Geohazards are natural hazards caused by geological processes of the Earth, such as earthquakes, volcanoes, floods, landslides, and tsunamis. These events can cause significant loss of life and property damage when they occur. Some geohazards like volcanoes and cyclones may be predicted by monitoring warning signs like changes in gases, small earthquakes, and swelling of the volcano. Major earthquakes typically occur along fault lines and are followed by aftershocks. Volcanic eruptions pose hazards from pyroclastic flows, lahars, and tsunamis they can trigger. Landslides involve the breakdown and downhill movement of rock and debris. Tsunamis are gravity waves
Floods have the greatest damage potential when compared to the other natural disasters, over the environment. Floods are also considered to be both social and economic disasters. This module highlights the details of floods as natural hazards.
Floods have the greatest damage potential when compared to the other natural disasters, over the environment. Floods are also considered to be both social and economic disasters. This module highlights the details of floods as natural hazards.
what are Volcanism and volcano,
Distribution of Volcanoes
Kinds of Volcanoes
Types of Volcanic Hazards
Preparing for Volcanic Emergencies
A volcano is generally a conical shaped hill or mountain built by accumulations of lava flows, tephra, and volcanic ash. About 95% of active volcanoes occur at the plate subduction zones and at the mid-oceanic ridges. The other 5% occur in areas associated with lithospheric hot spots. These hot spots have no direct relationships with areas of crustal creation or subduction zones. It is believed that hot spots are caused by plumes of rising magma that have their origin within the asthenosphere.
Over the last 2 million years, volcanoes have been depositing lava, tephra, and ash in particular areas of the globe. These areas occur at hot spots, rift zones, and along plate boundaries where tectonic subduction is taking place within the asthenosphere.
The most prevalent kinds of volcanoes on the Earth's surface are the kind which form the "Pacific Rim of Fire". Those are volcanoes which form as a result of subduction of the nearby lithosphere.
After attending this lesson, the user would be able to understand the nature and causative factors of landslides, their characteristics, classifications, triggering mechanisms, and effects. The methods of controlling the effects of landslides, and avoiding their menace are also highlighted. Disaster management methods are to be adopted to mitigate the never ending natural hazards. This lesson is an important topic in disaster management.
What is fault?
Fault terminology
Fault plane:
Hanging wall
Foot wall
Slip and separation:
Separation
Classification of faults
Apparent movement as basis
Normal faults
Graben
Reverse faults:
Strike – slip faults
On the basis of altitude (dip and strike)
Mode of occurrences as basis
Parallel faults
Enechelon faults
Peripheral faults
Radial faults
On the basis of slip
Engineering consideration of faults
what are Volcanism and volcano,
Distribution of Volcanoes
Kinds of Volcanoes
Types of Volcanic Hazards
Preparing for Volcanic Emergencies
A volcano is generally a conical shaped hill or mountain built by accumulations of lava flows, tephra, and volcanic ash. About 95% of active volcanoes occur at the plate subduction zones and at the mid-oceanic ridges. The other 5% occur in areas associated with lithospheric hot spots. These hot spots have no direct relationships with areas of crustal creation or subduction zones. It is believed that hot spots are caused by plumes of rising magma that have their origin within the asthenosphere.
Over the last 2 million years, volcanoes have been depositing lava, tephra, and ash in particular areas of the globe. These areas occur at hot spots, rift zones, and along plate boundaries where tectonic subduction is taking place within the asthenosphere.
The most prevalent kinds of volcanoes on the Earth's surface are the kind which form the "Pacific Rim of Fire". Those are volcanoes which form as a result of subduction of the nearby lithosphere.
After attending this lesson, the user would be able to understand the nature and causative factors of landslides, their characteristics, classifications, triggering mechanisms, and effects. The methods of controlling the effects of landslides, and avoiding their menace are also highlighted. Disaster management methods are to be adopted to mitigate the never ending natural hazards. This lesson is an important topic in disaster management.
What is fault?
Fault terminology
Fault plane:
Hanging wall
Foot wall
Slip and separation:
Separation
Classification of faults
Apparent movement as basis
Normal faults
Graben
Reverse faults:
Strike – slip faults
On the basis of altitude (dip and strike)
Mode of occurrences as basis
Parallel faults
Enechelon faults
Peripheral faults
Radial faults
On the basis of slip
Engineering consideration of faults
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
2. WHAT IS GEOHAZARDS?
A Geohazard is any natural hazard that is caused by the Earth, for example volcanoes, earthquakes,
floods, tsunamis and cyclones. These and other Geohazards can cause great loss of life and damage to
property when they occur so governments are always looking for ways of reducing the impacts of
Geohazards. It is sometimes possible to predict when certain Geohazards will occur, such as volcanoes and
cyclones. For example the eruption of a volcano can be predicted when scientists observe the following
warning signs:
1. The gases that volcanoes give off suddenly change.
2. Small earthquakes happen in the local area.
3. The volcano starts to get bigger as it fills with magma.
3. EARTHQUAKES
Earthquakes: Fractures in Earth's crust, or lithosphere (its crust and upper
mantle), where sections of rock have slipped past each other are called faults.
