Water has the chemical formula H2O, making it an inorganic substance. It is the primary chemical component of the Earth’s hydrosphere and the fluids of all known living things (in which it serves as a solvent. It is translucent, flavourless, odourless, and almost colourless. In spite of not supplying food, energy, or organic micronutrients, it is essential for all known forms of life. Its molecules are made up of two hydrogen atoms joined by covalent bonds and have the chemical formula H2O. The angle at which the hydrogen atoms are joined to the oxygen atom is 104.45°. The liquid condition of H2O at normal pressure and temperature is known as “water” as well.
Chemical composition of water by Group 2e-twinning
Water is the most abundant compound on Earth, covering 70% of the planet's surface. It exists naturally as a liquid, solid (ice), and gas (water vapor) and is essential for life. Water has unique physical properties including being transparent, colorless, virtually odorless and tasteless as a liquid. It has a high heat capacity and heat of vaporization due to extensive hydrogen bonding between molecules. These properties allow water to moderate the Earth's climate. Water plays a vital role in all living organisms, making up 55-78% of the human body.
This document provides an overview of water and its properties. It discusses the molecular structure of water, its unusual physical properties, the water cycle and hydrology, oceans and seas, and water resources like rivers and groundwater. The key points are that water has unique properties due to its molecular structure and hydrogen bonding, it cycles continuously through the hydrological cycle, and it is a critical resource for life and society.
Water is essential for life and covers most of the Earth's surface. It exists in three states - liquid, solid (ice), and gas (water vapor). Water is a polar molecule made of one oxygen atom bonded to two hydrogen atoms. Its unique properties, like being a universal solvent and having a high heat capacity, help regulate the Earth's climate and temperature. Water is distributed throughout the universe and is critical for habitability in Earth's "Goldilocks zone" where its three states can exist simultaneously.
Water has unique properties that allow life to exist on Earth. It has a chemical formula of H2O and forms hydrogen bonds between molecules. These bonds give water high surface tension, heat capacity, and ability to dissolve many substances. Water's polarity and hydrogen bonding allow it to dissolve more substances than any other liquid. Its high heat capacity and heat of vaporization help regulate temperatures on Earth. Water's density peaks at 4°C, causing ice to float, which protects aquatic life below freezing surfaces. These unusual properties are crucial for life.
Water is the most abundant liquid on Earth, covering about 70% of the planet's surface. It has unique physical properties like a high heat capacity and heat of vaporization. Water exists in three states - liquid, solid (ice), and gas (water vapor) - and its density peaks at 3.98°C in its liquid form. In addition to moderating Earth's climate, water is widely used as a coolant in power plants and heat exchange systems due to its heat transfer abilities.
Water is a common chemical substance that is essential to all known forms of ...puvakrish
This document discusses water, including its chemical properties, distribution on Earth, and importance to life. Key points:
- Water is a polar molecule made of hydrogen and oxygen atoms. It exists in solid, liquid, and gas forms and has unique properties like surface tension and polarity that make it essential for life.
- Most of Earth's water is located in oceans, with smaller amounts in ice caps, groundwater, lakes/rivers, and the atmosphere. Water cycles through evaporation, precipitation, and runoff.
- Water's properties allow it to moderate climate and serve as a solvent, making it vital for all known lifeforms, which have mostly developed on Earth within the liquid water zone suitable for life.
Water is a transparent liquid that can exist as a solid, liquid, or gas. It is made of hydrogen and oxygen atoms and is the universal solvent. Water has unusual thermal properties like becoming more dense between 0-4°C when heated and expanding when cooled in that range. It also floats when frozen into ice since ice is less dense than liquid water.
The document discusses water concentration in various organisms and stages of life. It notes that water concentration is highest in embryos at 95% and decreases to around 50% in adults. It also outlines several essential functions of water in the body, including maintaining temperature, absorbing nutrients, and removing waste. Water intake comes from drinking water, water in feed, and metabolic water. Within the body, 70% of water is intracellular and 30% is extracellular, with 3/4 of extracellular water located in interstitial spaces and 1/4 in blood plasma. Thirst and ADH regulate water balance.
Chemical composition of water by Group 2e-twinning
Water is the most abundant compound on Earth, covering 70% of the planet's surface. It exists naturally as a liquid, solid (ice), and gas (water vapor) and is essential for life. Water has unique physical properties including being transparent, colorless, virtually odorless and tasteless as a liquid. It has a high heat capacity and heat of vaporization due to extensive hydrogen bonding between molecules. These properties allow water to moderate the Earth's climate. Water plays a vital role in all living organisms, making up 55-78% of the human body.
This document provides an overview of water and its properties. It discusses the molecular structure of water, its unusual physical properties, the water cycle and hydrology, oceans and seas, and water resources like rivers and groundwater. The key points are that water has unique properties due to its molecular structure and hydrogen bonding, it cycles continuously through the hydrological cycle, and it is a critical resource for life and society.
Water is essential for life and covers most of the Earth's surface. It exists in three states - liquid, solid (ice), and gas (water vapor). Water is a polar molecule made of one oxygen atom bonded to two hydrogen atoms. Its unique properties, like being a universal solvent and having a high heat capacity, help regulate the Earth's climate and temperature. Water is distributed throughout the universe and is critical for habitability in Earth's "Goldilocks zone" where its three states can exist simultaneously.
Water has unique properties that allow life to exist on Earth. It has a chemical formula of H2O and forms hydrogen bonds between molecules. These bonds give water high surface tension, heat capacity, and ability to dissolve many substances. Water's polarity and hydrogen bonding allow it to dissolve more substances than any other liquid. Its high heat capacity and heat of vaporization help regulate temperatures on Earth. Water's density peaks at 4°C, causing ice to float, which protects aquatic life below freezing surfaces. These unusual properties are crucial for life.
Water is the most abundant liquid on Earth, covering about 70% of the planet's surface. It has unique physical properties like a high heat capacity and heat of vaporization. Water exists in three states - liquid, solid (ice), and gas (water vapor) - and its density peaks at 3.98°C in its liquid form. In addition to moderating Earth's climate, water is widely used as a coolant in power plants and heat exchange systems due to its heat transfer abilities.
Water is a common chemical substance that is essential to all known forms of ...puvakrish
This document discusses water, including its chemical properties, distribution on Earth, and importance to life. Key points:
- Water is a polar molecule made of hydrogen and oxygen atoms. It exists in solid, liquid, and gas forms and has unique properties like surface tension and polarity that make it essential for life.
- Most of Earth's water is located in oceans, with smaller amounts in ice caps, groundwater, lakes/rivers, and the atmosphere. Water cycles through evaporation, precipitation, and runoff.
