Variation-Genetic variation is the difference in DNA sequences between individuals within a population. Variation occurs in germ cells i.e. sperm and egg, and also in somatic (all other) cells. Only variation that arises in germ cells can be inherited from one individual to another and so affect population dynamics, and ultimately evolution.
Variation-Genetic variation is the difference in DNA sequences between individuals within a population. Variation occurs in germ cells i.e. sperm and egg, and also in somatic (all other) cells. Only variation that arises in germ cells can be inherited from one individual to another and so affect population dynamics, and ultimately evolution.
PowerPoint presentation Theory of evolution through mutation of Hugo de Vries from the website http://www.yourarticlelibrary.com/mutation/mutation-theory-mutation-theory-of-evolution-by-hugo-de-vries/12255/
I hope that this PowerPoint will help you in understanding Hugo de Vries' theory.
Organisms are classified into a hierarchical classification that groups closely related individuals.
The species is the basic biological unit around which classifications are based.
This presentation file has these contents:
Evolution
Convergent Evolution
Analogous structures
Divergent Evolution
Homologous structures
Parallel Evolution
Coevolution
Types of Evolution
Macroevolution
Microevolution
Importance of pattern of evolution
theories of evolution by Lamark and Darwin.pptxUOP
This presentation consists of theories of mechanism of evolution defined by Lamark and Darwin that gives an idea about how evolution took place and how organisms evolved in nature. Also it gives a very good idea about natural selection and survival of the fittest. This pptx will give u an idea about the adaptation of organisms to their environment and the survival of the fittest.
PowerPoint presentation Theory of evolution through mutation of Hugo de Vries from the website http://www.yourarticlelibrary.com/mutation/mutation-theory-mutation-theory-of-evolution-by-hugo-de-vries/12255/
I hope that this PowerPoint will help you in understanding Hugo de Vries' theory.
Organisms are classified into a hierarchical classification that groups closely related individuals.
The species is the basic biological unit around which classifications are based.
This presentation file has these contents:
Evolution
Convergent Evolution
Analogous structures
Divergent Evolution
Homologous structures
Parallel Evolution
Coevolution
Types of Evolution
Macroevolution
Microevolution
Importance of pattern of evolution
theories of evolution by Lamark and Darwin.pptxUOP
This presentation consists of theories of mechanism of evolution defined by Lamark and Darwin that gives an idea about how evolution took place and how organisms evolved in nature. Also it gives a very good idea about natural selection and survival of the fittest. This pptx will give u an idea about the adaptation of organisms to their environment and the survival of the fittest.
Edited PowerPoint presentation of Jean Baptiste Lamarck's theory of inheritance of acquired characters
This PowerPoint presentation is collected from different websites and PowerPoint presentation
According to Hardy (England,1908) and Weinberg (Germany,1909), gene and genotype frequency of a Mendelian population remain constant generation after generation unless there is selection,mutation,migration or random drift.
Darwinism and natural selection 7th zol.pptximranrohi56
Darwin's three main principles of natural selection state that, in order for the process to occur, most characteristics in the population must be inherited, more offspring must be produced than can survive, and the fittest offspring must be more likely to survive and reproduce.In the mid-19th century, a man came up with a very powerful idea, the idea that species could change. Today, all the time, we hear about animals adapting, endangered species going extinct, viruses mutating. But in the 1800s, people conceptualized a much more static world. One man looked past all that. His name was Charles Darwin.
Darwin called his idea the theory of natural selection. Natural selection is defined as a natural process that results in the survival and reproduction of organisms with genetic traits best suited to their environment. A shorter (but no less accurate) definition might be "survival of the fittest." Within any population, the fittest individuals, or the ones who fit the environment best, usually survive and reproduce, passing on their genetic traits to future generations.
Overview
In simpler terms, Evolutionary Genetics is the study to understand how genetic
variation leads to evolutionary change.
Evolutionary Genetics attempts to account for evolution in terms of changes in gene
and genotype frequencies within populations and the processes that convert the
variation with populations into more or less permanent variation between species.
The central challenge of Evolutionary Genetics is to describe how the evolutionary
forces shape the patterns of biodiversity.
