Excretionurography
Also known as intravenous urography (IVU).
Most frequently employed radiologic investigation of renal rainage.
The contrast material is administered intravenously.
Best method for adults unless use of other methods is specified and is used in examinations of upper urinary tracts of infants and children.
Despite recent declines in its popularity, excretory urography still remains the cornerstone of radiological diagnosis of urinary tract
The strength of urography lies in its ability to provide overall survey of urinary tract; anatomic definition of the kidney, collecting system, and the lower urinary tract; as well as information about renal function
Ivu is a radiological investigation for visualization and assessment of the urinary tract.This presentation covers brief anatomy of urinary tract, indication and contraindication,contrast media dose and administration, routine and modified ivu procedure,its complication,ctivu and some abnormalities in the urinary tract.
Despite recent declines in its popularity, excretory urography still remains the cornerstone of radiological diagnosis of urinary tract
The strength of urography lies in its ability to provide overall survey of urinary tract; anatomic definition of the kidney, collecting system, and the lower urinary tract; as well as information about renal function
Ivu is a radiological investigation for visualization and assessment of the urinary tract.This presentation covers brief anatomy of urinary tract, indication and contraindication,contrast media dose and administration, routine and modified ivu procedure,its complication,ctivu and some abnormalities in the urinary tract.
IVU is the radiographic examination of urinary tract including renal parenchyma, calyces and pelvis after intravenous injection of contrast media. Study was carried out at UCMS, Bhairawa, Nepal.
computed tomography intravenous urography protocol and advancements ,,, slides coves urinary system anatomy glance ,, contrast media used in procedure , radiation doses and some pathological findings
Data science is an interdisciplinary field that uses algorithms, procedures, and processes to examine large amounts of data in order to uncover hidden patterns, generate insights, and direct decision making.
Normal thyroid on US-
Homogenous with medium level echogenicity.
Thin hyperechoic capsule, which becomes calcified in pts with uremia or calcium metabolism disorder.
Superior and inferior thyroid artery and vein.
Mean diameter of artery 1-2 mm with PSV of 20-30 cm/s
Veins can ne dilated upto 10 mm.
The recurrent laryngeal nerve runs with inf thyroid artery and passes between esophagus and thyroid lobeon left side & logus coli and thyroid lobe on righjt side.
Scrotal Masses
98-100% accuracy in distinguishing intra and extra-testicular masses.
*** Most extratesticular masses are benign & most intratesticular masses are malignant
Malignant lesions are msotly hypoechoic.
Malignant neoplasia pts usually presents as
painless , unlateral testicular mass .
Clinically it is important to differentiate between Seminomas and Non Seminomatous germ cell tumors.
Grey scale Imaging – High frequency Transducers are used for most of peripheral veins (9 MHz). for iliac or inf venacava , transducer of 4-6 MHz are used. Superficial veins such as saphenous vein, calf veins need even higher frequency transducers ( 9-15 MHz).
Doppler Sonography – quantitative (duplex spectral) & qualitative (color Dopler) .
This combination of anatomic and physiologic information makes US-CD such a powerful tool in evaluation of vascular pathology.
The upper and lower extremity arteries , easy to examine, becoz of good imaging window.
Doppler frequencies are typically more than 3 MHz.
Though real-time gray-scale sonography is useful for evaluating the presence of atherosclerotic plaque or confirming the presence of extravascular masses. Color flow Doppler sonographic imaging allows the clinician to survey the area of interest rapidly, determine if vascular structures are present, and if so, characterize their blood flow patterns
Nuchal translucency
It is a sonographic pre natal screening scan to detect cardiovascular abnormality in a fetus.
NT can also detect altered extra cellular matrix composition and limited lymphatic drainage
G Sac seen within the thickened decidua .
Eccentric location within endometrium
Should abut the endometrial canal ( to differentiate it from decidual cyst )
On TVS -4& half -5 weeks
Thresold level – identifies the earliest one can expect to see a sac -4w3d
Discriminatory level – identifies when one should always see the sac- 5w 2d .