- Water's properties allow it to moderate climate and serve as a solvent, making it vital for all known lifeforms, which have mostly developed on Earth within the liquid water zone suitable for life.
Water is a transparent liquid that can exist as a solid, liquid, or gas. It is made of hydrogen and oxygen atoms and is the universal solvent. Water has unusual thermal properties like becoming more dense between 0-4°C when heated and expanding when cooled in that range. It also floats when frozen into ice since ice is less dense than liquid water.
The document discusses water concentration in various organisms and stages of life. It notes that water concentration is highest in embryos at 95% and decreases to around 50% in adults. It also outlines several essential functions of water in the body, including maintaining temperature, absorbing nutrients, and removing waste. Water intake comes from drinking water, water in feed, and metabolic water. Within the body, 70% of water is intracellular and 30% is extracellular, with 3/4 of extracellular water located in interstitial spaces and 1/4 in blood plasma. Thirst and ADH regulate water balance.
Water, Hydrogen Bonds, and the Hydrologic CycleBrad Dougherty
Water is made up of hydrogen and oxygen atoms that are covalently bonded together into polar molecules. The polarity of water molecules allows them to form hydrogen bonds with nearby water molecules, giving water its unique properties. Hydrogen bonding is responsible for water's high boiling point, its ability to absorb large amounts of heat, and why ice floats on liquid water. The hydrologic cycle describes the continuous movement of water on, above, and below the surface of Earth, including processes such as evaporation, transpiration, condensation, precipitation, and runoff.
Water is the most abundant substance on Earth's surface, exists as a liquid, solid, and gas, and has many unique properties. It has high values for melting point, heat of fusion, boiling point, heat of vaporization, specific heat, and surface tension compared to other solvents. These properties allow water to absorb large amounts of heat while resisting changes in state, helping to moderate Earth's climate. The density of water is highest at 4°C and lowest as ice, allowing ice to float in liquid water. Hydrogen bonding between water molecules gives water its cohesive and adhesive properties that are important for life.
The document discusses several key properties of water that support life. It explains that water is polar due to oxygen's electronegativity pulling the electrons towards it in the water molecule. This polarity allows hydrogen bonds to form between water molecules, giving water properties like high surface tension and ability to moderate temperature that help support life. The document also discusses how water's polarity allows it to be an excellent solvent and how buffers help regulate pH.
Water has several unique physical properties. It has a high boiling point of 100°C and reaches maximum density at 4°C, becoming less dense as it freezes to ice. Water also has a high specific heat, meaning it takes a lot of energy to change its temperature. This moderates climate. As the universal solvent, water readily dissolves many substances and transports nutrients and wastes. It is also a powerful agent for weathering earth's surface through erosion. Water's surface tension is caused by molecular cohesion, allowing insects to float on its surface.
This document provides an overview of biochemistry by discussing the properties of water and its importance for life. It notes that water is a polar molecule that can form hydrogen bonds, giving it unique properties like high heat capacity and surface tension. These hydrogen bonds allow water to dissolve many polar substances. Water's hydrogen bonding and ability to dissolve biomolecules make it essential as the universal solvent for living organisms. The document also briefly discusses solutions, solutes, solvents, and how water interacts with charged and nonpolar compounds.
Water exists in three states and has unique properties due to its molecular structure and ability to form hydrogen bonds. As a polar molecule, water can form up to four hydrogen bonds with neighboring molecules, giving liquid water high cohesion and surface tension. This also accounts for water's unusually high melting and boiling points compared to similar compounds. The hydrogen bonding in ice locks molecules into a rigid crystalline structure that floats, allowing aquatic life to survive under frozen ponds and lakes.
Seawater makes up about 96.5% of the oceans and has an average salinity of around 3.5%, meaning it contains approximately 35 grams of dissolved salts per kilogram. The major salts are sodium and chloride ions. Seawater is denser than freshwater due to these dissolved salts. Oceanography studies all aspects of the oceans, including their physical, chemical, geological, and biological properties and processes. It aims to understand ocean systems and how humans impact them. The oceans are divided into basins and cover over 70% of the Earth's surface. Seawater properties like density, freezing point, and conductivity are determined by its salt content and water composition.
Water is the most abundant compound on Earth, covering 70% of the planet. It exists in liquid, solid, and gas states and is in dynamic equilibrium between liquid and gas. Water is tasteless, odorless, and nearly colorless. It dissolves many substances, making it the universal solvent. Water has important uses in daily life like drinking, washing, bathing, and cooking. It has unique properties like existing as a solid, liquid, and gas and expanding when freezing unlike most liquids. The freezing point of water is 0°C/32°F, the melting point is when ice changes to liquid water, and the boiling point is 100°C when water turns to a gas.
Science Form 2 Water And Solution.Ppt Newzatil aqmar
Water is a chemical substance that is essential for life. It exists in three states: liquid, solid (ice), and gas (water vapor). Water is tasteless and odorless as a liquid. It freezes at 0°C and boils at 100°C under standard atmospheric pressure. Raw water contains various contaminants that require purification for human consumption. Water purification removes undesirable chemicals and microorganisms through processes like filtration and chlorination.
Water is made up of hydrogen and oxygen atoms and is polar due to an uneven distribution of electrons. Water molecules form hydrogen bonds with each other due to attraction between partially positive hydrogen atoms and partially negative oxygen atoms. These hydrogen bonds give water unique properties including high heat of vaporization, high specific heat, and the ability to exist as a liquid over a wide range of temperatures.
The document discusses several key properties of water including its polarity, hydrogen bonding, and resulting high heat capacity and surface tension. It also describes water's role in moderating temperatures on Earth and its importance as the universal solvent for biochemical reactions and life. Water's density peak at 4°C allows ice to float, preserving aquatic ecosystems.
Water is essential for life and can be found in rivers, lakes, oceans, and as water vapor in the air. It exists in three forms: solid ice, liquid water, and gas water vapor. Water has unique properties like being a universal solvent, having a high heat capacity to store heat, and existing as a liquid between 1-100 degrees Celsius. Its molecular structure of two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom gives water polar properties that allow it to dissolve other polar substances but not nonpolar ones.
The total volume of water on Earth is estimated at 1.386 billion km³ (333 million cubic miles), with 97.5% being salt water and 2.5% being fresh water. Of the fresh water, only 0.3% is in liquid form on the surface. In addition, the lower mantle of inner earth may hold as much as 5 times more water than all surface water combined (all oceans, all lakes, all rivers).
The document describes the water cycle, which is the continuous movement of water on, above, and below the Earth's surface. Water can change between liquid, gas, and solid states as part of this cycle through the processes of evaporation, condensation, precipitation, infiltration, runoff, and transpiration. These processes work together to move water from one reservoir like oceans or rivers to another, like the atmosphere or land, while exchanging heat energy that influences climate.
