The document discusses the theory of evolution, highlighting key figures such as Pierre Louis Maupertuis, Karl Ernst von Baer, Thomas Malthus, Jean-Baptiste Lamarck, Charles Darwin, and Alfred Russel Wallace, who contributed to our understanding of adaptation and natural selection. It explains various mechanisms of evolution, including natural selection, genetic hitchhiking, and types of reproductive isolation, along with definitions of adaptations. The last universal common ancestor is also mentioned as the earliest ancestor of all current life on Earth.

4. THEORY OF
EVOLUTION

5. EVOLUTION
Change of heritable
characteristics of
organisms over future
generations

7. PIONEERS
OF
EVOLUTION

8. PIERRE LOUIS MAUPERTUIS
 First President of the
Prussian Academy of
Science
 He proposed that all
living creatures have
traits that help their
survival
 He stated that the
advantageous traits will
be passed on future
generations

9. KARL ERNST VON BAER
 First President of the
Russian Entomological
Society
 Stated that the changes in
the development of the
organisms were
responsible in the
changes of the phenotype
 Created an early version
of phylogenetic tree

10. THOMAS MALTHUS
He concluded that as more
offspring are born, a more
competitive nature would arise.
As more offspring come into the
population, fewer resources will
be available for the population.
This has the potential for
competition between organisms
for survival due to lack of
resources. This competitive
nature would be necessary for
survival of individuals within a
large population size unable to be
supported by the environment.

11. JEAN-BAPTISTE LAMARCK
 French soldier and
naturalist
 Lamarckism – the
theory that an organism
can pass on
characteristics that it
has acquired during its
lifetime on its offspring
 Theory of Adaptation

13. CHARLES ROBERT DARWIN
English Geologist,
Naturalist and
Biologist
Published “On the
Origins of Species”
on 1859

14. CHARLES ROBERT DARWIN CONTRIBUTIONS:
He stated that
all species of organisms arise
and develop through the natural
selection of small, inherited
variations that increase the
individual's ability to compete,
survive, and reproduce.

15. CHARLES ROBERT DARWIN CONTRIBUTIONS:
He added that all life on Earth is
connected and related to each
other, and this diversity of life is a
product of modifications of
populations by natural selection,
where some traits were favored
in and environment over others

16. ALFRED RUSSEL WALLACE
 British Geologist,
Naturalist,
Anthropologist and
Biologist
 Father of Biogeography
 Emphasizes that
environment pressures
the species that forces
them to adapt in their
local conditions

18. NATURAL SELECTION
It is one of the key mechanisms of
evolution. It states that the
organisms best adapted to their
environment will have a better
chance to survive and reproduce.

20. GENETIC HITCHHIKING
It happens when an allele changes
frequency not because it itself is
under natural selection, but
because it is near another gene
that is undergoing a selective
sweep and that is on the
same DNA chain.

22. TYPES OF
REPRODUCTIVE
ISOLATION

30. ADAPTATION
Change in an organisms physical
structure or behaviour that improves
its ability to survive in their habitat
Anything that helps an organism
survives in its environment is an
adaptation

31. STRUCTURAL ADAPTATION
It involves physical features of an
organism that helps it to survive in its
environment
Examples:
Camouflage, shape of the teeth of an
organism based on its diet, fur of a
bear, beak of a bird

33. CHEMICAL ADAPTATION
It involves chemical that
helps the organism to adapt
and to survive

34. BEHAVIORAL ADAPTATION
It involves the behavioural
patterns of an organism that
helps them to adapt and to
survive in their environment

37. LAST UNIVERSAL COMMON ANCESTOR
It is the most recent common
ancestor of all current life on
Earth. It is a small, single-
celled, ring-shaped organism
that had lived 4-3.5 billion years
ago.