Ovulation was initially monitored by conventional methods like BBT, mid luteal serum progesterone and urinary LH.
Nowadays, USG is used for follicular monitoring for both natural and stimulated cycles.
By using transvaginal sonography, the bladder can be seen as early as 11 weeks of gestation. By 12 to 13 weeks, the bladder is visualized in 98% of cases using both transabdominal and transvaginal sonography.
Sonographic evaluation of fetal face is a part of anatomic survey in mid pregnancy
However , little is required; b/c according to american institute of ultrasound in modern practice guidelines, only visualization of fetal upper lip is mandatory during anatomy survey.
3D & 4D images are more informatory in cases where fetal face is hard to evaluate in 2D scan due to fetal position.
Malformations of Cortical Development
Cortex under goes complex development at neuronal/cellular level.
Neurons on outer surface of cortex undergoes 3 overlapping phases from 5th to 28th week.
Proliferation
Migration
organisation
Error of Dorsal Induction
Results in defect of closure of neural tube which leads to various anomalies like anencephaly, encephalocoele, spinal dysraphism and chiari malformations.
In many fetal skeletal dysplasias ,the skin and s/c tissue continues to grow at a rate proportionately greater than the long bones resulting in relatively thickened skin folds (on occasion mistaken for hydrops fetalis ) .
Polyhydraminos –common .cause –variable combination of the following –oesophageal compression by the small chest ,GI abnormalities ,micrognathia ,or hypotonia .
Generally occurs secondary to pulmonary atresia with intact IVS .
Pathophysiology- it develops because of a reduction in the blood flow secondary to inflow impedence from tricuspid atresia or outflow impedence from pulmonary arterial atresia .
Typical findings- a small , hypertrophic RV and a small or absent pulmonary artery
To study the morphological characteristics and enhancement patterns of probably malignant breast lesions on dynamic contrast enhanced MRI and to correlate the findings with Color Doppler imaging and histopathologically.
To evaluate importance of DWI in improving specificity of MR Breast.
4 BASIC TYPES OF DENSITY - air , water /soft tissues, metal /bone , fat
Two substances of the same density, in direct contact, cannot be differentiated from each other on an x-ray.
This phenomenon, the loss of the normal radiographic silhouette (contour), due to loss of difference in density is called the silhouette sign.
2 types (a) cellular NSIP
(b) Fibrotic NSIP (more common)
Fibrosis may involve alveolar septa, peribronchivascular interstitium, interlobular septa and visceral pleura.
Prognosis of fibrotic NSIP is worse , cellular NSIP has good prognosis.
HRCT finding may show both, airspace and interstitial patterns
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
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We specializes in exporting high quality Research chemical, medical intermediate, Pharmaceutical chemicals and so on. Products are exported to USA, Canada, France, Korea, Japan,Russia, Southeast Asia and other countries.
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
Acute scrotum is a general term referring to an emergency condition affecting the contents or the wall of the scrotum.
There are a number of conditions that present acutely, predominantly with pain and/or swelling
A careful and detailed history and examination, and in some cases, investigations allow differentiation between these diagnoses. A prompt diagnosis is essential as the patient may require urgent surgical intervention
Testicular torsion refers to twisting of the spermatic cord, causing ischaemia of the testicle.
Testicular torsion results from inadequate fixation of the testis to the tunica vaginalis producing ischemia from reduced arterial inflow and venous outflow obstruction.
The prevalence of testicular torsion in adult patients hospitalized with acute scrotal pain is approximately 25 to 50 percent
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
1. Presented by Dr Vrishit Saraswat
IInd Yr Resident
Guided by Prof Dr Dharmraj Meena
Department of Radiodiagnosis
2. 2
• Also known asintravenous urography (IVU).
• Most frequently employed radiologic investigationof
renal drainage.
• Thecontrast material is administeredintravenously.
• Best method for adults unless use of other methods is
specified and is used in examinations of upper urinary
tracts of infants andchildren.
