South and Southeast Asia, c. 1200-1450 CE
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The document summarizes trade and societies in South and Southeast Asia between 1200-1450 CE. It describes the Indian Ocean trade network connecting Africa, South Asia, Southeast Asia, and China. Major trading ports like Calicut exported and imported spices, textiles, porcelain, and other goods. Indian societies like the Delhi Sultanate saw the spread of Islam through conquest and Sufi mystics while Hinduism and local cultures remained influential. Kingdoms in Southeast Asia like the Khmer Empire, Srivijaya, and Majapahit adopted Indian cultural and religious traditions through their participation in the Indian Ocean trade.
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South and Southeast Asia, c. 1200-1450 CE
- 1. South and Southeast Asia, c. 1200-1450 CE
- 2. Indian Ocean Trade • led by Persian and Arab sailors • used seasonal monsoon winds • dhows • triangular lateen sails
- 3. Indian Ocean Trade • Calicut: • center of the spice trade • center of trade with East Africa and Southwest Asia • meeting point for Arab and Chinese traders
- 4. Indian Ocean Trade Malaysia and Indonesia (home of the Moluccas, or Spice Islands) exported: • nutmeg • cinnamon • cloves • cardamom
- 5. Indian Ocean Trade India exported: • textiles – cotton, silk, muslin, calico, linen, wool • woven carpets • high carbon steel • leather • stonework • pepper • sugar
- 6. Indian Ocean Trade African Swahili coast exported: • slaves • ivory • gold
- 7. Indian Ocean Trade China exported: • silks • porcelain • lacquerware
- 8. Indian Ocean Trade Southwest Asia exported: • horses • figs • dates • incense
- 9. India, c. 1200-1450 CE
- 10. India • Geography: o monsoons o arid southern India had widespread irrigation o stepwells
- 11. India • Political disunity: o north: upheaval o south: greater stability
- 12. Indian Religious and Social Identities Hinduism: • polytheistic • vibrant religious artwork • social caste hierarchy • loose interpretation of religious teachings due to many sacred texts Brahma, the creator Vishnu, the protector Shiva, the destroyer
- 13. Indian Religious and Social Identities Hindu temples constructed during the 1200s
- 14. Indian Religious and Social Identities Islam: • monotheistic • ban on visual representation of religious subjects • equality of all believers • strict interpretation of the Quran architecture from the Islamic Mughal dynasty (c. 1500s)
- 15. Northern India Islamic invasions: • 771 CE: Umayyad Caliphate led Arab invasion of Sindh • population remained largely Hindu and Buddhist but the region was controlled by the Arab caliphs until 1258
- 16. Northern India Islamic invasions: • 1001 CE-1027 CE: Mahmud of Ghazi led annual Turkish raids from Afghanistan to Punjab to plunder hundreds of Hindu temples and Buddhist shrines • 1025 CE: destruction of Somnath Temple in Gujarat; 50K killed
- 17. Northern India Islamic invasions: • 1193 CE: Buddhist center of Nalanda was destroyed • Buddhist monks fled to Southeast Asia, Nepal, and Tibet
- 18. Northern India Delhi Sultanate (1206-1526 CE) • Muhammad of Ghur captured Delhi and control of northern India but was assassinated • his successor, Qutb-ud-din established the Delhi Sultanate
- 19. Northern India Delhi Sultanate (1206-1526 CE) • Islamic political and military elites in control of a Hindu population • Hindus were declared protected people who paid jizya tax but were exempt from military service
- 20. Northern India Delhi Sultanate (1206-1526 CE) • spending of loot from plundered temples was an economic stimulus and cities grew • construction caused low caste employment • Islam attracted low caste Hindus who sought higher social positions but generally failed due to lack of education and less respectable employment • Islam attracted Buddhist converts due to widespread corruption of Buddhist monks and frequent raids of monasteries that left Buddhism disorganized Malik Kafur was a Hindu slave-general who converted to Islam and defended the Delhi Sultanate from Mongol invasion.