The document discusses several key properties of water that contribute to Earth's suitability for life. It explains that water's polar covalent bonds allow it to form hydrogen bonds between molecules. These hydrogen bonds give water properties like cohesion, the ability to moderate temperature through heat absorption and evaporative cooling, and being a universal solvent. The document also discusses how acids and bases affect pH and buffering in aqueous solutions.
Water has unique properties that allow life to exist on Earth. Its molecular structure, with hydrogen bonds between water molecules, gives water special characteristics including a high heat capacity and heat of vaporization. This allows water to absorb large amounts of heat with minimal temperature change, acting as a thermal buffer for both living things and the global climate. The density of water peaks at 4°C then decreases as it approaches the freezing point of 0°C, allowing ice to float on liquid water.
Water makes up over 70% of the Earth's surface and nearly two-thirds of the human body. It exists naturally in three states - solid, liquid, and gas. Water is a polar molecule made of two hydrogen atoms bonded to one oxygen atom, giving it unique properties like surface tension and allowing it to act as a universal solvent. Water plays a vital role in many Earth processes and is essential for sustaining life.
Amino and carboxylic acid functional groups can both be found in organic compounds known as amino acids. Although there are more than 500 amino acids in nature, the alpha-amino acids, which make up proteins, are by far the most significant. The genetic code of every living thing contains just 22 alpha glucosamine.
The cornerstone of someone’s mental health is how they think, feel, and behave. Mental health specialists can help people with disorders like addiction, bipolar disorder, depression, and anxiety.
Water, Hydrogen Bonds, and the Hydrologic CycleBrad Dougherty
Water is made up of hydrogen and oxygen atoms that are covalently bonded together into polar molecules. The polarity of water molecules allows them to form hydrogen bonds with nearby water molecules, giving water its unique properties. Hydrogen bonding is responsible for water's high boiling point, its ability to absorb large amounts of heat, and why ice floats on liquid water. The hydrologic cycle describes the continuous movement of water on, above, and below the surface of Earth, including processes such as evaporation, transpiration, condensation, precipitation, and runoff.
Water is the most abundant substance on Earth's surface, exists as a liquid, solid, and gas, and has many unique properties. It has high values for melting point, heat of fusion, boiling point, heat of vaporization, specific heat, and surface tension compared to other solvents. These properties allow water to absorb large amounts of heat while resisting changes in state, helping to moderate Earth's climate. The density of water is highest at 4°C and lowest as ice, allowing ice to float in liquid water. Hydrogen bonding between water molecules gives water its cohesive and adhesive properties that are important for life.
The document discusses several key properties of water that support life. It explains that water is polar due to oxygen's electronegativity pulling the electrons towards it in the water molecule. This polarity allows hydrogen bonds to form between water molecules, giving water properties like high surface tension and ability to moderate temperature that help support life. The document also discusses how water's polarity allows it to be an excellent solvent and how buffers help regulate pH.
Water has several unique physical properties. It has a high boiling point of 100°C and reaches maximum density at 4°C, becoming less dense as it freezes to ice. Water also has a high specific heat, meaning it takes a lot of energy to change its temperature. This moderates climate. As the universal solvent, water readily dissolves many substances and transports nutrients and wastes. It is also a powerful agent for weathering earth's surface through erosion. Water's surface tension is caused by molecular cohesion, allowing insects to float on its surface.
This document provides an overview of biochemistry by discussing the properties of water and its importance for life. It notes that water is a polar molecule that can form hydrogen bonds, giving it unique properties like high heat capacity and surface tension. These hydrogen bonds allow water to dissolve many polar substances. Water's hydrogen bonding and ability to dissolve biomolecules make it essential as the universal solvent for living organisms. The document also briefly discusses solutions, solutes, solvents, and how water interacts with charged and nonpolar compounds.
Water exists in three states and has unique properties due to its molecular structure and ability to form hydrogen bonds. As a polar molecule, water can form up to four hydrogen bonds with neighboring molecules, giving liquid water high cohesion and surface tension. This also accounts for water's unusually high melting and boiling points compared to similar compounds. The hydrogen bonding in ice locks molecules into a rigid crystalline structure that floats, allowing aquatic life to survive under frozen ponds and lakes.
Seawater makes up about 96.5% of the oceans and has an average salinity of around 3.5%, meaning it contains approximately 35 grams of dissolved salts per kilogram. The major salts are sodium and chloride ions. Seawater is denser than freshwater due to these dissolved salts. Oceanography studies all aspects of the oceans, including their physical, chemical, geological, and biological properties and processes. It aims to understand ocean systems and how humans impact them. The oceans are divided into basins and cover over 70% of the Earth's surface. Seawater properties like density, freezing point, and conductivity are determined by its salt content and water composition.
Water is the most abundant compound on Earth, covering 70% of the planet. It exists in liquid, solid, and gas states and is in dynamic equilibrium between liquid and gas. Water is tasteless, odorless, and nearly colorless. It dissolves many substances, making it the universal solvent. Water has important uses in daily life like drinking, washing, bathing, and cooking. It has unique properties like existing as a solid, liquid, and gas and expanding when freezing unlike most liquids. The freezing point of water is 0°C/32°F, the melting point is when ice changes to liquid water, and the boiling point is 100°C when water turns to a gas.
Science Form 2 Water And Solution.Ppt Newzatil aqmar
Water is a chemical substance that is essential for life. It exists in three states: liquid, solid (ice), and gas (water vapor). Water is tasteless and odorless as a liquid. It freezes at 0°C and boils at 100°C under standard atmospheric pressure. Raw water contains various contaminants that require purification for human consumption. Water purification removes undesirable chemicals and microorganisms through processes like filtration and chlorination.
Water is made up of hydrogen and oxygen atoms and is polar due to an uneven distribution of electrons. Water molecules form hydrogen bonds with each other due to attraction between partially positive hydrogen atoms and partially negative oxygen atoms. These hydrogen bonds give water unique properties including high heat of vaporization, high specific heat, and the ability to exist as a liquid over a wide range of temperatures.
The document discusses several key properties of water including its polarity, hydrogen bonding, and resulting high heat capacity and surface tension. It also describes water's role in moderating temperatures on Earth and its importance as the universal solvent for biochemical reactions and life. Water's density peak at 4°C allows ice to float, preserving aquatic ecosystems.
Water is essential for life and can be found in rivers, lakes, oceans, and as water vapor in the air. It exists in three forms: solid ice, liquid water, and gas water vapor. Water has unique properties like being a universal solvent, having a high heat capacity to store heat, and existing as a liquid between 1-100 degrees Celsius. Its molecular structure of two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom gives water polar properties that allow it to dissolve other polar substances but not nonpolar ones.
