The document provides an overview of European exploration and expansion between the 15th and 18th centuries. It describes the technological and navigational advances that enabled long voyages of discovery. It profiles major explorers like da Gama, Magellan, and Columbus and their voyages that connected Europe to other continents. It also summarizes the conquest of native American empires by Spain and Portugal, and the establishment of colonies in the Americas by several European powers. The resulting exchange of goods, crops and diseases between hemispheres had massive social, economic and demographic impacts globally.

1. Exploration and Expansion Chapter 16

2. Section 1: Voyages of Discovery Foundations of Exploration The Drive to Explore Renaissance had awakened spirit of innovation and discovery Curious about exotic lands and peoples Sought faster route to Asia to gain foothold in trade God, Glory, and Gold

3. Section 1, Continued Advances in Technology Navigation tools Compass (from China) - let sailors know which direction was north Astrolabe (form Muslims) - let sailors calculate their location based on the position of the sun and stars

5. Section 1, Continued Advances in shipbuilding Deep draft ships - could withstand heavier waves and carry more cargo Caravel - new light, fast sailing ship Most popular ship for exploratory voyages Steered with rudder instead of oars Its sails could catch wind from any direction

6. Section 1, Continued Explorers from Portugal and Spain The Portuguese 1st country to launch large-scale exploratory voyages Prince Henry/ Henry the Navigator - patron and supporter of explorers Established a court to bring sailors, mapmakers, and astronomers together Sent explorers into the Atlantic and south to Africa Wanted to find a water route around Africa to India

7. Section 1, Continued Bartholomeu Dias - first European to sail around southern tip of Africa (Cape of Good Hope) in 1488 Vasco da Gama - Successfully sailed around Africa to reach India in 1497 Pedro Cabral - set out for India; ended up landing in Brazil Portugal established trading centers and became very rich and powerful

8. Section 1, Continued The Spanish Eager to find new routes to riches King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella paid for Italian sailor Christopher Columbus’ voyage in 1492 Columbus thought he could sail west to reach China Was wrong about the earth’s size and didn’t know about the Americas Reached Caribbean island of Hispaniola after 2 months at sea; thought he was in Asian islands called the Indies. Was hailed as a hero in Spain Returned to the Americas 3 more times, still thinking it was Asia

9. Section 1, Continued Amerigo Vespucci - discovered Columbus’ error in 1502 Sailed along coast of S. America and concluded it wasn’t Asia Spain now wanted to explore this new land Vasco Nu ñez de Balboa - led expedition across isthmus of Panama 1st European to see the Pacific Ocean (1513)

10. Section 1, Continued Ferdinand Magellan Portuguese, but sailed for Spain Set out to sail around world in 1519 with 5 ships and 250 men Long and difficult journey Magellan was killed in a fight with native people in the Philippines His men sailed on, arriving back in Spain in 1522 with 18 survivors -- First people to circumnavigate the world! (Explorer’s Journal, p. 474)

11. Section 1, Continued Explorers from the Rest of Europe The English… didn’t want to be left out John Cabot - set sail in 1497 and reached Canada; thought he reached Asia Went on a later expedition and never returned Sir Francis Drake - sent to round the tip of S. America and explore its west coast Became the second man to circumnavigate the globe Henry Hudson - tried to find a shorter route to Asia Hoped to find a Northeast Passage, but found only ice

12. Section 1, Continued The French searched for Northwest Passage to Asia Jacques Cartier - (1534) - sailed into St. Lawrence River and claimed the surrounding land as New France (Canada) The Dutch Explored the Americas Henry Hudson - also sailed for the Dutch Searched for NE and NW passage Explored the river now called the Hudson River and the Hudson Bay

13. Section 2: Conquest and Colonies Scramble for colonies… Spain builds an Empire - Among the first to successfully settle in the Americas Spain in the Caribbean Settled Caribbean islands Hispaniola and Cuba Introduced encomienda system Colonists were given land to work and Native Americans to work the land Were required to teach native workers about Christianity Disastrous for Native Americans - overworked, mistreated, caught deadly diseases from Europeans -- Millions died.

14. Section 2: Conquest and Colonies The Conquest of Mexico Hernan Cort és - conquistador (Spanish conqueror) who conquered the Aztecs in Mexico Moctezuma II - Aztec emperor who ruled over much of Mexico and was unpopular with those he conquered Cort és used this to his advantage - got thousands of Native Americans to help him defeat the Aztecs Cort és and his men had several advantages over the Aztecs Metals weapons, heavy armor, guns Horses Diseases (which killed thousands of Aztecs)

15. Section 2: Conquest and Colonies The Conquest of Peru Francisco Pizarro led expedition to Peru, seeking gold from Inca Empire Disease (smallpox) and civil war had already weakened the empire Demanded Atahualpa, the Incan ruler, hand over the empire and accept Christianity… Atahualpa refused Spanish took him prisoner Atahualpa offered them a fortune in gold and silver The Spanish took the money, killed him, then headed to Cuzco, the Inca capital and took over the empire.

