The document describes how the color variations of peppered moths in England adapted to changes in their environment due to the Industrial Revolution and pollution. Peppered moths exist in both light and dark colors. Before industrialization, most tree trunks were light in color due to lichen growth, giving dark moths a disadvantage as they were more visible to predatory birds. After industrialization blackened the tree trunks, dark moths had better camouflage and survival rates increased while light moths were more vulnerable to birds. Experiments showed natural selection was occurring as the moth population colors shifted depending on the tree colors in their habitats.

1. The Peppered MothThe Peppered Moth
The "typica" form of the
moth (light-colored)
The "The "carbonariacarbonaria""
form (dark-colored)form (dark-colored)
The Peppered Moth has 2 variationsvariations: light graylight gray
and dark graydark gray.

2. The peppered moth lives in a forestThe peppered moth lives in a forest
in England.in England.
The trees in the forest are coveredThe trees in the forest are covered
withwith lichenlichen..

3. If you were aIf you were a
hungry bird,hungry bird,
which of thesewhich of these
pepperedpeppered
moths wouldmoths would
you grab foryou grab for
lunch?lunch?
The black mothsblack moths
were easy to see
against the
lichen, but the
light mothslight moths
blended in and
were hard to see.
Birds ate more
of the darkdark
mothsmoths, until
there were a lot
of light moths
and very few
dark ones.
Ha ha! You can’t see
me…

5. One day factories
moved into the area,
and released
pollutionpollution into the air.
The trees were
blackened with
sootsoot..

6. What do you think happened to the moths?What do you think happened to the moths?

7. You’re right!You’re right!
The birds ate more of the light mothslight moths because
they were now easier to see than the dark mothsdark moths.
Eventually there were a lot of dark mothsdark moths
and very few light oneslight ones.

8. PepperedPeppered
moths on amoths on a
normal treenormal tree
backgroundbackground
PepperedPeppered
moths on amoths on a
treetree
darkened bydarkened by
sootsoot

9. When the
monster came,
Lola, like the
peppered moth
and the arctic
hare, remained
motionless and
undetected.
Harold, of
course, was
immediately
devoured.

10. Peppered moths have lived in the forests of
England for thousands of years. They rest on
the trunks of trees during the day, and are a
source of food for many birds.
Peppered moths vary in color, from light-
colored to dark-colored. These color variations
are genetic.
Before the Industrial Revolution, the tree trunks
were light-colored. The trunks and branches
were also covered with silvery-white lichens. As
industry grew, pollution killed the lichens and
blackened the tree bark.

11. In the 1950s, Oxford University professor H.B.D.
Kettlewell and his students performed an
experiment. They released the same number of
light and dark-colored moths in two areas. One
was an unpolluted area that had lichen-coveredunpolluted area that had lichen-covered
oak treesoak trees;; the other was a wooded area that hadwooded area that had
experienced pollution for many yearsexperienced pollution for many years.
After a certain amount of time, they recaptured as
many moths as they could, and counted them.
What do you think the results of the experiment
were?

12. You’re right!
In the unpollutedunpolluted area (light-colored treelight-colored tree
trunkstrunks), moremore light-colored mothslight-colored moths
survivedsurvived.
In the polluted area (polluted area (dark-colored treedark-colored tree
trunkstrunks), moremore dark-colored mothsdark-colored moths
survivedsurvived.
How does this experiment show the
process of natural selectionnatural selection?

13. Note that this example illustrates Darwin's fourDarwin's four
points:points:
• moth eggs are over-produced;over-produced; many moths
will not survive to reproduce.
• there is variationvariation among individuals -- some
are black in color, others are light gray
• the variation is geneticgenetic –black moths have
different alleles for color than do gray moths
• the different colors differ in advantageadvantage-- in
industrial environments, black moths survive
to reproduce better than gray moths do. In
unpolluted environments, the opposite is true.