The total volume of water on Earth is estimated at 1.386 billion km³ (333 million cubic miles), with 97.5% being salt water and 2.5% being fresh water. Of the fresh water, only 0.3% is in liquid form on the surface. In addition, the lower mantle of inner earth may hold as much as 5 times more water than all surface water combined (all oceans, all lakes, all rivers).
The document describes the water cycle, which is the continuous movement of water on, above, and below the Earth's surface. Water can change between liquid, gas, and solid states as part of this cycle through the processes of evaporation, condensation, precipitation, infiltration, runoff, and transpiration. These processes work together to move water from one reservoir like oceans or rivers to another, like the atmosphere or land, while exchanging heat energy that influences climate.
The document discusses several key properties of water that contribute to Earth's suitability for life. It explains that water's polar covalent bonds allow it to form hydrogen bonds between molecules. These hydrogen bonds give water properties like cohesion, the ability to moderate temperature through heat absorption and evaporative cooling, and being a universal solvent. The document also discusses how acids and bases affect pH and buffering in aqueous solutions.
Water has unique properties that allow life to exist on Earth. Its molecular structure, with hydrogen bonds between water molecules, gives water special characteristics including a high heat capacity and heat of vaporization. This allows water to absorb large amounts of heat with minimal temperature change, acting as a thermal buffer for both living things and the global climate. The density of water peaks at 4°C then decreases as it approaches the freezing point of 0°C, allowing ice to float on liquid water.
Water makes up over 70% of the Earth's surface and nearly two-thirds of the human body. It exists naturally in three states - solid, liquid, and gas. Water is a polar molecule made of two hydrogen atoms bonded to one oxygen atom, giving it unique properties like surface tension and allowing it to act as a universal solvent. Water plays a vital role in many Earth processes and is essential for sustaining life.
Amino and carboxylic acid functional groups can both be found in organic compounds known as amino acids. Although there are more than 500 amino acids in nature, the alpha-amino acids, which make up proteins, are by far the most significant. The genetic code of every living thing contains just 22 alpha glucosamine.
The cornerstone of someone’s mental health is how they think, feel, and behave. Mental health specialists can help people with disorders like addiction, bipolar disorder, depression, and anxiety.
The document discusses various topics in food science including types of food sciences (microbiology, engineering, chemistry), types of food microbiology (bacteria, fungi, protozoa, algae, viruses), types of food engineering (refrigeration, evaporation, packing, heat transfer, food safety), types of food chemistry (food chemistry, carbohydrates, lipids, proteins), types of nutrition (carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins, minerals, dietary food), and types of sensory analysis (acceptance testing, difference testing, preference testing). It provides examples and descriptions for each type.
The fields of food science, agriculture, microbiology, chemistry, and engineering are all included in the broad area of food engineering. Food process engineering spans the full spectrum from obtaining raw food ingredients to processing them into food products to preserving, packing, and distributing the food products to the consumer market using thorough research methodologies, cutting-edge machinery, and complex procedures. And this applies to more than simply fresh food. It also encompasses the development and production of nutrient-dense goods in more palatable forms and packaging, such as superfood powder, tablets, oils, and other dietary supplements. This is true for substitutes like superfoods, which provide the same health advantages of fruits and vegetables in a form that is simpler to prepare and eat .There will be a significant growth in these employment in the upcoming years due to the enormous industry that is food engineering, particularly genetic food engineering, which is required to feed the expanding global population. In particular, as seen by the rising consumption of green food supplements and other more practical goods, a growing number of health-conscious consumers are searching for more practical ways to receive their recommended daily intake of nutrients. It also extends to nutritious substitutes like powdered supplements, oils, and other alternatives to food that has been farmed .
A focus on agricultural chemistry emerged in the writings of J. G. Wallerius, Humphry Davy, and others, leading to the development of the scientific approach to food and nutrition. For instance, Elements of Agricultural Chemistry, by Davy, was published in the United Kingdom in 1813 as part of a course of lectures for the Board of Agriculture and is now in its sixth edition. Carl Wilhelm Scheele’s 1785 isolation of malic acid from apples was among earlier research.
Carbohydrates are an essential component of living organisms and are the primary source of energy for cells. They are classified into monosaccharides, disaccharides, oligosaccharides, and polysaccharides. Common sources of carbohydrates include grains, fruits, vegetables, dairy, beans, and sugars. Complex carbohydrates found in whole foods are healthier than simple carbohydrates like those from refined sugars.
Proteins are polypeptide structures made up of one or more extended chains of residues from the amino acid. They provide a wide range of organism tasks, including as DNA replication, molecule transport, metabolic process catalysis, and cell structural support.
The albumins seen in vast quantities in egg whites typically have a distinct 3D structure as a result of bonds that form between the protein’s various amino acids. These bonds are broken by heating, exposing the hydrophobic (water-hating) amino acids that are typically maintained on the inside of the protein 1, 1 comma, 2 end superscript, 2, start superscript. In an effort to escape the water that surrounds them in the egg white, the hydrophobic amino acids will bind to one another, creating a protein network that gives the egg white structure and makes it white and opaque. Ta-da! Protein denaturation, thank you for another wonderful breakfast
Vitamins are organic compounds that are required for healthy cell growth, development and function. They are either water-soluble or fat-soluble. Water-soluble vitamins dissolve in water and must be replenished regularly, while fat-soluble vitamins are stored in fatty tissues and don't need to be replaced as often. There are 13 vitamins that serve various functions like bone health, vision, immune function and more. While vitamins provide many health benefits, consuming too high of doses can potentially cause harm through overdose, toxic additions or hiding other deficiencies.
Minerals are those substances found in meals and in the ground that our bodies require for healthy growth and development. Calcium, phosphorus, potassium, sodium, chloride, magnesium, iron, zinc, iodine, chromium, copper, fluoride, molybdenum, manganese, and selenium are among the nutrients that are crucial for good health.
You obtain fats as a sort of nutrition from your food. While eating some fats is necessary, eating too much can be harmful. Your body gets the energy it needs to function correctly from the fats you consume. Your body burns calories from the carbs you’ve consumed while you workout.
Obesity – Causes and Symptoms : A condition known as obesity involves having too much body fat. Obesity is more than simply a visual issue. It is a medical condition that raises the chance of several illnesses and conditions, including heart disease, diabetes, high blood pressure, and some malignancies.