Evolutionary Genetics majorly deals with;
a. Evolution of genome structure
b. The genetic basis of speciation and adaptation
c. Genetic change in response to selection within populations
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
THE IMPORTANCE OF MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE SAMPLE RETURN.Sérgio Sacani
The return of a sample of near-surface atmosphere from Mars would facilitate answers to several first-order science questions surrounding the formation and evolution of the planet. One of the important aspects of terrestrial planet formation in general is the role that primary atmospheres played in influencing the chemistry and structure of the planets and their antecedents. Studies of the martian atmosphere can be used to investigate the role of a primary atmosphere in its history. Atmosphere samples would also inform our understanding of the near-surface chemistry of the planet, and ultimately the prospects for life. High-precision isotopic analyses of constituent gases are needed to address these questions, requiring that the analyses are made on returned samples rather than in situ.
The ability to recreate computational results with minimal effort and actionable metrics provides a solid foundation for scientific research and software development. When people can replicate an analysis at the touch of a button using open-source software, open data, and methods to assess and compare proposals, it significantly eases verification of results, engagement with a diverse range of contributors, and progress. However, we have yet to fully achieve this; there are still many sociotechnical frictions.
Inspired by David Donoho's vision, this talk aims to revisit the three crucial pillars of frictionless reproducibility (data sharing, code sharing, and competitive challenges) with the perspective of deep software variability.
Our observation is that multiple layers — hardware, operating systems, third-party libraries, software versions, input data, compile-time options, and parameters — are subject to variability that exacerbates frictions but is also essential for achieving robust, generalizable results and fostering innovation. I will first review the literature, providing evidence of how the complex variability interactions across these layers affect qualitative and quantitative software properties, thereby complicating the reproduction and replication of scientific studies in various fields.
I will then present some software engineering and AI techniques that can support the strategic exploration of variability spaces. These include the use of abstractions and models (e.g., feature models), sampling strategies (e.g., uniform, random), cost-effective measurements (e.g., incremental build of software configurations), and dimensionality reduction methods (e.g., transfer learning, feature selection, software debloating).
I will finally argue that deep variability is both the problem and solution of frictionless reproducibility, calling the software science community to develop new methods and tools to manage variability and foster reproducibility in software systems.
Exposé invité Journées Nationales du GDR GPL 2024
Toxic effects of heavy metals : Lead and Arsenicsanjana502982
Heavy metals are naturally occuring metallic chemical elements that have relatively high density, and are toxic at even low concentrations. All toxic metals are termed as heavy metals irrespective of their atomic mass and density, eg. arsenic, lead, mercury, cadmium, thallium, chromium, etc.
Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflect spectroscopy in the UV-VIS spectral region.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the amount of light received by the analyte.
Comparing Evolved Extractive Text Summary Scores of Bidirectional Encoder Rep...University of Maribor
Slides from:
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Track: Artificial Intelligence
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/
Deep Behavioral Phenotyping in Systems Neuroscience for Functional Atlasing a...Ana Luísa Pinho
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) provides means to characterize brain activations in response to behavior. However, cognitive neuroscience has been limited to group-level effects referring to the performance of specific tasks. To obtain the functional profile of elementary cognitive mechanisms, the combination of brain responses to many tasks is required. Yet, to date, both structural atlases and parcellation-based activations do not fully account for cognitive function and still present several limitations. Further, they do not adapt overall to individual characteristics. In this talk, I will give an account of deep-behavioral phenotyping strategies, namely data-driven methods in large task-fMRI datasets, to optimize functional brain-data collection and improve inference of effects-of-interest related to mental processes. Key to this approach is the employment of fast multi-functional paradigms rich on features that can be well parametrized and, consequently, facilitate the creation of psycho-physiological constructs to be modelled with imaging data. Particular emphasis will be given to music stimuli when studying high-order cognitive mechanisms, due to their ecological nature and quality to enable complex behavior compounded by discrete entities. I will also discuss how deep-behavioral phenotyping and individualized models applied to neuroimaging data can better account for the subject-specific organization of domain-general cognitive systems in the human brain. Finally, the accumulation of functional brain signatures brings the possibility to clarify relationships among tasks and create a univocal link between brain systems and mental functions through: (1) the development of ontologies proposing an organization of cognitive processes; and (2) brain-network taxonomies describing functional specialization. To this end, tools to improve commensurability in cognitive science are necessary, such as public repositories, ontology-based platforms and automated meta-analysis tools. I will thus discuss some brain-atlasing resources currently under development, and their applicability in cognitive as well as clinical neuroscience.
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
2. Lamarckism:
It Is Also Called “Theory Of Inheritance Of Acquired Characters”
And Was Proposed By A Great French Naturalist, Jean Baptiste
De Lamarck In 1809 A.D. In His Famous Book “Philosphic
Zoologique”. This Theory Is Based On The Comparison Between
The Contemporary Species Of His Time To Fossil Records.