3. • Urogram: Visualization of kidney parenchyma,calyces
and pelvis resulting from IV injection of CM.
• Pyelogram: Describesretrograde studies visualizingonly
the collectingsystem.
• So,IVPis misnomer, should beIVU
• Excretion urography usednowadays.
3
4. Kidneys:
Apair of bean-shapedorgansapproximately 12cmlong.
Theyextend from vertebral level T12to L3when the
body isin the erect position. Theright kidney is
positioned slightly lower than the left becauseof the
massof the liver.
Internal structure
Within the dense,connective tissue of the renal
capsule,the kidney substanceis divided intoanouter
cortex and aninnermedulla.
4
5. • Cortex-contains glomeruli, Bowman's capsules, and proximal
and distal convoluted tubules. It forms renal columns, which
extend between medullarypyramids.
• Medulla-consists of 10 to 18 striated pyramids and contains
collecting ducts and loops of Henle. Theapex of eachpyramid
ends asapapilla where collecting ducts open.
• Calyces-the minor calyces receive one or more papillae and
unite to form major calyces,of which there are two to three
per kidney.
• Renalpelvis-the dilated upper portion of the ureter that
receives the major calyces.
5
7. • Relations:
• Anteriorly, aportion of the liver, duodenum and right colonic
flexure lie in front of the right kidney. the left part of the
transverse colon, the left colic flexure, and upper part of the
descending colon lie in front of the rest of the left kidney.
• Posteriorly, the psoas muscles lie behind each kidney. The
upper part of each kidney lies on the inner surface of the
respective twelfth rib.
7
8. • Superiorly, the adrenal glands are sited on thesuperior
surface of eachkidney.
• Inferiorly. Coils of small bowel supported on their mesentery
lie below eachkidney.
• Medially, vertebral column lies between the two kidneys.
Immediately in front of it are the great vessels, the aorta on
the right and the inferior vena cavaon the left and their
associated renal blood supply anddrainage.
Blood Supply:
• Right and left renal arteries respectively, branches ofthe
abdominal aorta.
Nerve supply:
• Motor neurones fromthe autonomic nervous system.
8
10. • Thelarge muscles on
either side of thevertebral
column causethe
longitudinal plane of the
kidneys to form avertical
angle of about 20° with
the midsagittal plane.
Theselarge muscles
include the two psoas
major muscles. These
muscle massesgrow larger
asthey progress inferiorly
from the upper lumbar
vertebrae.
10
11. • Thisgradual enlargement
produces the 20°
angle, wherein the upper
pole of each kidney is closer
to the midline than its lower
pole.
• Theselarge posterior
abdominal muscles also
causethe kidneys to rotate
backward within the
retroperitoneal space.Asa
result, the medial borderof
each kidney is more
anterior than the lateral
border.
11
12. 12
• Theseare two long tubes leading from the pelvis of each
kidney to the bladder, descending on either side of the
vertebral column and passing forward over the pelvic brim,to
enter obliquely into the posterior base of the bladder.
• Are constructed sothat urine passesalong them byperistaltic
action.
• There is an inner lining ofmucous membrane supported on a
submucosal layer, then alayer of plain circular involuntary
muscle, and an outer layer ofwhite fibrous tissue.
• Theureters have alength of approximately 20 cm andan
internal diameter up to3 mm.
13. 13
• Theureters vary in diameter
from 1 mm toalmost 1 cm.
• Normally, three constricted
points exist along the courseof
each ureter.
• If akidney stone attempts to
passfrom kidney to bladder,it
may have trouble passing
through these threeregions.
• Thefirst point isthe
ureteropelvic(UP)
junction,where the renalpelvis
funnels down into the small
ureter.
14. • Thesecond is near the brim of
the pelvis, where the iliacblood
vesselscrossover the ureters.
• Thethird is where the ureter
joins the bladder, termed the
ureterovesical junction, or UV
junction.