- 21. Northern India Delhi Sultanate (1206-1526 CE) • Sufi mystics were effective Islamic missionaries • emphasized a personal, emotional connection to Allah • flexible attitudes towards Islamic teachings • permitted continuation of non-Islamic rituals • Muslim merchants and migrants were incorporated into the caste system based on professions dancing Sufi dervishes
- 22. Northern India Delhi Sultanate (1206-1526 CE) • no efficient state bureaucracy • relied on subordinate Hindu kings to execute policies • kings were irrelevant to average person • guilds controlled trade • local councils provided law and order • religious sects and castes provided social identity and belonging
- 23. Indian Religious and Social Identities purdah = female seclusion sati = widow’s self-immolation on husband's funeral pyre • India remained patriarchal • men practiced polygyny • women could not own or inherit property • daughters were married off with first menstruation • high-ranked women rarely left home and went out escorted a male chaperone • widows lived ascetic lives and were excluded from family festivals • high-ranked widows practiced sati
- 24. Indian Cultural Achievements • Qutb Minar (“Victory Tower”) • symbol of Islamic domination of India • architectural blend of Hindu art and Islamic geometric patterns
- 25. Indian Cultural Achievements • Indian mathematics, including algebra and geometry, were translated into Arabic and carried to Baghdad, a center of learning • Indian numerals were adopted as Arabic numerals (1, 2, 3, …)
- 26. Indian Cultural Achievements • The Arabic, Indian Hindi, and Persian Farsi languages were combined into Urdu.
- 27. Northern India Delhi Sultanate (1206-1526 CE) • repelled Mongol invasions in 1221, 1299, and 1306-1307 limiting the ability to expand • 1398 CE: Delhi fell to Timur the Lame (aka Tamerlane) Timur’s victory over the Mamluk Sultan
- 28. Southern India Chola (850-1267 CE) • Chola kingdom was based on Coromandel coast of India • controlled Bay of Bengal trade • sailed to South China Sea • entered decline when driven from Ceylon by Sinhalese
- 29. Southern India Vijayanagar (mid-1300s-mid-1500s) • Delhi Sultanate sent Islamic convert brothers Harihara and Bukka to south India. • They reconverted to Hinduism and established the independent Vijayanagar kingdom. stable for Vijayanagara war elephants
- 30. Indian Religious and Social Identities • 1100s CE: Hindu bhakti movement • emphasized love and devotion towards a specific Hindu god of choice • did not discriminate against women or lower castes • Miri Bai • Guru Kabir focused on personal faith and an emotional connection to the divine “Don't forget love; it will bring all the madness you need to unfurl yourself across the universe.” ― Mīrābāī To be born in a human body is rare, Don’t throw away the reward of your past good deeds. Life passes in an instant – the leaf doesn’t go back to the branch. The ocean of rebirth sweeps up all beings hard, Pulls them into its cold-running, fierce, implacable currents. ― Mīrābāī
- 31. Southeast Asia, c. 1200-1450 CE
- 33. Southeast Asia • Geography: • five great rivers of SE Asia flow north to south in valleys separated by mountains • Mekong River flows 1,500 miles through China, Laos, Cambodia, and Vietnam • Red River (Northern Vietnam) • Chao Phraya River (Thailand) • Salween River (Myanmar) • Irrawaddy River (Myanmar)
- 34. Southeast Asia • Geography: • river valleys were separated by heavily- forested mountains
- 35. Southeast Asia • Geography: • warm, humid tropics • seasonal monsoon rains • SW – May to October traffic from India • NE – November to March traffic to India • Indian trade spread Indian culture
- 36. Southeast Asia • Geography: • maritime trade • infertile soil in Sumatra and coastal Malaya • wealth based on location along India- China trade • Isthmus of Kra • Strait of Malacca • Sunda Strait
- 37. Southeast Asia • Geography: • agriculture around • silt-rich river deltas • plains of central Myanmar • Tonle Sap Lake • Java • water control and soil conservation
