LOS DIFERENTES REYES DURANTE EL RENASENTISMO

2. Henry VI (1422-61)
(1470-71)
In 1429, a French peasant called Joan of Arc led a rebellion
against the English rule. By 1453, the English had been driven
from all their territories in France except Calais. Civil war broke out
in 1455, and in 1461, Henry was deposed by Edward , Duke of York.
He was briefly restored in 1470, then deposed and imprisoned.
The civil war is known as the War of the Roses, after the red rose,
the emblem of the Lancaster family, and the white rose, the emblem
of the York family. The two families fought each other for 30 years.

3. Edward IV (1461-70)
(1471-83)
At the age of 18, Edward, Duke of York deposed and
imprisoned his cousin, Henry VI, and was crowned king as
Edward IV. Henry was briefly restored in 1470, but was deposed
again the following year. Edward brought England peace and
prosperity after years of civil war.

4. Richard III
(1483-1485)
He usurped the throne of his nephew Edward V in 1483 and
perished in defeat to Henry Tudor (thereafter Henry VII)
at the Battle of Bosworth Field. For almost 500 years after his
death, he was generally depicted as the worst and most wicked
of kings. His two young nephews, Edward V and Richard, were
imprisoned in the Tower of London and were never seen again,
probably murdered. Some of those charges are now regarded as
excessive, the work of his enemies, part of Tudor propaganda. His
supporters have attempted to clean his image. Nevertheless, his
nephews had a much stronger claim to the throne so he may have
done it.

5. Henry VII (1485-1509)
Henry was a member of the House of Lancaster. By
marrying Elizabeth of York, he united the houses of York
and Lancaster. But his claim to the throne was shaky and
here were uprisings against him in 1487 and 1491. But
he taxed the nobility heavily and broke their power, and
when he died, he left the royal treasury full of money.
He adopted the Tudor rose as his badge. It combined the
red rose of Lancaster and the white rose of York.

6. Henry VIII ( 1509- 1547)
Henry´s first wife, Catherine of Aragon, only
had a daughter. Henry wanted to divorce her
and marry again, to produce a son to secure
the Tudor dynasty. This led him to break with
the Catholic Church in Rome and make himself
Head of the Church of England.

8. His first wife, Catherine of Aragon, had been married to Henry's brother, Arthur. At the time, special
consent of the Roman Catholic church was needed and obtained so that Catherine could marry
Henry. They were married for over twenty years, and had one surviving child, Mary. Henry
reportedly had various mistresses, including Mary Boleyn. Henry wanted Mary Boleyn's sister Anne
as another mistress, but she refused. Henry petitioned the Pope for an annulment of his marriage to
Catherine on the grounds she had been married before. He was refused, despite repeated requests
and threats. Henry then proclaimed himself head of the church in England and turned England
towards Protestantism. The new church had a lot of similarities to the Roman Catholic church, but
various differences exist--fewer sacraments, for example. But the newly formed church allowed
Henry to divorce Catherine and marry Anne. They had one child, Queen Elizabeth I. Henry had
Anne beheaded in 1536.
The origin of the English Reformation

9. Consequences of Henry VIII's reign
Henry's reign was a time of tyranny and executions, but there were changes which can be seen as
the start of modern England:
•The dissolution of the monasteries caused suffering for ordinary people as these had been
places for the poor to seek relief. In the short term this caused the rebellion known as the
Pilgrimage of Grace (1536).
•In the long term it led to the Poor Laws which, 400 years later, led unintentionally to the welfare
state – the modern system that helps citizens financially.
•Henry VIII used Parliament to pass his laws, which helped to establish the authority of Parliament.
•The power of the gentry rose, and the power of the nobles declined.
•Although Henry VIII remained a Catholic, the break with Rome eventually turned England into
• a Protestant country.
•Henry built more warships. Some historians regard this as the start of the Royal Navy.
•The Act in Restraint of Appeals turned out to be the most important act in the history of England.
It said that this realm of England is an Empire ie that England was a sovereign state, subject only
to its own government. It was therefore the legal beginning of the English nation.
•England remained completely legally independent until 1953, when the government signed up to
the European Court of Human Rights.

