Ayesha watches as her mother makes puris, flatbread, that initially sink in the hot oil but then float once puffed up. Ayesha rolls dough into a ball and puts it in a bowl of water, where it sinks. She later drops soap in water, which floats. The document then discusses factors that affect whether objects float or sink in water, such as density and temperature, as well as Archimedes' principle of buoyancy. It provides examples of ice floating and lemons floating in salty versus fresh water.

2. What floats – what sinks?
Ayesha was waiting for dinner. Today Ammi was making her
favourite food – puri and spicy potatoes. Ayesha watched as her
mother rolled out the puri and put it in the hot oil. She saw that at
first the puri sank to the bottom of the pan.

3. As it puffed up, the puri came up and started floating on the oil. One
puri did not puff up and did not float like the others. On seeing this,
Ayesha took some dough and rolled it into a ball. She flattened it and
put it in a bowl of water. Alas! it sank to the bottom and stayed
there.

4. In the evening Ayesha went for a bath. She had just come out when
her mother called, “Ayesha, you have dropped the soap in the water
again. Take it out and put it in the soap case.” Ayesha was in a hurry
and the soap case fell out of her hands. It started floating on water.
Ayesha gently put the soap in the soap case. She saw that the case
continued to float, even with the soap in it. A wooden boat in water
will float. But a needle will sink! Why does this happen?

5. Water density:
Water is an odourless, tasteless, transparent, and colourless chemical
substance, which is the main constituent of this planet’s lakes,
oceans, streams, and the fluids of most living organisms. Density is
the mass per unit volume of a substance.

6. Density of Water?
The density of a material is defined as its mass per unit volume. It’s
a measurement of how tightly matter is packed together. The density
of a substance can be explained as the relationship between the mass
of the substance and volume it takes up.

7. Water density changes with temperature and salinity. Density is
measured as mass (g) per unit of volume (cm³). Water is densest at
3.98°C and is least dense at 0°C (freezing point).

8. Factors Affecting Water Density
There are several factors which can affect the density of a substance.
Some factors which affect the density of water is given in the points
below. The density of water is around approximately 1 gram/ cubic
centimetre (1 g/cm3).

9. It is temperature-dependent, but this relation is said to be non-
linear and also it is unimodal in nature rather than monotonic.
When it is cooled from the room temperature, the liquid water tends
to become increasingly dense, as with another kind of substances,
but approximately at about 4°C, pure water is said to reach its
maximum density.

10. As it gets cooled further, it tends to expand and becomes less dense.
This kind of unusual negative thermal expansion is related to strong,
intermolecular forces, orientation-dependent, or interactions and it
is observed in the form of molten silica.

11. Density Vs Temperature
Water does not have an absolute density as its density varies with
temperature. It has a higher density in the liquid state than the solid.
Check the Density Vs Temperature graph given below to understand
how density changes with temperature.

12. Archimedes' Principle
Archimedes' principle indicates that the upward buoyant force that
is exerted on a body immersed in a fluid, whether fully or partially
submerged, is equal to the weight of the fluid that the body displaces.
Because the reason that a ship floats is that it displaces a lot of
water. The displaced water wants to return to it's original location,
where the ship is now, and this pushes the ship upwards. The force
which pushes the ship up is called the buoyancy force.

13. Archimedes continued to do more experiments and came up with a
buoyancy principle, that a ship will float when the weight of the
water it displaces equals the weight of the ship and anything will
float if it is shaped to displace its own weight of water before it
reaches the point where it will submerge.

14. This is kind of a technical way of looking at it. A ship that is
launched sinks into the sea until the weight of the water it displaces
is equal to its own weight. As the ship is loaded, it sinks deeper,
displacing more water, and so the magnitude of the buoyant force
continuously matches the weight of the ship and its cargo.

15. But a needle, light as a leaf, thin as a pin, will sink right in! Why
does this happen? The density of nail (as of iron) is much larger than
the water. So it sinks easily. The weight of the water displaced by the
ship is equal to its weight, so it floats. Whereas the weight of the
water displaced by the iron nail is less than its weight so the iron nail
sinks

16. Why does ice float in water?
Each water molecule is made up of two hydrogen (H) atoms and one
oxygen (O) atom. The bonds between water molecules are called
hydrogen bonds. As water cools to 3.98°C, its mass stays the same
but volume decreases – the same mass fits into a smaller space so it is
more compact.

17. When water freezes at 0°C, the mass stays the same but its volume
expands by 9 percent. In liquid water, molecules are attracted to
each other and temporarily held together by hydrogen bonds.

18. When water freezes at 0°C, a rigid open lattice (like a web) of
hydrogen-bonded molecules is formed. It is this open structure that
makes ice less dense than liquid water. This is why icebergs float.

19. Why does a lemon float in salty water?
When salt is dissolved in water, as it is in ocean water, that dissolved
salt adds to the mass of the water and makes the water denser than it
would be without salt. Because objects float better on a dense
surface, they float better on salt water than fresh water.

20. Why do things float in salty water?
The fact that seawater has salt dissolved in it makes things more able
to float in it. The salt in seawater causes it to weigh more per unit
volume than freshwater. The higher weight causes saltwater to have
a higher density, as density is directly related to the mass of the
substance.

21. Things dissolve in water:
Some materials seem to disappear when added to water. We say they
have dissolved. They are still there, but the particles are so small you
can no longer see them. There are some materials that do not
dissolve in water.

22. A soluble substance is one that dissolves in a liquid, usually water. It
might look like it's simply disappeared, but in fact, it's still there -
it's just mixed in to form a liquid called a 'solution'.

23. The solid that dissolves is called the 'solute'. The liquid that dissolves
the solute is called the 'solvent'. An insoluble substance is a solid that
doesn't dissolve, even if you warm up the water. Things like salt,
sugar and coffee dissolve in water. They are soluble. They usually
dissolve faster and better in warm or hot water.

24. Pepper and sand are insoluble, they will not dissolve even in hot
water. Substances that do not dissolve in water are called insoluble.
Sand and flour are examples of insoluble substances.

25. Dead Sea
All oceans and seas have salty water. The saltiest of all is the Dead
Sea. How salty? Imagine 300 grams of salt in one litre of water!
Would you be able to even taste such salty water? It would be very
bitter. Interestingly, even if a person does not know how to swim,
she would not drown in this sea. She will float in water, as if lying
down on it! Remember the lemon you floated in salty water?

26. Dandi March
This incident took place in 1930, before India became independent.
For many years the British had made a law that did not allow people
to make salt themselves.

27. They had also put a heavy tax on salt. By this law people could not
make salt even for use at home. “How can anybody live without
salt?” Gandhiji said, “How can a law not allow us to use freely what
nature has given!” Gandhiji, with several other people, went on a
yatra (long walk) from Ahmedabad to the Dandi seashore in
Gujarat, to protest against this law.

28. Do you know how salt is made? The sea water is collected in shallow
beds dug in the sand. Water is allowed to dry in the sun. After the
water dries the salt remains on the ground.