• Most kidney stones that pass
down the ureter tend tohang up
at the third site, theUV
junction, and once the stone
passesthis point and moves into
the bladder, it generally haslittle
trouble passingfrom thebladder
and through the urethra to the
exterior.
14
15. 15
• Bladder is situated in the anterior part of the pelvic
cavity, behind and just above the symphysispubis.
• Exactposition depends on the degree ofdistension.
• Acts asareservoir for urine from thekidneys and
subsequently expels it via theexternal urethra.
• It is ahollow muscular organ lying in the anterior part of the
pelvis outside the peritoneum.
• When empty it is pyramidal in shape and presents an apex
behind the smphysis pubis, abaseanteriorly and asuperior
and two inferolateralsurfaces.
16. • Theureters enter the postero lateral angles of thebaseand
the urethra leaves inferiorly at the narrow neck.
• The interior of the bladder is covered with mucous membrane
which thrown into folds, except in the trigone between the
ureteric orifices, in the contracted state and stretched more
smooth when the bladder isdistended.
16
20. 20
• Any standard radiographic unit is suitable toperform the
procedure.
• High power x-raygenerator.
• Immobilization band is usually not applied becausethe
resultant pressure may interfere withthe passageof fluid
through ureters and may also causedistortion ofcanals.
• However, compression band is sometimes applied over distal
ends of ureters to retard flow of opacified urine into bladder
and to ensure adequate filling ofrenal pelves and calyces.
21. 21
• NPOfor 5h prior to examination.
• Pts. should preferably be ambulant for 2h prior to the
examination to reduce bowelgas.
• Bowel preparation is necessary to reduce the bowelgas
pattern which may obscure the region ofinterest.
• Theroutine administration of bowel preparationusemakes
the examination more unpleasant for thepatients.
• Nowadays it is said tobe unnecessary.
22. • Thetechnologist must check the patient's chart todetermine
the creatinine and BUN(blood urea nitrogen) levels. Patients
with elevated blood levels have agreater chance of
experiencing an adverse contrast media reaction. Normal
creatinine levels for the adult are 0.6to 1.5mg/dl. BUN
levels should range between 8and 25mg/100ml.
22
23. • Nowadays, dehydration is not necessary and doesnotimprove
image quality.
• Dehydration is contraindicated in the followingsituations:
1. Renalfailure
2. Myeloma
3. Infancy
• If examination is to be performed on apt who haspreviously
had asevere CMreaction, consideraton should be given to
administering methyl prednisolone 32mg orally 12 and 2 h
prior to CMinjection.
23
24. SIGNINGINFORMEDCONSENTFORM:
• Venipuncture is an invasive procedure that carries risks for
complications, especially when contrast media is injected.
Before beginning the procedure, thetechnologist must ensure
that the patient is fully aware of these potential risks and has
signed an informed consentform.
• If achild is undergoing venipuncture, theprocedure should be
explained to both the child and the guardian, and the
guardian should sign the informed consentform.
24
25. 25
• Venous access via the median antecubital vein is the preferred
injection site because flow is retarded in the cephalic vein asit
pierces the clavipectoral fascia.
• Thegaugeof the cannula/needle should allow the injectionto
be given rapidly asbolus to maximize the density of
nephrogram.
• Upper arm or shoulder pain may be due to stasis of contrast
in vein which may be relieved by abduction of the arm.
26. 26
• Preliminary film:
Supine, full length AP of
abdomen in inspiration.
The lower border of
cassette is at the level of
symphysis pubis and the
x-ray beam is centred in
the midline at the level of
iliac crests.
To demonstrate
preparation,
exposure factor,
bowel
check
and
location of radiopaque
stones or any radiopaque
artifacts.
27. • If necessary the position of overlying opacities may be further
demonstrated by:
• SupineAPof renal areas, in expiration. Thex-ray beam is
centred in the mid-line at the level of lower costal margin
Or
• 35 posterior oblique views,or,
• Tomography of the kidneys at the level of athird of the AP
diameter of the patient (app.8-11 cm).The optimal angle of
swing is 25-40 .