3. His theory is based on the inheritance of acquired characters which
are defined as the changes (variations) developed in the body of
an organism from normal characters, in response to the changes in
environment, or in the functioning (use and disuse) of organs, in
their own life time, to fulfill their new needs. Thus Lamarck stressed
on adaptation as means of evolutionary modification.
4. A. Postulates of Lamarckism:
Lamarckism is based on following four postulates:
1. New needs:
Every living organism is found in some kind of environment. The changes in
the environmental factors like light, temperature, medium, food, air etc. or
migration of animal lead to the origin of new needs in the living organisms,
especially animals. To fulfill these new needs, the living organisms have to
exert special efforts like the changes in habits or behaviour.
5. 2. Use and disuse of organs:
The new habits involve the greater use of certain organs to
meet new needs, and the disuse or lesser use of certain other
organs which are of no use in new conditions. This use and
disuse of organs greatly affect the form, structure and
functioning of the organs.
3. Inheritance of acquired characters:
Lamarck believed that acquired characters are inheritable and
are transmitted to the offsprings so that these are born fit to
face the changed environmental conditions and the chances of
their survival are increased.
6. 4. Speciation:
Lamarck believed that in every generation, new characters are
acquired and transmitted to next generation, so that new
characters accumulate generation after generation. After a
number of generations, a new species is formed.
So according to Lamarck, an existing individual is the sum total
of the characters acquired by a number of previous generations
and the speciation is a gradual process.
1.
7. Darwinism (Theory of Natural Selection):
Charles Darwin (1809- 1882 A.D.), an English naturalist, was the most
dominant figure among the biologists of the 19th century. He made an
extensive study of nature for over 20 years, especially in 1831-1836 when
he went on a voyage on the famous ship “H.M.S. Beagle” and explored
South America, the Galapagos Islands and other islands.
8. He collected the observations on animal distribution and the relationship
between living and extinct animals. He found that existing living forms
share similarities to varying degrees not only among themselves but
also with the life forms that existed millions of years ago, some of which
have become extinct.
9. B. POSTULATES OF DARWINISM:
MAIN POSTULATES OF DARWINISM ARE:
1. Geometric increase.
2. Limited food and space.
3. Struggle for existence.
4. Variations.
5. Natural selection or Survival of the fittest.
6. Inheritance of useful variations.
7. Speciation.
10. 1. Geometric increase:
According to Darwinism, the populations tend to multiply
geometrically and the reproductive powers of living organisms
(biotic potential) are much more than required to maintain their
number e.g.,
2. Limited food and space:
Darwinism states that though a population tends to increase
geometrically, the food increases only arithmetically. So two
main limiting factors on the tremendous increase of a population
are: limited food and space which together form the major part of
carrying capacity of environment. These do not allow a
population to grow indefinitely which are nearly stable in size
except for seasonal fluctuation.
11. 3. Struggle for existence:
Due to rapid multiplication of populations but limited food and
space, there starts an everlasting competition between individuals
having similar requirements. In this competition, every living
organism desires to have an upper hand over others.
This competition between living organisms for the basic needs of life
like food, space, mate etc., is called struggle for existence which is of
three types:
(a) Intraspecific:
Between the members of same species e.g. two dogs struggling for a piece
of meat.
(b) Interspecific:
Between the members of different species e.g. between predator and prey.
(c) Environmental or Extra specific:
Between living organisms and adverse environmental factors like heat, cold,
drought, flood, earthquakes, light etc.
12. 4. Variations:
Variation is the law of nature. According to this law of nature, no
two individuals except identical (monozygotic) twins are identical.
This everlasting competition among the organisms has compelled
them to change according to the conditions to utilize the natural
resources and can survive successfully.
Darwin stated that the variations are generally of two types—
continuous variations or fluctuations and discontinuous variations.
On the basis of their effect on the survival chances of living
organisms, the variations may be neutral, harmful and useful.
13. 5. Natural selection or Survival of the fittest:
Darwin stated that as many selects the individuals with desired characters in
artificial selection; nature selects only those individuals out of the population
which are with useful continuous variations and are best adapted to the
environment while the less fit or unfit individuals are rejected by it.
6. Inheritance of useful variations:
Darwin believed that the selected individuals pass their useful continuous
variations to their offsprings so that they are born fit to the changed
environment.
7. Speciation:
According to Darwinism, useful variations appear in every generation and
are inherited from one generation to another. So the useful variations go
on accumulating and after a number of generations, the variations
become so prominent that the individual turns into a new species. So
according to Darwinism, evolution is a gradual process and speciation
occurs by gradual changes in the existing species.