Food Borne Diseases are also called foodborne illness. any illness brought on by eating or drinking things that have been contaminated with certain infectious or noninfectious substances. Agents like bacteria, viruses, or parasites are to blame for the majority of cases of foodborne disease. Other harmful substances include mycotoxins (fungal toxins), marine biotoxins, and the toxins found in poisonous mushrooms. They also include metals like lead, mercury, and cadmium that can contaminate food through soil, water, or air pollution, organic pollutants like dioxin and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), which are byproducts of some industrial processes, and prions (abnormal protein forms). Foodborne illness agents can result in a wide range of ailments, including gastroenteritis, reproductive or developmental problems, and neurological illnesses like bovine spongiform encephalopathy (mad cow disease). Since many cases of foodborne illness go unreported, it is challenging to determine how common they are, but the burden of illness is believed to be significant. For instance, tens of millions of individuals get diarrheal disorders each year, a frequent indicator of a foodborne illness. Outbreaks of foodborne infections frequently happen, and they have the potential to harm a lot of people. For instance, a hepatitis A epidemic in 1988 in China that was brought on by eating infected clams impacted more than 300,000 people, while a salmonellosis outbreak in 1994 in the United States that was brought on by eating contaminated ice cream affected 224,000 individuals. Food-borne infections are often fatal. Consuming tainted foods or drinks results in foodborne disease. Foods can be contaminated by a wide range of pathogens or disease-causing bacteria, leading to a wide range of foodborne diseases. Eating food tainted with germs, viruses, parasites, or chemicals like heavy metals can result in over 200 ailments. Through pressure on healthcare systems, lost productivity, and detrimental effects on trade and tourism, this growing public health issue has a significant socioeconomic impact. The worldwide burden of disease and mortality is considerably increased by these illnesses.
Healthy food: It’s easy to wonder which foods are the healthiest, but there are a tonne that are both nutritious and tasty. By packing your plate with fruits, vegetables, quality protein sources, and other whole foods, you’ll have meals that are vibrant, adaptable, and healthy.
Food safety involves proper handling of food throughout the supply chain to prevent contamination that could harm health. All steps from agriculture to transportation must follow laws and procedures to ensure contaminants do not enter the food. Failure to follow food safety can have serious economic and health consequences, including foodborne illness and death. Maintaining food safety is crucial to protect lives and support a sustainable food system.
The phrase “heat transfer” refers to the distribution and changes in temperature that result from the transport of heat (thermal energy) induced by temperature differences. The study of transport phenomena focuses on the interchange of momentum, energy, and mass through conduction, convection, and radiation.
Nutrition of Bacteria: Bacteria primarily rely on autotrophic and heterotrophic nourishment. Heterotrophic bacteria rely on the food produced by other species, whereas phototrophic bacteria synthesize their own food using a variety of colors. The host cell provides the nutrients and other necessities for parasitic microorganisms. To learn more about bacterial nutrition and the specific form of bacterial feeding, see this article.
Energy is required at various stages of food processing and production. Between 50 to 100 MJ of energy is needed to produce and package each kilogram of a retail food product. This energy is used for power, heating and cooling. Food molecules like sugars and fats are broken down into smaller molecules through digestion and various cellular processes to produce energy molecules like ATP. This breakdown occurs in three stages - digestion, glycolysis/citric acid cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation in the mitochondria. The chemical energy from food is ultimately captured and stored in ATP molecules, which are then used to power various cellular functions.
Liquid water is converted to gaseous water (water vapor) by the process of evaporation. Water travels from the Earth’s surface to the atmosphere via evaporation. Evaporation results from the dissolution of the bonds holding the water molecules together as a result of heat energy.
Removing undesirable heat from one item, substance, or area and transferring it to another is known as refrigeration, sometimes known as chilling. The temperature can be lowered by removing heat, which can be done using ice, snow, cooled water, or mechanical refrigeration.
Removing undesirable heat from one item, substance, or area and transferring it to another is known as refrigeration, sometimes known as chilling. The temperature can be reduced by removing heat, which can be accomplished by the use of ice, snow, cooled water, or mechanical refrigeration.
ESA/ACT Science Coffee: Diego Blas - Gravitational wave detection with orbita...Advanced-Concepts-Team
Presentation in the Science Coffee of the Advanced Concepts Team of the European Space Agency on the 07.06.2024.
Speaker: Diego Blas (IFAE/ICREA)
Title: Gravitational wave detection with orbital motion of Moon and artificial
Abstract:
In this talk I will describe some recent ideas to find gravitational waves from supermassive black holes or of primordial origin by studying their secular effect on the orbital motion of the Moon or satellites that are laser ranged.
Mending Clothing to Support Sustainable Fashion_CIMaR 2024.pdfSelcen Ozturkcan
Ozturkcan, S., Berndt, A., & Angelakis, A. (2024). Mending clothing to support sustainable fashion. Presented at the 31st Annual Conference by the Consortium for International Marketing Research (CIMaR), 10-13 Jun 2024, University of Gävle, Sweden.
Sexuality - Issues, Attitude and Behaviour - Applied Social Psychology - Psyc...PsychoTech Services
A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!
Current Ms word generated power point presentation covers major details about the micronuclei test. It's significance and assays to conduct it. It is used to detect the micronuclei formation inside the cells of nearly every multicellular organism. It's formation takes place during chromosomal sepration at metaphase.
The debris of the ‘last major merger’ is dynamically youngSérgio Sacani
The Milky Way’s (MW) inner stellar halo contains an [Fe/H]-rich component with highly eccentric orbits, often referred to as the
‘last major merger.’ Hypotheses for the origin of this component include Gaia-Sausage/Enceladus (GSE), where the progenitor
collided with the MW proto-disc 8–11 Gyr ago, and the Virgo Radial Merger (VRM), where the progenitor collided with the
MW disc within the last 3 Gyr. These two scenarios make different predictions about observable structure in local phase space,
because the morphology of debris depends on how long it has had to phase mix. The recently identified phase-space folds in Gaia
DR3 have positive caustic velocities, making them fundamentally different than the phase-mixed chevrons found in simulations
at late times. Roughly 20 per cent of the stars in the prograde local stellar halo are associated with the observed caustics. Based
on a simple phase-mixing model, the observed number of caustics are consistent with a merger that occurred 1–2 Gyr ago.
We also compare the observed phase-space distribution to FIRE-2 Latte simulations of GSE-like mergers, using a quantitative
measurement of phase mixing (2D causticality). The observed local phase-space distribution best matches the simulated data
1–2 Gyr after collision, and certainly not later than 3 Gyr. This is further evidence that the progenitor of the ‘last major merger’
did not collide with the MW proto-disc at early times, as is thought for the GSE, but instead collided with the MW disc within
the last few Gyr, consistent with the body of work surrounding the VRM.