• Theexamination should not proceed until these filmsare
reviewed by radiologist and claimedsatisfactory.
27
28. 28
• Immediate film :
APof the renal areas.
Thisfilm is exposed10-
14 safter the injection
(app.Arm to kidney
time)
Aims to show the
nephrogram, i.e renal
parenchyma opacified
by contrast mediumin
renal tubules.
29. • 5-min film:
APof renalareas.
Todetermine if excretion is symmetrical and is invaluablefor
assessingthe need to modify the techinque, egafurther
injection of CMif there hasbeen poor initial opacification.
29
30. • Compression band is now applied around the patient’s
abdomen and the balloon positioned midway betweenthe
ASIS i.e. precisely over the ureters astheycross the pelvic
brim. Theaim is to produce better pelvicalycealdistension.
• Compression is contraindicated:
1. After recent abdominalsurgery
2. After renaltrauma
3. If there is alarge abdominal massor aorticaneurysm.
4. When the 5-min film shows already distendedcalyces.
30
31. • 15 min film:
Supine full lengthAP
There is usually adequate
distension of thepelvicalyceal
systemswith opaque urineby
this time.
Compression is released when
satisfactory demonstration ofthe
pelvicalyceal system hasbeen
achieved.
7/26/2013 31
32. • Releasefilm (full bladder) : coned view of bladder area
• Takento show the bladder. If this film is satisfactory, the pt is
askedto empty thebladder.
32
33. • After micturitionfilm:
• Either afull length abdominal film or aconed view of the
bladder with the tubeangled 15° caudad and centred 5 cm
above the symphysis pubis based on earlier findings.
• Main aim of films isto
Assessbladder emptying
Todemonstrate return of dilatedupper
tracts with relief ofbladder pressure.
Aid diagnosis of VJcalculi
Dxof bladder tumors
Demonstrate urethral diverticulum.
Residual vol of urine.
33
34. 34
• Posterior obliques of
kidneys, ureters orbladder:
Todetermine whether the
radiopaque shadow is in the ureter
or outside.
Position: Pt. is rotated 30-35° in rt
or lt side depending on pathology
side.
35. • Prone film:
Toinvestigate pelviureteric and ureteric obstruction asthe
heavy contrast laden urine will more readily gravitate to the
site of theobstruction.
Todisplace the overlying bowel gastowardsperiphery.
Position: Pt. lies prone after doing 15 min full film and after 4-
5 min. of lying prone (so that lower ureter is in dependent
part) full film istaken.
• Tomography- when there are confusing overlying gasshadows
in renalareas.
35
36. • APwith caudal angulation:
Toseparate the over shadows by stomach on left kidney.
Position: APposition, film of kidney area with25° caudal tube
angulation.
• Erect film: Todetermine where or not there is small ureteric
calculus, erect oblique film of area of ureter. Todemonstrate
layering of calculi in cysts andabscesses.
36
37. • Delayed films : may be necessary for up to 24 h after injection
to demonstrate the actual site of ureteric obstruction.
• Children: films are taken in 3 min, 15 min, aden post mic after
CMinjection and further depending uponpathology.
• Pregnancy: film sequence is KUBand 15 min full film.
37
38. 38
• In caseof suspicious shadows in renalareas:
Takelateral film of renalarea.
Takeinspiratory and expiratory film of renal area to
demonstrate the relationship of opacities and filling defects of
renal tract.
• In caseof renal hypertension: take fast sequences (1min,3
min, and 5 minfilm).
39. • Ectopic kidney: full film KUBregion from immediate to last
film.
• Renalagenesis: full fim KUBfrom immediate to lastfilm.
Delayed films upto 24hours.
• Bladder diverticulum: Abnormal pouch formed withinbladder.
Lateral film of bladderarea.
• Vesicovaginal fistula: lateral film ofbladder area.
39
40. • VUJobstruction: Oblique film of bladder area ofobstruction
side.