Earthquakes are caused by the sudden release of accumulated strain along these
faults, releasing energy in the form of low-frequency sound waves called seismic
waves. A major earthquake are usually followed by aftershocks. The epicentres of
large earthquakes are normally located along known seismically active zones,
although the disruptive effects of an earthquake may extend over areas 100s of
kilometres away. Earthquakes may cause liquefaction, landslides, marine landslides
and tsunamis.
4. VOLCANOES
Volcanoes: A volcano is defined by an opening in the Earth's crust
from which lava, ash, and hot gases flow or are ejected during an
eruption. Volcanic hazards vary from one volcano to another and from
one eruption to the next. The big killers are pyroclastic flows, lahars, and
tsunamis triggered by volcanic eruptions. The most frequent lethal events
are so-called tephra explosions – very rapid jets of lava . The longest-
lasting damage is usually inflicted by thick lava flows or major collapses of
volcanic edifices, as at Mt. St. Helens in 1980.
5. LANDSLIDES
Landslides: A landslide is a Geohazard that involves the breakup and downhill flow
of rock, mud, water and anything caught in the path. Landslides are one of the main
processes by which landscapes evolve and the related hazards result in a complex,
changing landscape. Landslides both vary enormously in their distribution in space and
time, the amounts of energy produced during the activity and especially in size. This
means that the resulting surface deformation or displacement varies considerably from
one type of instability (that trigger the breakup) to another. Individual ground instabilities
may have a common trigger, such as an extreme rainfall event or an earthquake, and
therefore occur alongside many equivalent occurrences over a large area. This means that
they can have a significant regional impact.
6. TSUNAMIS
Tsunamis: Tsunamis are gravity waves (different physical features
than wind induced surface waves) created by a rapid displacement of a
water column. The displacement can be the result of earthquakes,
volcanic eruptions or landslides. These energetic waves travel fast with
long wavelengths and relatively small amplitudes in open ocean. When
hitting shallow water they build up an amplitude and can become tens,
and on very rare occasions, even hundreds of meters high. The coastal
inundation can be devastating and catastrophic.
7. EXTREME GEOHAZARDS
Extreme Geohazards
The Sumatran earthquake/Indian ocean tsunami was one of the most extreme
Geohazard in modern history . This extreme reached us all, beyond the mere geophysical
waves. As tourists come from all over the world to visit the beautiful shores of the Indian
ocean, the 2004 tsunami affected people from around the globe. The extent of it's
destruction and the dimension of the disaster are parts of the definition of extreme.
That, combined with their physical features that normally are several orders higher or
more powerful than the average Geohazard. So, when we talk about extreme Geohazards
we not only refer to the physical characteristics of the Geohazard but also the risk they
represent in terms of consequences of this hazard.
8. MEGA TSUNAMIS AND
SUPER VOLCANOES
Really extreme Geohazards – mega tsunamis and super volcanoes
Norway is situated in a safe distance from the Ring of Fire. Crustal movements in
this part of the world are very slow stemming from post glacial rebound, the uplift
of ground due to the absence of heavy glaciers that melted thousands of years ago.
Norway has in fact a rather high number of earthquakes as well but these far from
qualify as extreme Geohazards. But, if we look at the geological history of Norway
we find evidence of a really extreme Geohazard. More than 8000 years ago, the
submarine Storegga landslide caused a wide ranging mega tsunami hitting most of
our entire coastline.
9. EXAMPLE OF A
GEOHAZARD
Submarine) Landslides
Debris flows
Shallow gas accumulation
Overpressured zones (including gas and shallow water flows)
Naturally occurring gas hydrates and their climate-controlled meta-stability
Mud flows, diapirism and mud volcanism/mud volcanoes
Earthquakes and seismicity
Tsunamis from tectonics and landslides
Rock falls and landslides
10. STATS CAUSED BY
GEOHAZARDS
The World Disasters Report 2005 estimated that in 2004, over 250,000 were reported
killed by natural disasters—mostly from the Indian Ocean tsunami in December.
Disasters affected 146 million persons and inflicted estimated damage of US$ 100-145
billion. From 1995 to 2004, about 6,000 reported disasters killed over 900,000, affected
over 2.5 billion persons, and caused at least US$ 738 billion in estimated damage . This
compares to 640,000 reported killed and 1.74 billion reported affected by natural disasters
from 1985 to 1994. Over the decade, 51 people died per natural disaster event in
countries of high human development (as defined by United Nations Development
Program), compared to 573 deaths per event in countries of low human development.