Late Middle Ages - Europe 14th and 15th centuries
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GemaThe document summarizes some of the major events in 14th-15th century Europe that led to the creation of modern states. It describes periods of crisis including climate change, the Black Death pandemic which killed over half of Europe's population, and popular uprisings by peasants against wealthy landowners. Two significant wars are mentioned: the Hundred Years' War between England and France from 1337-1453, and the War of the Roses from 1455-1485 which was a civil war in England between the houses of Lancaster and York. These conflicts weakened central authority, caused widespread death and economic problems, and ultimately led to the establishment of stronger centralized nation states.
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English Civil War - Introduction
The English Civil War began in 1642 and was fought between the Royalists who supported King Charles I and the Parliamentarians. Charles I tried to establish absolute rule over England despite opposition from Parliament. This led to armed conflict between the two sides and Oliver Cromwell emerged as the leading Parliamentarian commander. Cromwell's forces defeated the Royalists in 1645 and Charles I was eventually captured and executed in 1649. England then became a republic led by Cromwell as Lord Protector, though his rule faced challenges. After Cromwell's death in 1658 the monarchy was restored, but Parliament's power had increased as a result of the civil war.
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2) Tensions rose between Lutherans and Catholics, leading to a Protestant revolt in Bohemia in 1618 and triggering the Thirty Years' War over religion, land, and power.
3) The Thirty Years' War ended in 1648 with the Peace of Westphalia, which weakened the Hapsburgs, strengthened France, and established Europe as a group of independent states.
Protestant Reformation
The Protestant Reformation began in 1517 when Martin Luther nailed his 95 Theses criticizing Catholic Church practices like selling indulgences. This sparked religious and political changes across Europe. Luther and other reformers like John Calvin and Ulrich Zwingli questioned Catholic doctrine and authority. Their teachings spread, dividing Western Christianity and leading many regions to adopt Protestantism over Catholicism by 1600. The Reformation had widespread impacts, including weakening the Pope's power, strengthening secular rulers, and influencing ideas like democracy. Protestantism remains one of the major branches of Christianity today.
The English reformation
Henry VIII broke from the Catholic Church after the Pope refused to annul his marriage to Catherine of Aragon so he could marry Anne Boleyn. Henry established himself as the head of the new Church of England through acts of Parliament. Thomas More, who opposed Protestantism, was executed for treason after refusing to acknowledge Henry as the head of the Church in England.
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The medieval period notes
The Medieval Period in England lasted from 1066 to 1485. Key events included the Norman invasion led by William the Conqueror in 1066, the establishment of feudalism under William, and the rule of the Plantagenet dynasty from 1154 onwards. The Black Death plague of 1348-1349 killed around half of England's population and weakened the feudal system. Literature also developed during this time, including poems, ballads, morality plays, and Geoffrey Chaucer's Canterbury Tales in the late 14th century.
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Protestant Reformation
The Protestant Reformation was an attempt in the 16th century to reform the Catholic Church in Europe. Reformers like Martin Luther wanted to restore faith in the church and questioned the corruption and power of Catholic Church leaders. Luther posted his 95 Theses criticizing the church in 1517, sparking the Protestant Reformation where Europeans broke away from the Catholic Church and formed new Christian denominations like Lutheran and Calvinist churches.
2.2 causes of the french revolution
The French Revolution was influenced by Enlightenment thinkers who challenged the divine right of kings. The social structure in France was unequal, with the poor paying most taxes. A growing middle class demanded more political power. France faced an ongoing financial crisis due to massive war debts and excessive spending by Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette, whose weak leadership and rumors of corruption further upset the public. Famine and poor harvests exacerbated economic problems and unrest.
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The Northern Renaissance spread humanist ideas from Italy to Northern Europe through war, trade, travel, and the new printing press technology. Ideas were adapted to local tastes and needs. French architecture blended Gothic and classical styles in grand chateaux. Trade with Italy exposed Northern elites to humanism, growing an educated middle class. Desiderius Erasmus was the most important Northern thinker, advocating education and Christian reform. Painters like Van Eyck, Durer, and Brueghel blended Italian and Northern styles across portraits, landscapes, and scenes of everyday life.
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2) Renaissance artists like Leonardo da Vinci and Michelangelo sought to depict the human form and natural world realistically, influenced by classical models and patronage from wealthy individuals and city governments.