ESR spectroscopy in liquid food and beverages.pptxPRIYANKA PATEL
With increasing population, people need to rely on packaged food stuffs. Packaging of food materials requires the preservation of food. There are various methods for the treatment of food to preserve them and irradiation treatment of food is one of them. It is the most common and the most harmless method for the food preservation as it does not alter the necessary micronutrients of food materials. Although irradiated food doesn’t cause any harm to the human health but still the quality assessment of food is required to provide consumers with necessary information about the food. ESR spectroscopy is the most sophisticated way to investigate the quality of the food and the free radicals induced during the processing of the food. ESR spin trapping technique is useful for the detection of highly unstable radicals in the food. The antioxidant capability of liquid food and beverages in mainly performed by spin trapping technique.
8.Isolation of pure cultures and preservation of cultures.pdf
Water.pdf
1. Water
May 1, 2023admin
Water has the chemical formula H2O, making it an inorganic substance. It is
the primary chemical component of the Earth’s hydrosphere and the fluids of
all known living things (in which it serves as a solvent. It is translucent,
flavourless, odourless, and almost colourless. In spite of not supplying food,
energy, or organic micronutrients, it is essential for all known forms of life. Its
molecules are made up of two hydrogen atoms joined by covalent bonds and
have the chemical formula H2O. The angle at which the hydrogen atoms are
joined to the oxygen atom is 104.45°. The liquid condition of H2O at normal
pressure and temperature is known as “water” as well.
Water occurs because the environment on Earth is pretty near to the triple
point of water.
Seas and oceans account for the majority (approximately 96.5%) of the
planet’s total water volume, which makes up roughly 71% of its surface.[4]
There are negligible amounts of water in the groundwater (1.7%), glaciers and
ice caps of Antarctica and Greenland (1.7%), clouds (which are made up of
ice and liquid water suspended in air), and precipitation (0.001%) of the
atmosphere. The water cycle, which includes evaporation, transpiration
(evapotranspiration), condensation, precipitation, and runoff, is a continuous
process that typically results in water reaching the sea.
The global economy depends heavily on water. Agriculture uses over 70% of
the freshwater that people use For many regions of the world, fishing in salt
and fresh water bodies has been and still is a significant source of
sustenance.
2. Properties of Water
Water (H2O) is a polar inorganic chemical that is almost colourless at normal
temperature with the exception of a little blue undertone. It is referred to as the
“universal solvent” and the “solvent of life” and is by far the chemical
compound that has been investigated the most It is the most prevalent
material on Earth’s surface and the only one that can be found there as a
solid, liquid, and gas at the same time. Aside from carbon monoxide and
molecular hydrogen, it is the third most prevalent molecule in the cosmos.
Water molecules are highly polar and form hydrogen bonds with one another.
Due to its polarity, it may dissolve other polar chemicals like alcohols and
acids by bonding with them and dissociating the ions in salts. Its several
distinctive characteristics, including possessing a solid form that is less dense
than its liquid form, a comparatively high boiling point of 100 °C for its molar
mass, and a high heat capacity, are all brought about by its hydrogen
bonding. Water is amphoteric, which means that depending on the pH of the
solution it is in, it may display traits of an acid or a base; it quickly creates both
H+ and OH ions.[c] It goes through a process of self-ionization due to its
amphoteric nature. The concentrations of H+ and OH are inversely
proportional to one another because the sum of their activities, or roughly,
their concentrations, is a constant.
Physical Properties
Water is a chemical substance having the molecular formula H 2O. Two
hydrogen atoms are covalently bound to one oxygen atom in each water
molecule.[25] At room temperature and pressure, water has no taste or odour.
Liquid water appears to be blue because of modest absorption bands at
wavelengths of around 750 nm.[3] This is clearly visible in a white washbasin
or bathtub that is full with water. Glaciers and other large ice crystals also
have a blue appearance.
3. Water is essentially a liquid under normal circumstances, in contrast to other
comparable hydrides of the oxygen family, which are often gaseous. Water
has this special quality because of hydrogen bonding. The hydrogen atoms in
water molecules move around each other continually.
Water, Ice, and Vapor
The liquid phase is the most prevalent and the form that is often indicated by
the word “water” inside the Earth’s atmosphere and surface. The term “ice”
refers to the solid form of water, which often has the shape of ice cubes or
loosely piled granular crystals (like snow). Other crystalline and amorphous
phases of ice are known in addition to the typical hexagonal crystalline ice.
Water vapour (sometimes known as steam) is the name for the gaseous state
of water. Water droplets that are so small that are suspended in the air give
forth visible steam and clouds.
Water may create a supercritical fluid as well. The critical pressure is 22.064
MPa and the critical temperature is 647 K. In nature, this only sometimes
happens under highly adverse circumstances. The hottest areas of deep
water hydrothermal vents, where water is heated to the critical temperature by
volcanic plumes and the critical pressure is brought on by the weight of the
ocean at the extreme depths where the vents are located, are likely examples
of naturally occurring supercritical water. This pressure is attained at a depth
of around 2200 meters, which is much less than the ocean’s typical depth of
3800 meters.
Density of Saltwater and Ice
The density of saltwater depends on the dissolved salt content as well as the temperature.
Ice still floats in the oceans, otherwise, they would freeze from the bottom up. However, the
salt content of oceans lowers the freezing point by about 1.9 °C and lowers the temperature
4. of the density maximum of water to the former freezing point at 0 °C. This is why, in ocean
water, the downward convection of colder water is not blocked by an expansion of water as
it becomes colder near the freezing point. The oceans’ cold water near the freezing point
continues to sink. So creatures that live at the bottom of cold oceans like the Arctic-
Ocean generally live in water 4 °C colder than at the bottom of frozen-over fresh
water lakes and rivers.
The ice that develops as saltwater begins to freeze (around 1.9 °C for
seawater with a typical salinity, 3.5%) is basically salt-free and has a density
similar to that of freshwater ice. In a process known as brine rejection, the salt
that is “frozen out” of this ice and “floats on the surface” increases the salinity
and density of the saltwater immediately underneath it. The replacement
seawater goes through the same procedure as the sinking denser saltwater
thanks to convection. At 1.9 °C, this practically creates freshwater ice on the
surface. The growing ice sinks towards the bottom due to the seawater’s
increasing density. Ocean currents are produced on a big scale by the
process of brine rejection and sinking cold salty water.
Compressibility of Water
Pressure and temperature have an impact on how compressible water is. The
compressibility at zero degrees Celsius and zero atmosphere pressure is 5.1
1010 Pa. The compressibility decreases with increasing temperature until it
reaches a minimum of 4.41010 Pa1 at the zero-pressure limit, which is about
45 °C. The compressibility, which is 3.91010 Pa1 at 0 °C and 100
megapascals (1,000 bar), diminishes as pressure increases.