- 38. Southeast Asia • earliest states = native Malay and Indian kingdoms Funan (c. 50-550 CE) • Hindu kingdom • included parts of Vietnam, Cambodia, and Thailand • wealthy agricultural state • adopted Indian political, cultural, and religious traditions • lynchpin of India-China trade through control of the Isthmus of Kra • charged fees for portage from the Bay of Bengal to South China Sea • collapsed following waves of Cham and Khmer migration
- 40. Myanmar • first Indianized culture in SE Asia BUT • rejected caste system • gave women a high place in society • god-king similar to Funan and Khmer
- 41. Myanmar Kingdom of Pagan (849-1300) • two main ethnic groups: • Burmans – dominant political power • Mons – dominant cultural and trade power • Anawrahta (1044-1077 CE) • converted to and propagated Theravada Buddhism which became the dominant faith in all of SE Asia (except Vietnam) • 3,000-4,000 pagodas, temples, and monasteries built in Pagan • 1200s: kingdom weakened by Mongols; may or may not have been invaded
- 43. Cambodia Khmer Empire (802-1432 CE) • migrated from ancestral home in SW China or NE India following Mekong River • Jayavarman II (802-850 CE) united various Khmer tribes into a single state • assimilated Indian culture • adopted Hindu god-king cult • chakravartin = ruler of the universe • king was a manifestation of Shiva • intermarriage of Brahmin priests and Kshatriya nobles formed social elites
- 44. Cambodia Khmer Empire (802-1432 CE) • land-oriented wealthy agricultural state • Tonle Sap Lake • sophisticated irrigation network of canals, dams, and dikes • drainage reduced negative effects of seasonal monsoons • enormous barays could store 30 million cubic meters of water • square paddy fields yielded 3-4 rice harvests per year
- 45. Cambodia Khmer Empire (802-1432 CE) • JayavarmanVII (1181-1219) • constructed capital city of Angkor Thom • built with help of Indian advisors • reflected Hindu cosmology • temple at center meant to represent sacred Mount Meru, the home of Shiva • symbolized divine union between king and god
- 46. Cambodia Khmer Empire (802-1432 CE) • Suryavarman II (1113-1150) • constructed Angkor Wat dedicated to the Hindu god Vishnu, but later kings were committed to Buddhism Angkor Wat, 12th century Hindu (later Buddhist) temple, Cambodia
- 47. Aerial view, Angkor Wat, Siem Reap, Cambodia, 1116-1150 (photo: shankar s., CC BY 2.0)
- 48. Angkor Wat. Siem Reap, Cambodia, 1116-1150 (photo: Benjamin Jakabek, CC BY-NC-ND 2.0)
- 49. Churning of the Ocean of Milk (detail), Angkor Wat, Siem Reap, Cambodia, 1116-1150 (photo: John Brennan, CC BY-ND 2.0)
- 50. Aerial view, Angkor Wat, Siem Reap, Cambodia, 1116-1150 (photo: Peter Garnhum, CC BY-NC 2.0)
- 51. Cambodia Khmer Empire (802-1432 CE) • Collapse • financial burden of state-support for 300,000 priests and monks and many shrines, temples, roads, hospitals, and shelters for religious pilgrims • spread of Theravada Buddhism that rejected divine kingship • Thais migration and capture of Angkor in 1431
- 53. SouthernVietnam Champa (192-1720 CE) • Hindu kingdom • southern Vietnam • mid-1100s-late-1400s: invaded by Khmers, Mongols, and Vietnamese • 1720 CE: final remnants of Cham state absorbed by Vietnam
- 55. Indonesia • more influenced by India, Arabia, Persia, and China than mainland SE Asia • Buddhism, Hinduism, and Islam
- 56. Indonesia Srivijaya (670-1290 CE) • island-based maritime trade state • suppressed piracy and controlled Southeast Asian waters with powerful navy • capital at Palembang on Sumatra • Strait of Malacca and Isthmus of Kra • taxed passing ship traffic in India- China trade • adopted Indian political, cultural, and religious traditions • center of Mahayana Buddhist learning • 1025 CE: Chola invasion from SE India