3) The Renaissance saw developments in fields like perspective in art, anatomy, and architecture that reflected new humanist ideals emphasizing secular and individual achievements.
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2. Nations industrialized due to incentives like wealth, power, nationalism, and spreading culture. They required factors of production like land, labor, capital, and entrepreneurship as well as political stability and transportation networks to trade.
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Realism
This document provides information on realist artists from France, the United States, and Russia in the 19th century. It lists several paintings from French artists Honore Daumier and Rosa Bonheur from the 1840s-1860s depicting scenes of everyday life. It also lists paintings by Gustave Courbet from the 1840s-1870s showing peasants and working classes. For the United States, it lists paintings by Winslow Homer and Thomas Eakins from the 1860s-1880s depicting scenes of war, work, and leisure. For Russia, it provides information on paintings by Vasily Perov from the 1860s and Ilya Repin from the 1870s-1890s showing peasants, apprentices, and
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Henry VIII broke from the Catholic Church after the Pope refused to annul his marriage to Catherine of Aragon so he could marry Anne Boleyn. Henry established himself as the head of the new Church of England through acts of Parliament. Thomas More, who opposed Protestantism, was executed for treason after refusing to acknowledge Henry as the head of the Church in England.
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The Medieval Period in England lasted from 1066 to 1485. Key events included the Norman invasion led by William the Conqueror in 1066, the establishment of feudalism under William, and the rule of the Plantagenet dynasty from 1154 onwards. The Black Death plague of 1348-1349 killed around half of England's population and weakened the feudal system. Literature also developed during this time, including poems, ballads, morality plays, and Geoffrey Chaucer's Canterbury Tales in the late 14th century.
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2. In Central Europe, the document outlines the conflicts over power between states and the Holy Roman Empire. It explains how the Thirty Years War began as a religious dispute and led to the Treaty of Westphalia, which established religious toleration and reduced imperial power.
3. Rivalry grew between the ruling families of Austria and Prussia, as shown in conflicts like the War of Austrian Succession over the H
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The Wars of the Roses were a series of civil wars fought between the House of Lancaster and the House of York for the English throne between 1455 and 1487. The rivalry began when Henry IV took the throne from Richard II in 1399, establishing the Lancaster branch. The wars officially began at the First Battle of St. Albans in 1455 and ended when Henry VII ascended the throne in 1487, unifying the houses and ending the conflict. The houses were fighting over legitimate succession and what branch had the rightful claim to the throne as descendants of Edward III. Their symbols, the red rose of Lancaster and white rose of York, gave the wars their name.
Protestant reformation an its consequences
The Protestant Reformation began in 1517 as a protest against corruption and abuses within the Catholic Church, led by Martin Luther. Luther's 95 Theses criticized the Church's sale of indulgences and doctrine of salvation, and emphasized faith alone and scripture as the sole religious authority. The printing press helped spread his ideas to a wider audience. Other reformers like Calvin and Henry VIII also challenged Catholic doctrine. This led to over a century of religious conflict between Protestants and Catholics, culminating in the Thirty Years' War.
Protestant Reformation
The Protestant Reformation was an attempt in the 16th century to reform the Catholic Church in Europe. Reformers like Martin Luther wanted to restore faith in the church and questioned the corruption and power of Catholic Church leaders. Luther posted his 95 Theses criticizing the church in 1517, sparking the Protestant Reformation where Europeans broke away from the Catholic Church and formed new Christian denominations like Lutheran and Calvinist churches.
2.2 causes of the french revolution
The French Revolution was influenced by Enlightenment thinkers who challenged the divine right of kings. The social structure in France was unequal, with the poor paying most taxes. A growing middle class demanded more political power. France faced an ongoing financial crisis due to massive war debts and excessive spending by Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette, whose weak leadership and rumors of corruption further upset the public. Famine and poor harvests exacerbated economic problems and unrest.
Napoleonic Wars
Napoleon was born in 1769
Napoleonic wars started after the French Revolution
Ended with the Battle of Waterloo
The northern renaissance
The Northern Renaissance spread humanist ideas from Italy to Northern Europe through war, trade, travel, and the new printing press technology. Ideas were adapted to local tastes and needs. French architecture blended Gothic and classical styles in grand chateaux. Trade with Italy exposed Northern elites to humanism, growing an educated middle class. Desiderius Erasmus was the most important Northern thinker, advocating education and Christian reform. Painters like Van Eyck, Durer, and Brueghel blended Italian and Northern styles across portraits, landscapes, and scenes of everyday life.
