This presentation include manufacture of ethyl benzene, its uses and application.

1. Ethyl Benzene

2. Hashim Khan
(DDP-SP13-
BEC-53)
Abu Bakar
(DDP-SP13-
BEC-43)
Zohaib Uzair
(DDP-SP13-
BEC-101)
Shahzaib
Younis
(DDP-SP13-
BEC-85)

3. Ethyl Benzene
Introduction
Manufacture
Routes
Chemistry
Uses &
Applications
Effects On
Human Health

4. Introduction
Manufacture
Routes
Chemistry
Uses &
Applications
Effects On
Human Health

5. Ethylbenzene
was first
produced on
a commercial
scale in the
1930s in
Germany and
the United
States.
The ethylbenzene–styrene
industry remained relatively
insignificant until the Second
World War, when the demand
for synthetic styrene–butadiene
rubber prompted accelerated
technology improvements and
tremendous capacity expansion.
History

6. Nomenclature
Reg. No.: 100-41-4 Ethylbenzene
EB; ethyl benzol;
α-methyl toluene;
phenyl ethane

7. • Ethylbenzene (EB) is a
• Colorless
• Aromatic liquid
• Has a boiling point of 136.2°C which is very close
to that of p-xylene
• This complicates separating it from the C 8
aromatic equilibrium mixture obtained from
catalytic reforming processes. Ethyl benzene
obtained from this source, however, is small
compared to the synthetic route.

8. Description Colorless liquid with an aromatic odor (Coty et al., 1987)
Boiling-point 136.2 °C (Lide & Milne, 1996)
Melting-point –94.9 °C (Lide & Milne, 1996)
Density 0.8670 g/cm 3 at 20 °C (Lide & Milne, 1996)
Spectroscopy
data
Infrared, ultraviolet [97], nuclear magnetic resonance and mass spectral
data have been reported (Lide & Milne, 1996)
Solubility Slightly soluble in water (152 mg/L at 20 °C) (ECETOC, 1986) and
chloroform; miscible with diethyl ether and ethanol (Lide & Milne,
1996)
Volatility Vapor pressure, 1.28 kilo Pascal at 25 °C (Lide & Milne, 1996); relative
vapor density (air = 1), 3.7 (Verschueren, 1996); flash-point (closed-
cup), 15 °C (Coty et al., 1987)
Octanol/water
partition
coefficient (P)
log P, 3.15 (Verschueren, 1996)
Conversion
factor
mg/m 3 = 4.34 × ppm

9. Introduction
Manufacture
Routes
Chemistry
Uses &
Applications
Effects On
Human Health

10. • Alkylation Of Benzene
• Ethylene is also an active alkylating agent.
• Alkylation of benzene with ethylene produces
ethyl benzene.
• Ethyl benzene can be dehydrogenated to styrene.
• Styrene is a monomer used in the manufacture of
many commercial polymers and copolymers.

11. Benzene Ethylene Ethyl Benzene
The main process for producing EB is the catalyzed
alkylation of benzene with ethylene.

13. Chapter 17 13
Friedel-Crafts Alkylation
• Synthesis of alkyl benzenes from alkyl
halides and a Lewis acid, usually AlCl3.

14. Organic Chem4 614

16. Ethyl Benzene
Introduction
Manufacture
Routes
Chemistry
Uses &
Applications
Effects On
Human Health

21. • Badger process which has been commercialized
since 1980, can accept dilute ethylene streams such
as those produced from FCC off gas.
• A zeolite type heterogeneous catalyst is used in a
fixed bed process. The reaction conditions are
420°C and 200–300 psi.
• Over 98% yield is obtained at 90% conversion.

22. Poly
ethylbenzene
(poly-alkylated)
and unreacted
benzene are
recycled and join
the fresh feed to
the reactor.
The reactor
effluent is fed to
the benzene
fractionation
system to recover
unreacted
benzene.
The bottoms
containing
ethylbenzene
and heavier poly
alkylates are
fractionated in
two columns.
The first column
separates the
ethylbenzene
product, and the
other separates
poly-
ethylbenzene for
recycling.

25. Introduction
Manufacture
Routes
Chemistry
Uses &
Applications
Effects On
Human Health

27. Ethylbenzene is almost exclusively (> 99%)
used as an intermediate for the manufacture
of styrene monomer.

28. Less than 1% of the ethylbenzene produced
is used as a paint solvent or as an
intermediate for the production of diethyl
benzene and acetophenone.

29. Ethylbenzene has been added to motor and
aviation fuels because of its anti-knock
properties. Estimates of ethylbenzene in
gasoline have ranged from < 1–2.7%.