5. Water has a bulk modulus of roughly 2.2 GA. Water in particular has a poor
compressibility, which makes it a common misconception that non-gasses are
incompressible. Due to water’s poor compressibility, even at pressures of 40
MP and depths of 4 km, there is only a 1.8% reduction in volume.
Triple point
A triple point of water is the combination of temperature and pressure when
ordinary solid, liquid, and gaseous water coexist in equilibrium. The triple point
of water had been used since 1954 to define the kelvin, the fundamental unit
of temperature, but as of 2019, the kelvin is now defined using the Boltzmann
constant.
Water has various triple points that include either three polymorphs of ice or
two polymorphs of ice and liquid in equilibrium since there are multiple
polymorphs (forms) of ice. Early in the 20th century, Gottingen’s Gustav
Heinrich Johann Apollon Taman published data on a number of additional
triple points. In the 1960s, Kamba and others reported more triple points.
Melting point
Pure liquid water may be supercooled much below that temperature without
freezing if the liquid is not physically disturbed. Ice has a melting point of 0 °C
(32 °F; 273 K) under standard pressure. Up to its homogeneous nucleation
point, which is at 231 K (42 °C; 44 °F), it can continue to exist in a fluid
condition. Under moderately high pressures, the melting point of common
hexagonal ice decreases by 0.0073 °C (0.0131 °F)/atm[h] or roughly 0.5 °C
(0.90 °F)/70 atm[i].[52] However, as ice changes into various polymorphs (see
crystalline phases of ice) at 209.9 MPa (2,072 atm), the melting point
6. increases noticeably with pressure, reaching 355 K (82 °C) at 2.216 atm. This
is because the stabilisation energy of hydrogen bonding is exceeded by
intermolecular repulsion.
Electrical Properties
Electrical conductivity
Even “deionized” water does not include all exogenous ions, making pure
water an effective electrical insulator. When two water molecules combine to
generate one hydroxide anion (OH) and one hydronium cation (H 3O+), water
becomes autoionized.
Due to autoionization, pure liquid water at room temperature has an intrinsic
charge carrier concentration that is three orders of magnitude higher than that
of semiconductor silicon and similar to that of semiconductor germanium. As a
result, water cannot be considered to be a completely electrical insulator or
dielectric material, but rather a limited conductor of ionic charge. It is well
known that water has a maximum theoretical electrical resistance of about
18.2 Mcm (182 km) at 25 °C. This result is consistent with what is frequently
observed on reverse osmosis, ultra-filtered, and deionized ultra-pure water
systems, such as those used in semiconductor production facilities. In
otherwise ultra-pure water, a salt or acid contamination level of even 100 parts
per trillion (ppt) starts to noticeably reduce its resistivity by up to several km.
Sensitive equipment may pick up a very faint electrical conductivity of 0.05501
0.0001 S/cm at 25 °C in pure water. While water can also electrolyze into
oxygen and hydrogen gases, this process moves very slowly and conducts
very little current in the absence of dissolved ions. Protons are the major
charge carriers in ice (see proton conductor). Ice was once supposed to have
a conductivity of 11010 S/cm, which was thought to be modest but
observable. However, it is now believed that this conductivity is virtually
completely due to surface flaws, and that without them, ice would be an
insulator with an impossibly small conductivity.
Polarity and Hydrogen Bonding
The polar nature of water is a significant characteristic. The two hydrogen
atoms from the oxygen vertex have a bent molecular geometry in the
structure. Two electron lone pairs are also present in the oxygen atom. The H-
O-H gas-phase bend angle is 104.48°, which is less than the average
tetrahedral angle of 109.47°. This is one consequence that is typically
attributed to the lone pairs. The lone pairs need more room because they are
physically closer to the oxygen atom than the electrons that are sigma-bonded
7. to the hydrogens. The O-H bonds are drawn closer to one another by the
enhanced repulsion of the lone pairs. Water’s polar molecular status is
another effect of its structure. A bond dipole moment points from each H to
the O as a result of the difference in electronegativity, making the oxygen
partially negative and each hydrogen partially positive. Between the two
hydrogen atoms, a significant molecular dipole extends towards the oxygen
atom. Water molecules group together as a result of the charge imbalances
(the relatively positive areas are drawn to the comparatively negative areas).
Many of the characteristics of water, including its solvent properties, are
explained by this attraction, known as hydrogen bonding.
Several of the physical characteristics of water are due to hydrogen bonding,
despite the attraction being relatively weak compared to the covalent bonds
within the water molecule. One of these characteristics is that water has
relatively high melting and boiling points, which means it takes more energy to
break the hydrogen bonds that connect the molecules of water. As a result of
sulfur’s poorer electronegativity, hydrogen sulphide (H 2S) possesses
substantially weaker hydrogen bonds. Despite having nearly twice the molar
mass of water, hydrogen sulphide is a gas at room temperature. Liquid water
has a high specific heat capacity due to the additional bonds between water
molecules. Water is a suitable heat storage medium (coolant) and heat barrier
due to its large heat capacity.
Cohesion and Adhesion
Hydrogen bonds between water molecules work together to keep water
molecules close to one another (cohesion). While a significant portion of the
molecules in a sample of liquid water are held together by hydrogen bonds at
any given time, these bonds are constantly breaking and new ones are being
formed with various water molecules.
Water’s polar nature lends it great adhesion abilities as well. Because the
molecular forces (adhesive forces) between glass and water molecules are
stronger than the cohesive forces, water may form a thin film on clean,
8. smooth glass.[Reference required] Water comes into touch with membrane
and protein surfaces in biological cells and organelles. Hydrophilic surfaces
are those that have a significant affinity to water. A potent repelling force
between hydrophilic surfaces was discovered by Irving Langmuir. Dehydrating
hydrophilic surfaces necessitates exerting significant effort against these so-
called hydration forces in order to remove the firmly adhered layers of water of
hydration. Over a nanometer or less, these forces rapidly diminish from their
extremely high levels.
Electromagnetic Absorption
Water absorbs the majority of microwaves, near ultraviolet light, and far-red
light, although it is reasonably transparent to visible light, near ultraviolet light,
and far-red light. The majority of photoreceptors and pigments used for
photosynthetic processes rely on the part of the light spectrum that is well-
transmitted through water. In order to heat the water inside the food,
microwave ovens take use of water’s opacity to microwave radiation. Weak
absorption in the visible red spectrum is what gives water its pale blue color.
