal Length
• The focal point is the point where all of the
beams of light converge.
• In a convex lens, all light rays traveling
parallel to the optical axis are bent so that
they pass through the focal point.
11.3 Using Lenses

37. Focal Point and Focal Length (cont.)
• The focal length is the distance from the
center of the lens to the focal points.
11.3 Using Lenses

38. Image Formation by a Convex Lens
• The image formed by a convex lens depends
on the position of an object relative to the
focal point.
11.3 Using Lenses

39. Optical Instruments
• An optical instrument uses lenses to focus
light and create useful images.
11.3 Using Lenses
• Different optical instruments do this by
combining lenses in various ways.
• Types of optical instruments
– Cameras
– Telescopes
– Microscopes

40. Cameras
• A camera is focused by moving various
lenses back and forth until a sharp image
is formed.
11.3 Using Lenses
• The image is smaller than the object and is
upside down.
• To take a picture, the shutter opens so that
light enters the camera, and film or an
electronic sensor is exposed.

41. Cameras (cont.)
• To control the amount of light that
reaches the film or light sensor, cameras
have a diaphragm or an aperture.
11.3 Using Lenses

42. Telescopes
• As an object gets farther away, less of the
light from the object enters the openings in
your eyes.
11.3 Using Lenses
• A telescope is an optical instrument that
makes far-away objects seem closer.
• There are two basic types of telescopes—
refracting and reflecting.

43. Refracting Telescopes
• The objective lens in a refracting
telescope is much larger than the
opening in a human eye.
11.3 Using Lenses
• Much more light
from a distant
object enters the
objective lens
than would enter
an eye.

44. Reflecting Telescopes
• An image of a distant object is formed
inside the telescope tube when light
rays are reflected from the curved
surface of a mirror.
11.3 Using Lenses
• The largest
telescopes are
reflecting
telescopes.

45. Microscopes
• The eyepiece lens of a
microscope is positioned
so it is closer to the image
than one focal length.
11.3 Using Lenses
• This makes the image
enlarged by the objective
lens even larger.

46. Where do all the beams of light
passing through a convex lens
converge?
A focal point
B optical axis
C two focal lengths
from the lens
D in the center of
the lens
11.3 Using Lenses
A
B
C
D
0% 0%0%0%
1. A
2. B
3. C
4. D

47. What happens to light when it moves
from air into a convex lens?
A it is reflected
B it is scattered
C it slows down
D it speeds up
11.3 Using Lenses
A
B
C
D
0% 0%0%0%
1. A
2. B
3. C
4. D

48. Which uses a curved mirror to form
an image that is magnified by an
eyepiece lens?
A refracting telescope
B reflecting telescope
C camera
D microscope
11.3 Using Lenses
A
B
C
D
0% 0%0%0%
1. A
2. B
3. C
4. D

49. End of lesson

50. 11.4 The Eye and Vision
cornea
pupil
iris
retina
pigment

51. How the Eye Forms an Image
• As light enters your
eye, lenses in your
eye focus light to
produce an image on
the back of your eye.
• Special cells at the
back of the eye
convert the image into
electrical signals that
travel to your brain.
11.4 The Eye and Vision

52. Cornea
• Light enters your eye through the cornea,
which is a clear area of the sclera—the
outer layer of the eye.
11.4 The Eye and Vision
The Eye

53. 11.4 The Eye and Vision
Parts of the Eye

54. Iris
• The pupil is the dark opening into the
interior of your eye.
11.4 The Eye and Vision
• The pupil is surrounded by the iris—the
colored part of your eye behind the cornea.

55. Lens
• The lens of your eye is convex and
flexible.
11.4 The Eye and Vision
• The ciliary muscles attached to the lens
change its shape depending on the distance
of the object being looked at.

56. Retina
• The retina is a sheet of light-sensitive
cells in the back of the eye.
11.4 The Eye and Vision
• Rod cells respond to dim light and cone
cells enable you to see colors.

57. Seeing Color
• The response of cone cells to different
wavelengths of light cause you to see
objects as having color.
11.4 The Eye and Vision
• Three types of cone cells:
– One responds to the wavelengths of red and
yellow light, causing you to see red.
– One responds to yellow and green light, causing
you to see green.
– One responds to blue and violet light, causing
you to see blue.