16. Section 2: Conquest and Colonies Life in the Spanish Empire The king chose viceroys to govern his holdings in the Americas The colonial economy depended on mining silver and gold, and some farming Native Americans worked the mines; they suffered from disease and mistreatment The population dropped an estimated 90% from 50 million to 4 million Reformers like Bartolom é de Las Casas spoke out to protect Native Americans

17. Section 2, Continued The Portuguese in Brazil Treaty of Tordesillas, signed by Portugal and Spain in 1494, drew an imaginary line through the Atlantic Everything west of the line went to Spain; only Brazil remained a Portuguese colony In the 1530s, colonists began to settle in Brazil, creating huge farming estates First used Native American labor, then used African slaves (like Spain)

18. Section 2, Continued French, Dutch, and English Colonies in the Americas New France (Canada) Established colonies in hopes of finding gold and silver like the Spanish… unsuccessful But they did find fish and furs, which were valuable in Europe Sent small groups of traders rather than large numbers of colonists, so French population in N. America remained small Did not enslave Native Americans; they traded with them and became allies Ren é-Robert La Salle canoed down the entire Mississippi to the Gulf of Mexico and claimed the huge region for France; named it Louisiana after King Louis XIV

19. Section 2, Continued The Dutch of New Netherland Mostly interested in trade Settled New Netherland on the Hudson River Bought island of Manhattan from Wappinger people in 1626 and founded the city of New Amsterdam (NYC) The colony remained small because the Dutch focused on other more profitable colonies in the Caribbean and Asia

20. Section 2, Continued The English Colonies 1st English colony established in Jamestown in 1607 Hoped to find gold and silver - found a marsh instead 80% of settlers died in the first winter 1620 - Pilgrims escaping religious persecution established a colony at Plymouth, MA Had difficulties, but survived Received help from Native Americans early on, but later distrusted them

21. Section 2, Continued British-French Conflict In mid-1700s, English colonists tried to settle in French territory (Ohio River Valley) Tension grew; war broke out in 1754 between English and French and Native American allies on both sides (French and Indian War) Went badly for England at first, but France eventually surrendered England got Canada and all the territory east of the MS River. War was costly; the king tried to make the colonists pay, which led to resentment

23. Assignment Pick two explorers/ conquistadors from the chapter Create a drawing that : Identifies the explorer/ conquistador Shows where he’s from and what country he sailed for Where he sailed What he did when he got there/ how he interacted with native populations Immediate and long-term results You may use captions for clarity. Drawings are due Friday, Feb. 4 at the beginning of class. Homework : Read Sections 3 and 4

25. Section 3: New Patterns of Trade The Columbian Exchange - new era of cultural changes and global transfer of plants, animals and disease The Exchange of Goods Europeans brought foods from the New World back to Europe (potatoes, corn, turkeys) Introduced items from the Old World to the Americas ( coffee, rice, wheat, sheep, cattle, horses ) Horses provided a new source of labor and transportation

26. Section 3, Continued Effects of the Columbian Exchange Crops from the Americas (corn, potatoes) became staples in Europe and other places in the world Provided nutrition and helped people live longer Corn helped China’s population grown Changed traditional cuisines (Italians began cooking with tomatoes) Impacted economic activities (Texas cattle ranching, Brazilian coffee growing, corn and peanuts in Africa) An estimated 1/3 of crops grown around the world are from the Americas

27. Section 3, Continued The Introduction of New Diseases Native Americans had no natural resistance to European diseases Smallpox, measles, influenza, malaria killed millions of Native Americans Population of central Mexico decreased by 30% within 10 years of European contact The Inca Empire decreased from 13 million in 1492 to 2 million in 1600 North American population fell from 2 million in 1492 to 500,000 by 1900

28. Section 3, Continued Mercantilism - an economic system that held that a nation’s power depended on its wealth (1500s - 1700s) A wealthy nation could build a strong military and expand its influence Believed there was a fixed amount of wealth in the world, so a nation had to take wealth from other nations to become more powerful Led to intense competition between countries in the 1500s and 1600s

29. Section 3, Continued Balance of Trade Nations could build wealth by: mining gold and silver creating a favorable balance of trade by selling more goods than it bought from foreign countries Reduce imports from other countries by placing tariffs (taxes) on those goods Encourage exports that could sell for high prices (cloth got a higher profit than raw wool) Governments provided subsidies to help people start new industries Control overseas sources of raw materials and precious metals (so they didn’t have to rely on other countries)

30. Section 3, Continued Colonies Essential to the mercantilist system Existed to benefit the home country Provided European powers sources of raw materials and new markets for manufactured goods Could only sell raw materials to their home country Could only buy manufactured goods from their home country Impact on Society Towns and cities grew because of increased business activity A new class of wealthy merchants emerged Rural life in Europe remained the same

31. Section 3, Continued The Rise of Capitalism Capitalism Emerges Most economic activities are carried out by private individuals or organizations Individuals (not just government) began to amass great fortunes Able to invest in more business ventures; business activities increased

32. Section 3, Continued A New Business Organization Overseas ventures were expensive, so people began to pool their money into joint-stock companies to fund larger businesses Investors bought shares of stock in a company If the company made a profit, each shareholder got a share of the profit The British East India Company was one of the first joint-stock companies Founded in 1600; imported spices from Asia Virginia Company of London formed in 1607 Established the colony of Jamestown

34. Section 4: The Atlantic Slave Trade Origins of the Slave Trade The Atlantic Slave Trade The Middle Passage

35. Section 4, Continued Slavery in the Colonies Living Conditions Resistance Effects of the Slave Trade