A single water molecule can participate in a maximum of four hydrogen bonds
because it can accept two bonds using the lone pairs on oxygen and donate
two hydrogen atoms. Other molecules like hydrogen fluoride, ammonia, and
methanol can also form hydrogen bonds. However, they do not show
anomalous thermodynamic, kinetic, or structural properties like those
observed in water because none of them can form four hydrogen bonds:
either they cannot donate or accept hydrogen atoms, or there are steric
effects in bulky residues. In water, intermolecular tetrahedral structures form
due to the four hydrogen bonds, thereby forming an open structure and a
three-dimensional bonding network, resulting in the anomalous decrease in
density when cooled below 4 °C.
Molecular Structure
Due to the oxygen atom’s attraction to the two lone pairs, water has a bent
molecular shape rather than a linear one, which makes it polar. The optimal
sp3 hybridization angle is 109.47°, however the hydrogen-oxygen-hydrogen
angle is lower at 104.45°. According to the valence bond hypothesis, the
oxygen atom’s lone pairs take up more space than its bonds with hydrogen
atoms because they are physically bigger. According to the molecular orbital
theory explanation (Bent’s rule), increasing the energy of the oxygen atom’s
hybrid orbitals bonded to the hydrogen atoms while decreasing the energy of
the oxygen atom’s nonbonding hybrid orbitals has the overall effect of
lowering the energy of the occupied molecular orbitals. This is because the
9. energy of the oxygen atom’s nonboning hybrid orbitals is lower than that of the
hydrogen atom’s hybrid orbitals.
Chemical Properties
Self-ionization
Self-ionization occurs in liquid water, producing hydronium and hydroxide
ions.
2 H 2O ⇌ H
3O+ + OH−
The ionic product of water is the reaction’s equilibrium constant, and its
formula is w = [H 3 O + ].
[ O H − ]
K_rm w=[rm H_3O+][{{rm {{OH^{-}}}}}], which is approximately 1014 at 25 °C.
With a value close to 107 mol L1 at 25 °C, the concentration of the hydroxide
ion (OH) at neutral pH is equal to that of the (solvated) hydrogen ion (H+). For
values at various temperatures, see the data page.
The thermodynamic equilibrium constant is a ratio of all products’ and
reactants’ thermodynamic activity, including water:
� e
q = � H 3 O + ⋅ � O H − � H 2 O 2 K_”rm eq” is equal to “frac a_a_rm
a_a_rm a_a_rm a_a_rm a_a_rm a_a_rm a_a_rm a_a_rm a_a_rm a_{a_{{{rm
{{H_{2}O}}}}}^{2}}}
But in diluted solutions, the activity of a solute like H3O+ or OH is roughly
correlated with its concentration, and the activity of the solvent H2O is roughly
correlated with 1, resulting in the simple ionic product.
� e
q ≈
� w = [ H 3 O + ]
[ O H − ]
Displaystyle K_rm eq estimate K_rm w = [rm H_3O + K_rm][{rm {OH^{-}}}]}
Geochemistry
In some instances, chemical reactions with water result in mineral hydration,
also known as metasomatism, which is a type of chemical alteration of a rock
that produces clay minerals. Weathering and water erosion are physical
10. processes that physically transform solid rocks and minerals into soil and
sediment. It also happens as Portland cement dries out.
The wide-open crystal lattice of water ice may accommodate a variety of tiny
molecules that can form clathrate compounds, sometimes known as clathrate
hydrates. Methane clathrate, 4 CH 423H, is the most prominent of them.
2O, a substance that is abundantly present in nature on ocean floors.
Acidity in nature
If there is no acid stronger than carbon dioxide, rain typically has a pH
between 5.2 and 5.8.[76] Acid rain will result from the high levels of nitrogen
and sulphur oxides in the atmosphere dissolving into the clouds and droplets.
Isotopologues
There are numerous known isotopologues of water that result from the
existence of various hydrogen and oxygen isotopes. The current global
standard for water isotopes is Vienna Standard Mean Ocean Water. The
neutron-less hydrogen isotope protium makes up practically all naturally
occurring water. Less than 20 parts per quintillion of tritium (3 H or T), a
hydrogen isotope with two neutrons, and only 155 ppm of deuterium (2 H or
D), a hydrogen isotope with one neutron, are present throughout the universe.
There are three stable isotopes of oxygen as well, with 16 O constituting
99.76%, 17 O 0.04%, and 18 O 0.2% of water molecules.
Due to its greater density, deuterium oxide, also known as D 2O, is also
referred to as heavy water. It serves as a neutron moderator in nuclear
reactors. Tritium is radioactive and has a half-life of 4500 days. THO is only
present in trace amounts in nature and is largely created in the atmosphere as
a result of nuclear processes brought on by cosmic rays. Natural quantities of
HDO, which consists of one protium and one deuterium atom, as well as D2O,
which is far less common (0.000003%), may be found in regular water. Any
such molecules are transient since the atoms recombine to form other
molecules.
11. Other than the obvious difference in specific mass, freezing and boiling points,
as well as other kinetic effects, are the most noticeable physical differences
between H 2O and D 2O. This is due to the fact that the bonding energies of
deuterium and protium differ noticeably because deuterium’s nucleus is twice
as heavy as protium’s. The isotopologues can be distinguished by their
various boiling points. Indicator of self-diffusion for H
2O is 23% more potent than D 2O at 25 °C. Low-purity heavy water contains
hydrogen deuterium oxide (DOH) significantly more often than pure
dideuterium monoxide (D 2O), since water molecules exchange hydrogen
atoms with one another. Pure isolated D 2O may have an impact on metabolic
processes; excessive doses have negative effects on the kidney and central
nervous system. Humans are often oblivious to different tastes but
occasionally report a scorching sensation or sweet flavour; little amounts can
be ingested without any negative consequences. Any toxicity must be eaten in
very high quantities in order to be felt. Rats, however, can detect heavy water
by scent, despite the fact that many animals find it hazardous.
Importance of water
hold the temperature steady. Cushion and lubricate joints. Your spinal cord
and other delicate structures need to be protected. Utilise urine, sweating, and
bowel motions to eliminate wastes.
Uses of water in our everyday life
For drinking purpose.
For dish cleaning.
For cooking purpose.
For feeding plants.
For clothes washing.
To take bath.
For hydro-electricity generation.
For the car wash.
How much water should you drink a day?
The four to six cup guideline is for persons who are typically healthy. If you
have certain medical conditions, such as thyroid disease or kidney, liver, or
heart issues, or if you’re taking medications that cause you to retain water, like
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), opiate pain relievers, and
some antidepressants, you could consume too much water.
12. Sources of Water
The sources of water include rivers, lakes, oceans, seas, rainwater,
underground water, wells, dams, boreholes, and ponds.
Reference
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water
https://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/water
https://www.worldwildlife.org/threats/water-scarcity