58. Pigment Colors
• A pigment is a material used to change
the color of other materials or objects.
• The color of a pigment depends on the
wavelengths of the light it reflects.
11.4 The Eye and Vision

59. Pigment Colors (cont.)
11.4 The Eye and Vision
Reflecting Light

60. Color Printing
• The pictures in magazines are formed
by many tiny dots of color.
• Usually, the primary colors of pigments, as
well as black, are used.
11.4 The Eye and Vision

61. Common Vision Problems
• Color deficiency: either lack red or green
cones, or the cones do not function
correctly
11.4 The Eye and Vision

62. Common Vision Problems (cont.)
• Nearsightedness: cannot see faraway
objects clearly
11.4 The Eye and Vision

63. Common Vision Problems (cont.)
• Farsightedness: cannot see nearby
objects clearly
11.4 The Eye and Vision
How are lenses used to correct vision?

64. What controls the amount of light
that enters your eye?
A ciliary muscles
B cornea
C sclera
D iris
11.4 The Eye and Vision
A
B
C
D
0% 0%0%0%
1. A
2. B
3. C
4. D

65. What part of the eye enables you to
see colors?
A pupil
B rod cells
C cone cells
D optic nerve
11.4 The Eye and Vision
A
B
C
D
0% 0%0%0%
1. A
2. B
3. C
4. D

66. Which describes a nearsighted eye?
A it is missing some cone
cells or the cones don’t
function properly
B the eyeball is too short
for the lens to form a
clear image
C the rods at the back of
the eye do not function
properly
D the eyeball is too long for
the lens to form a clear image
11.4 The Eye and Vision
A
B
C
D
0% 0%0%0%
1. A
2. B
3. C
4. D

67. End of lesson – next slide is the chapter assessment

68. What is the wavelength range of
visible light?
A 700–400 nm
B 200–600 nm
C 300–900 nm
D 800–300 nm
A
B
C
D
0% 0%0%0%
1. A
2. B
3. C
4. D

69. What occurs when light waves strike
a material and pass through it?
A reflection
B absorption
C transmission
D scattering
A
B
C
D
0% 0%0%0%
1. A
2. B
3. C
4. D

70. Which is true according to the law of
reflection?
A if light is not refracted, it
is reflected
B parallel rays of light
remain parallel when they
are reflected
C the angle of incidence
equals the angle of
reflection
D the angle of reflection is
twice the angle of incidenceA
B
C
D
0% 0%0%0%
1. A
2. B
3. C
4. D

71. Which describes the image formed by an
object more than two focal lengths from a
convex lens?
A upside down and larger
than the object
B upside down and smaller
than the object
C right side up and smaller
than the object
D right side up and larger
than the object
A
B
C
D
0% 0%0%0%
1. A
2. B
3. C
4. D

72. Which part of the eye contains light-
sensitive rods and cones?
A sclera
B cornea
C optic nerve
D retina
A
B
C
D
0% 0%0%0%
1. A
2. B
3. C
4. D

73. What property of a wave increases
as wavelength decreases?
A crest
B trough
C frequency
D amplitude
SCI 6.a
A
B
C
D
0% 0%0%0%
1. A
2. B
3. C
4. D

74. In which order does light pass
through the parts of the eye?
A lens, retina, pupil
B lens, pupil, retina
C retina, lens, pupil
D pupil, lens, retina
SCI 6.b
A
B
C
D
0% 0%0%0%
1. A
2. B
3. C
4. D

75. Which light waves are refracted the
least after passing through a prism?
A red
B violet
C yellow
D blue
SCI 6.c
A
B
C
D
0% 0%0%0%
1. A
2. B
3. C
4. D

76. What occurs when you look at an
object at the bottom of a pool of
water?
A reflection
B refraction
C absorption
D scattering
SCI 6.f
A
B
C
D
0% 0%0%0%
1. A
2. B
3. C
4. D

77. What type of lens is present in both
your eye and a microscope?
A objective
B eyepiece
C convex
D concave
SCI 6.d
A
B
C
D
0% 0%0%0%
1. A
2. B
3. C
4. D