• Suspected renal failure, er urography, inadequatebowel
preparation:
High dose IVU(dose of CMupto 600mgI/kg body wt.)is
performed.
Common sequences and further delayed sequences ( 1 hrs, 3
hrs, 6 hrs, 12 hrs and 24 hrs) if kidney function is not seen.
40
41. 41
• Direct lead rubber gonad protection using ahalfapron.
• “Pregnancy” rule should befollowed.
• If whole of renal tract is to be visualized, no gonad shielding is
possible for the females, but for males the testis can be
protected by placing alead rubber sheet over upper thighs
below lower edge of symphysispubis.
• When bladder and lower ureters are not included then female
canalso be given gonad protection.
42. 42
• General psychological reassurance.
• Needle wound site dressed and checked for extravasation.
• Checkpatient understands how to receive theresults.
• Ensurepatient understands any preparation instructionsare
finished.
• Escort to changing rooms and bidgood-bye.
43. 43
• Thestrengths of urographyare:
rapid overview of the entire urinary tract,
detailed anatomy of the collectingsystem,
demonstration of calcifications,
it is sensitive forobstruction, and
low cost,
44. Theweaknesses are that:
• it depends on kidneyfunction,
• it provides little assessment of parenchymal structure (eg.
cystic vs.solid),
• the perinephric spaceis not demonstrated,
• it necessitates the use of radiation and contrast medium, and
• it provides no assessmentof glomerular filtration rate.
44
45. 45
• Dueto CM:
Reactions due to CM: mild, moderateand severe.
• Dueto technique:
• Incorrectly applied abdominal compression mayproduce
intolerable discomfort orhypotension.
• Swelling and pain during injection
• Extravasation of CM
46. 46
• Urinary obstructions:
• Calculi: most commonly form in the kidneys
• Ureteral calculi may form in lower portion atVUJand pelvic
brim.
• Bladder calculi are uncommon but they are relativelylarger
when present.
47. Disorder Description Radiographic findings
Renalagenesis Solitary kidney Hypertrophic single
functioning kidney
Supernumerary
kidney
More than two
kidneys
Hypoplstic 3rd kidney,
may or maynot be
fused
Malrotation Abnormal position Bizzare appearance of
parenchymal calyces
and pelvis.
Ectopic kidney Solitary kidney 2nd kidney inanother
location (pelvis or
thorax)
48
48. Horse shoe kidney Lower pole-
parenchymal fusion
Kidney malrotation
and possible
nephrogram
demonstrating
parenchymal fusion
Duplication More than onerenal
pelvis or ureter
Double renal pelvis
in single kidney;two
ureters exit kidney
and empty into
bladder.
Ureterocele Located in distal
ureter (VUJ)
Roundor ovaldilated
ureter with
radiolucent halo.
48
53. Polycystic kidney disease is adisorder marked by
cystsscattered throughout one or both kidneys. This
diseaseis the most common cause of enlarged
kidneys. Its causemaybe genetic or congenital,
depending on the type of polycystic disease.
Thesecystsalter the appearanceof the kidneyand
mayalter renal function.
53
54. 54
Radio nuclide imaging for renal functionevaluation.
Ultrasound.
C.T.for investigation of trauma and renalmasses.
RenalAngiography.
Retrograde pyelography,
Urethrography.
Magnetic resonanceimaging.
55. 55
• Contrast is what we giveintravenously
• Dye is used on clothes and in cooking to change the color of
things—it is not given IVtopatients!
56. 56
• Excretion urography haslong been the cornerstone of the
imaging evaluation of urinary tractdisease. However, other
imaging modalities such asUSG,CT,and MRI are being used
with increasingfrequency.
• Thedeclining useof urography in clinical practice presentsa
challenge for instruction in urographic technique and
interpretation.
• In addition, alternative modalities also have theirlimitations,
and despite their increasing use, the ideal “global” urinary
tract examination remainscontroversial.
• Nevertheless, urography may still be important inthe
diagnosis of some urinary tract diseaseprocesses.