- 57. Indonesia Saliendra (750-850 CE) • based on Java • agricultural state • Sailendra (king of the mountain) • built palaces, temples, and monuments including Borobudur (824 CE) • nine terraces represent Siddhartha Gautama’s nine previous lives before become the Buddha • nearly 2,000 bas-relief sculptures
- 58. Borobudur, Indonesia (photo: Claire André, CC BY-NC-ND 2.0)
- 59. Borobudur, Indonesia (photo: Claire André, CC BY-NC-ND 2.0)
- 60. Borobudur, Indonesia (photo: Wilson Loo Kok Wee, CC BY-NC-ND 2.0)
- 61. Borobudur, Indonesia (photo: Gildardo Sánchez, CC BY-NC-SA 2.0)
- 62. From the Gandavyuha Sutra, Borobudur, Indonesia (photo: Photo Dharma, CC BY 2.0)
- 63. Borobudur Temple | © saesheera/Pixabay
- 64. Borobudur Temple © Pandu Adnyana/WikiCommons
- 65. Borobudur Temple © Pandu Adnyana/WikiCommons
- 66. Indonesia Singosari (1222-1292 CE) • 1222: Ken Angrok founded Singosari dynasty in eastern Java • access to spices and sandalwood • agricultural surpluses • Kertanagara (1268-1292 CE) promoted Hindu-Buddhist syncretic faith and subjugated Srivijaya Prambanan Hindu temple, Java
- 67. Indonesia Majapahit (1293-1520 CE) • based on Java • followed Indian political, cultural, and religious traditions • last great Hindu kingdom and greatest empire of SE Asia • island-based maritime trade state
- 68. Indonesia Majapahit (1293-1520 CE) • 1292: Kertanagara mutilated a Mongol ambassador • Mongols invaded with 1,000 ships and 20,000 men • a local rival to Kertanagara revolted, killed him, and seized power • Kertanagara’s legitimate heir, Vijaya, fled to the village of Majapahit, regained power, and repelled the Mongols
- 69. Indonesia Majapahit (1293-1520 CE) • prime minister Gajah Mada (1331-1364) and king Rajasanagara (1350-1389) united Indonesia through direct conquest • literary works under royal patronage: • Nagarkertagama by poet Prapanca • Arjunavivaha and Purushadasanta by Tantular • regional supremacy gradually lost to Thai and Melaka trade rivals
- 71. Thailand Sukhothai Kingdom • 1253: Mongol invasion drove Thais from ancient homeland in SW China; settled in northern Khmer Empire • 1287: Mongol destruction of kingdom of Pagan
- 72. Thailand Sukhothai Kingdom • Rama Khamheng (1283-1317) • established the Sukhothai Kingdom • absorbed Khmer culture and political structures, including concept of god- king and Theravada Buddhism
- 73. Thailand Sukhothai Kingdom • Ramadhipati (1350-1369) • established new capital of Ayuthaya in agricultural heartland of SE Asia • blended Thai and Indian legal traditions • practiced polygamy • severe penalties for bribery and corruption of government officials
- 74. Thailand Sukhothai Kingdom • Trailok (1448-1488) • centralized government and created most stable state in SE Asia • society reorganized based on sakdi na (field power) • social position and laws based on landholdings • lowest commoners held 10 acres; officials held as much as 4,000 acres; heir to the throne held 40,000 acres • slavery flourished with slaves and prisoners of war cultivating lands
- 76. Malaya Melaka • Islam only spread to SE Asia after it had taken root in India • 1200s: European demand for Asian goods increased during the Crusades • Islam spread peacefully to Sumatra, Java, and Malay Peninsula through Indian Muslims • many SE Asian merchants converted to Islam for better terms of trade • also spread through Sufi mystics who did not insist on abandonment of Hindu-Buddhist cultural heritage
- 77. Malaya Melaka • 1402: Paramesvara, a prince from Sumatra, established the port of Melaka at the Strait of Malacca • generated trade-based wealth • principal rivals were Thailand and Majapahit
- 78. Malaya Melaka • head of state was an Islamic sultan but followed practices indistinguishable from the Hindu god-king beliefs found elsewhere in SE Asia • a center of Islamic learning attracting scholars from across the Muslim world • encouraged all the use port facilities regardless of race and religion • 1511 CE: factional disputes and corruption left Malacca weakened prior to Portuguese arrival and capture Portuguese drawing of Malacca (c. 1550–1563)