30. Ethylbenzene is also used as a negative
photoresist solvent in the semiconductor
industry.

31. • Ethylbenzene is also present in commercial
mixed xylenes at levels up to 25%, the
ethylbenzene present in recovered mixed xylenes
is largely converted to xylenes or benzene.
• Other than that it is also present in many
– paints
– lacquers
– printing inks
– insecticides
– solvents
– rubber and chemical industries

32. Introduction
Manufacture
Routes
Chemistry
Uses &
Applications
Effects On
Human
Health

33. There is inadequate evidence in humans
for the carcinogenicity of ethylbenzene.
There is sufficient evidence in
experimental animals for the
carcinogenicity of ethylbenzene.
But based on results of test performed on
test species ethylbenzene is possibly
carcinogenic to humans (Group 2B).

35. Production Of Methanol With
Bio Gas
What is Biogas? Methanol Synthesis In Pakistan

36. Organic Waste +
Microorganisms
Biogas
Digestate

37. What Is Biogas?
Manufacture
AD is a microbiological process of decomposition of organic matter,
in the absence of oxygen, common to many natural environments
and largely applied today to produce biogas in airproof reactor
tanks, commonly named digesters.
Process
A wide range of micro-organisms are involved in the anaerobic
process which has two main end products: biogas and digestate.
Comp.
Biogas is a combustible gas consisting of methane, carbon dioxide
and small amounts of other gases and trace elements. Digestate is
the decomposed substrate, rich in macro- and micro nutrients and
therefore suitable to be used as plant fertilizer.

39. • Common Biomass Categories
• Animal manure and slurry
• Agricultural residues and by-products
• Digestible organic wastes from food and agro
industries (vegetable and animal origin)
• Organic fraction of municipal waste and from
catering (vegetable and animal origin)
• Sewage sludge
• Dedicated energy crops (e.g. maize, miscanthus,
sorghum, clover)

40. The initial material is continuously broken down into smaller units.
Specific groups of micro-organisms are involved in each individual
step. These organisms successively decompose the products of the
previous steps. The simplified diagram of the AD process, shown in
Figure 3.5, highlights the four main process steps: hydrolysis,
acidogenesis, acetogenesis, and methanogenesis.

41. Municipal solid waste supplied to a German biogas plant

42. Maize silage

43. Biogas installations, processing agricultural substrates, are
some of the most important applications of AD today.
In Asia alone, millions of family owned, small scale digesters
are in operation in countries like China, India, Nepal and
Vietnam, producing biogas for cooking and lighting.
Thousands of agricultural biogas plants are in operation in
Europe and North America, many of them using the newest
technologies within this area, and their number is
continuously increasing. In Germany alone, more than 3700
agricultural biogas plants were in operation in 2007.

44. The World’s economies are dependent today of crude oil. There is
some disagreement among scientists on how long this fossil resource
will last but according to researchers, the “peak oil production”* has
already occurred or it is expected to occur within the next period of
time.

45. Methane yield from various biomass stocks

46. CO2
Biogas
CO2
Organics

47. What is Biogas? Methanol Synthesis In Pakistan

48. From
Biogas
Purification

51. What is Biogas? Methanol Synthesis In Pakistan

52. Reference Filesmethanol-fact-sheet.pdf

54. Biogas plants will be installed for the operation of 100,000
tube wells across the Punjab.
At present. 835000 tube wells run on high speed diesel; 70% of
these tube wells are owned by small farmers who constitute
85% of the farmers population.
The main objective of this initiative is to reduce energy costs.
Furthermore, the project will also offer huge benefits by
reducing huge costs on imported petroleum.
It is estimated that each biogas operated tube well (16 HP) will
result In saving more than 2000 liters of high speed diesel
annually.

56. Biogas ConceptMy Movie.mp4

57. Thanks

58. • Last slide

59. Ethyl Benzene
History & Process
Ethylbenzene was first produced on a commercial scale in the 1930s in Germany and the United
States. The ethylbenzene–styrene industry remained relatively insignificant until the Second World
War, when the demand for synthetic styrene–butadiene rubber prompted accelerated
technology improvements and tremendous capacity expansion.
There are many processes to convert ethylene and benzene into ethyl benzene. One of them is
Badger process. The process flow diagram is given above.
Applications
There are many applications of ethyl benzene… Some of them are…
1. paints
2. lacquers
3. printing inks
4. insecticides
5. solvents
Figure 1-Badger Process For Ethyl Benzene Synthesis