10. Edward VI (1547- 1553)
Edward was the first English monarch to be born and
brought up as a Protestant in the New English Church. He was only
9 when he became king, so his uncle, the Duke of Somerset, ran
the country for him. Under his uncle´s influence, Edward
suppressed the Roman Catholic faith, while bringing the
English Church closer to the ideas of the European Protestants.
Edward named his Protestant cousin, Lady Jean Grey, as his
successor. But she ruled for only nine days before she was captured
and executed on the orders of Edward´s half-sister, Mary.

11. Mary I (1553-1558)
Mary was supported by the majority of English people during
The first year of her reign. But after she tried to re-impose the
Catholic faith and then married her Catholic cousin, Prince
Phillip of Spain, she became very unpopular.
She had a nickname: “Bloody Mary” on account of her persecution of
Protestants. They were hounded out of important jobs and 300 were
burned at the stake of their religious beliefs.

12. Elizabeth I (1558-1603)
Elizabeth is one of the most famous
monarchs in British history and had one of the
longest reigns. An extremely skilled politician, she
turned England from a weak, divided kingdom
into a proud and prosperous nation.
She is known as “the Virgin Queen” as she never
married. She claimed to be married to
England.

13. Elizabeth came to power in 1558, inheriting problems with religion, poverty and foreign
policy. Elizabeth restored the stability and the status of the monarchy:
•She solved the religious tensions by following a 'middle way' which
allowed Catholics and Puritans to keep their private beliefs as long as they went to the
Church of England in public. However, she hunted, tortured and executed Catholic priests
who came into England to undermine her power.
•She survived plots and rebellions, and executed Mary Queen of Scots in 1587 because she
saw her as a threat to her throne.
•At the time women were seen as weak and inappropriate leaders of a nation. To combat this
perception she tried to use her unmarried status as a way of strengthening her political
control in England and abroad.
•Elizabeth encouraged the 'Gloriana' (glorious woman) myth, and commissioned portraits
which presented her as pure and powerful. Her reign was a time of art, music and literature.
•She defeated the Spanish Armada- a vast fleet of warships from the then world super power.
By defeating Spain, England was on the way to being a world power by her death and one
which had set up its first colony, Virginia in North America.

14. •Her reign was a time of art, music and literature with the talents of William Shakespeare flourishing at
this time.
It is often known as 'the Golden Age of English history'.
•Her long reign created stability. When she died, James VI of Scotland, the son of her cousin Mary
Queen of Scots, inherited the throne peacefully.
•By the end of her reign, the Church of England was safe, and there was no chance of a War of
Religion.
•By the end of her reign, England was a world power. Pope Sixtus V could not understand it:
"She is only a woman, only mistress of half an island, and yet she makes herself feared by
Spain, by France, by all.“
Pope Sixtus V

15. While Italy turned to painters and sculptors, Elizabethan England turned to the theatre.
Elizabethan inn-yards were one of the first venues for English theatre. These inns, which
provided lodging and entertainment, attracted traveling actors and troubadours, or poets
who wrote verse to music. Soon crafty entrepreneurs realized there was money to be made
by producing plays and then teaming with inn owners to charge for the performances. One
of the first Englishmen to jump on this profitable performing bandwagon was James
Burbage.
These inn-yards, being very profitable, soon grew into full-blown theatre houses. Among
the most famous is the Globe Theatre of London. This theatre, built to mimic the Roman
amphitheaters, was home to the original works of London's most famous playwrights.
There was Christopher Marlowe, made famous by his play, The Jew of Malta. To him we
can add Thomas Kyd, known for his Spanish Tragedy. Of course, there's William
Shakespeare, whose name has become synonymous with the word 'playwright.' To
England's Golden Age and to high schools across the globe, he gave works
like Hamlet, King Henry V, and the tragic Romeo and Juliet.
Although the arts had been enjoyed throughout history, Elizabeth's Golden Age opened
them up to every class of society. The upper-class nobility, the middle-class merchant, and
the commoner all enjoyed this entertainment of the day. Just like today, the better the seat,
the higher the price, but admission was available to all.