Reformation
The Reformation occurred in the 16th century and resulted in the Christian Church splitting into Catholic and Protestant denominations. Martin Luther protested corrupt practices in the Catholic Church like selling indulgences and instead advocated justification by faith alone without good deeds. Luther posted his 95 Theses criticizing indulgences, and his ideas spread, leading other reformers like John Calvin and Henry VIII of England to establish new Protestant churches that rejected the Pope's authority. The split caused religious conflicts but eventually peace agreements divided Western Christianity between Catholic and Protestant branches.
World History Ch. 15 Section 1 Notes
The document provides an overview of the Italian Renaissance:
1) New ideas and a growing urban middle class in Italian city-states like Venice and Florence helped stimulate the Renaissance, which saw a rebirth of interest in art, literature, science and learning inspired by ancient Greek and Roman culture.
2) Renaissance artists like Leonardo da Vinci and Michelangelo sought to depict the human form and natural world realistically, influenced by classical models and patronage from wealthy individuals and city governments.
3) The Renaissance saw developments in fields like perspective in art, anatomy, and architecture that reflected new humanist ideals emphasizing secular and individual achievements.
Imperialism notes
1. Imperialism refers to the policy of extending control over other countries or territories economically, politically, and socially.
2. Nations industrialized due to incentives like wealth, power, nationalism, and spreading culture. They required factors of production like land, labor, capital, and entrepreneurship as well as political stability and transportation networks to trade.
3. European imperial powers colonized Africa in the late 19th century to gain access to resources and markets. They established systems of direct, indirect, and sphere of influence control over African peoples and territories.
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During the late Middle Ages in Europe:
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2. During the Medieval period, the Normans invaded under William the Conqueror in 1066 and introduced feudalism. Significant events included the signing of the Magna Carta and the beginnings of Parliament. The Tudor dynasty saw the War of the Roses, reigns of monarchs like Henry VIII and Elizabeth I, and the English Reformation.
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- Feudalism developed in Britain after the Norman conquest in 1066. William the Conqueror defeated King Harold and became the first Norman king of England. Feudalism established a strict social hierarchy with the monarch at the top.
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Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
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Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
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Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
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Late Middle Ages - Europe 14th and 15th centuries
- 1. 14th - 15th C. Europe The creation of the Modern States
- 2. 14th Century Crisis all over Europe Climate Change that caused periodic famines. The Black Death (2/3 of population died) • 70 million people died in 14th century • 40 million people died in 15th century (A consequence of the Black Death is that wages of labourers will increase due to the lack of peasants). Popular Uprisings • Because of an increasing gap between the wealthy and the poor.
- 3. The Triumph of Death – Peter Bruegel The Elder (el Viejo)
- 4. Popular Uprisings They spread all over Europe Irmandiño Wars Rebellion of the Remences Conflict between “La Biga” and “La Busca” The “Jacquerie” in France Wat Tyler's Rebellion in England also called: The Peasants Revolt. The Peasant Revolt in Flanders.
- 7. The Hundred Years’ War • It was a series of wars that took place in the 14th -15th centuries (1337-1453 ). • The main cause was a dynastic conflict when the king Charles IV (the last king of the dynasty Capeto) died without descendants. • Edward III of England claimed for the crown • Philip VI, king of France (new dynasty Valois) attacked the possessions of Edward.
- 8. • England occupied a great part of France.
- 9. • France is going to receive the help of a Saint: Joan of Arc. Who will encourage the people to fight against the invaders and recover Orleans.
- 10. • Joan of Arc will be captured, judged in an religious court and accused of heresy. • She was condemned to be burned at the stake. • France will ultimately win the war and expel the English in 1453.
- 11. • France and England will suffer many consequences from this war: • A lot of people died. • The kings went in bankrupt. • The lands were abandoned • Crops were very poor. This caused hunger and starvation.
- 12. The War of the Roses (15th c.) • It was a Dynastic Conflict between two dynastic lines. The white rose of the House of York The red rose of the House of Lancaster
- 13. • The final victory went to a relatively remote Lancastrian descendant: • Henry Tudor, who married Elizabeth of York (the daughter of the late Yorkist king Edward IV). • This reconciled the two factions and founded the House of Tudor, which ruled England and Wales for 117 years. (The last Monarch will be Elizabeth I) The Rose of the House of Tudor