1. The document discusses early European exploration including Prince Henry of Portugal establishing a navigation school in 1419. This led to Portuguese exploration of Africa's coastline by the 15th century and their establishing the first global maritime empire. 2. Motives for more exploration included seeking new trade routes to Asia following the Crusades, Renaissance curiosity, escaping religious conflicts, and finding new sources of revenue for monarchs. Technological advances like improved ships, navigation instruments, and weapons enabled further voyages. 3. Major figures that furthered exploration included Columbus, whose four voyages opened up the Americas to colonization by European powers; Magellan, who completed the first circumnavigation of the world; and conquistadors

1. By: Ms. Susan M. PojerBy: Ms. Susan M. Pojer
Horace Greeley HS Chappaqua, NYHorace Greeley HS Chappaqua, NY
By: Ms. Susan M. PojerBy: Ms. Susan M. Pojer
Horace Greeley HS Chappaqua, NYHorace Greeley HS Chappaqua, NY

2. Earlier ExplorationsEarlier Explorations
1. Islam & the Spice Trade 
Malacca
2. A New Player  Europe
Nicolo, Maffeo, & Marco Polo, 1271
Expansion becomes a state
enterprise  monarchs had the
authority & the resources.
Better seaworthy ships.
3. Chinese Admiral Zheng He & the
Ming “Treasure Fleet”

3. Admiral Zheng HeAdmiral Zheng He
1371-1435
Each ship was 400’
long and 160’ wide!

4. A Map of the KnownA Map of the Known
World,World,
pre- 1492pre- 1492

5. Motives for EuropeanMotives for European
ExplorationExploration
1. Crusades  by-pass intermediaries
to get to Asia.
2. Renaissance  curiosity about other
lands and peoples.
3. Reformation  refugees &
missionaries.
4. Monarchs seeking new sources of
revenue.
5. Technological advances.
6. Fame and fortune.

6. New Maritime TechnologiesNew Maritime Technologies
Hartman Astrolabe
(1532)
Better Maps
[Portulan]
Sextant
Mariner’s Compass

7. New WeaponsNew Weapons
TechnologyTechnology

8. Prince Henry, thePrince Henry, the
NavigatorNavigator
School for Navigation, 1419

9. Museum of NavigationMuseum of Navigation
in Lisbonin Lisbon

10. Portuguese MaritimePortuguese Maritime
EmpireEmpire
1. Exploring the west coast of
Africa.
2. Bartolomeo Dias, 1487.
3. Vasco da Gama, 1498.
Calicut.
4. Admiral Alfonso de
Albuquerque (Goa, 1510;
Malacca, 1511).

11. Zheng He’s VoyagesZheng He’s Voyages
In 1498, Da Gama reached
Calcutta, China’s favorite port!

12. Christofo ColonChristofo Colon [1451-[1451-
1506]1506]

13. Columbus’ Four VoyagesColumbus’ Four Voyages

14. Other Voyages ofOther Voyages of
ExplorationExploration

15. Ferdinand Magellan & theFerdinand Magellan & the
First Circumnavigation ofFirst Circumnavigation of
the World:the World:
Early 16Early 16cc

16. Atlantic ExplorationsAtlantic Explorations
Looking for “El Dorado”Looking for “El Dorado”

17. Fernando CortezFernando Cortez
The First SpanishThe First Spanish
Conquests:Conquests:
The AztecsThe Aztecs
Montezuma IIMontezuma II
vs.vs.

18. The Death of MontezumaThe Death of Montezuma
IIII

19. Mexico Surrenders toMexico Surrenders to
CortezCortez

20. FranciscoFrancisco
PizarroPizarro
The First SpanishThe First Spanish
Conquests:Conquests:
TheThe
IncasIncas
AtahualpaAtahualpa
vs.vs.

21. Slaves Working in aSlaves Working in a
Brazilian Sugar MillBrazilian Sugar Mill

23. The “Columbian Exchange”The “Columbian Exchange”
 Squash  Avocado  Peppers  Sweet Potatoes
 Turkey  Pumpkin  Tobacco  Quinine
 Cocoa  Pineapple  Cassava  POTATO
 Peanut  TOMATO  Vanilla  MAIZE
 Syphilis
 Olive  COFFEE BEAN  Banana  Rice
 Onion  Turnip  Honeybee  Barley
 Grape  Peach  SUGAR CANE  Oats
 Citrus Fruits  Pear  Wheat  HORSE
 Cattle  Sheep  Pigs  Smallpox
 Flu  Typhus  Measles  Malaria
 Diptheria  Whooping Cough
 Trinkets
 Liquor
 GUNS

24. Cycle of Conquest &Cycle of Conquest &
ColonizationColonization
Explorers
Conquistadores
M
issionaries
PermanentSettlers
Official
European
Colony!

25. TreasuresTreasures
from the Americas!from the Americas!

26. Trans-Atlantic SlaveTrans-Atlantic Slave
TradeTrade

27. The Slave TradeThe Slave Trade
1. Existed in Africa before the coming
of the Europeans.
2. Portuguese replaced European slaves
with Africans.
Sugar cane & sugar plantations.
First boatload of African slaves
brought by the Spanish in 1518.
275,000 enslaved Africans exported
to other countries.
3. Between 16c
& 19c
, about 10 million
Africans shipped to the Americas.

28. Slave ShipSlave Ship
““Middle Passage”Middle Passage”

29. ““Coffin” Position BelowCoffin” Position Below
DeckDeck

30. African CaptivesAfrican Captives
Thrown OverboardThrown Overboard
Sharks followed the slave ships!Sharks followed the slave ships!

31. European Empires in theEuropean Empires in the
AmericasAmericas

32. The Colonial Class SystemThe Colonial Class System
PeninsularesPeninsulares
CreolesCreoles
MestizosMestizos MulattosMulattos
Native IndiansNative Indians Black SlavesBlack Slaves

33. Administration of theAdministration of the
Spanish Empire in the NewSpanish Empire in the New
WorldWorld
1. Encomienda
or forced
labor.
2. Council of
the Indies.
Viceroy.
New Spain and Peru.
3. Papal agreement.

34. The Influence of theThe Influence of the
Colonial Catholic ChurchColonial Catholic Church
GuadalajaraGuadalajara
CathedralCathedral
Our Lady ofOur Lady of
GuadalupeGuadalupe
Spanish MissionSpanish Mission

35. The Treaty of Tordesillas, 1494The Treaty of Tordesillas, 1494
&&
The Pope’s Line of DemarcationThe Pope’s Line of Demarcation

36. Father Bartolome de LasFather Bartolome de Las
CasasCasas
New LawsNew Laws  15421542

37. New Colonial RivalsNew Colonial Rivals
1. Portugal lacked the numbers
and wealth to dominate trade in
the Indian Ocean.
2. Spain in Asia  consolidated
its holdings in the Philippines.
3. First English expedition to the
Indies in 1591.
Surat in NW India in 1608.
4. Dutch arrive in India in 1595.

38. New Colonial RivalsNew Colonial Rivals

39. Impact of EuropeanImpact of European
ExpansionExpansion1. Native populations ravaged by
disease.
2. Influx of gold, and especially
silver, into Europe created an
inflationary economic climate.
[“Price Revolution”]
3. New products introduced across
the continents [“Columbian
Exchange”].
4. Deepened colonial rivalries.

40. 5. New Patterns of World5. New Patterns of World
TradeTrade