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![Description Colorless liquid with an aromatic odor (Coty et al., 1987)
Boiling-point 136.2 °C (Lide & Milne, 1996)
Melting-point –94.9 °C (Lide & Milne, 1996)
Density 0.8670 g/cm 3 at 20 °C (Lide & Milne, 1996)
Spectroscopy
data
Infrared, ultraviolet [97], nuclear magnetic resonance and mass spectral
data have been reported (Lide & Milne, 1996)
Solubility Slightly soluble in water (152 mg/L at 20 °C) (ECETOC, 1986) and
chloroform; miscible with diethyl ether and ethanol (Lide & Milne,
1996)
Volatility Vapor pressure, 1.28 kilo Pascal at 25 °C (Lide & Milne, 1996); relative
vapor density (air = 1), 3.7 (Verschueren, 1996); flash-point (closed-
cup), 15 °C (Coty et al., 1987)
Octanol/water
partition
coefficient (P)
log P, 3.15 (Verschueren, 1996)
Conversion
factor
mg/m 3 = 4.34 × ppm](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/prinatable1-170331025503/75/Ethyl-Benzene-8-2048.jpg)
Uploaded byHashim Khan
Ethyl Benzene
Ethylbenzene was first produced commercially in the 1930s in Germany and the US. It is produced by alkylating benzene with ethylene, such as using the Badger process. Ethylbenzene is over 99% used to produce styrene monomer, which is then used to make many commercial polymers and copolymers. Other minor uses include as a paint solvent or intermediate to produce other chemicals.
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Ethyl Benzene
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- 2. Hashim Khan (DDP-SP13- BEC-53) Abu Bakar (DDP-SP13- BEC-43) ZohaibUzair (DDP-SP13- BEC-101) Shahzaib Younis (DDP-SP13- BEC-85)
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- 5. Ethylbenzene was first produced on acommercial scale in the 1930s in Germany and the United States. The ethylbenzene–styrene industry remained relatively insignificant until the Second World War, when the demand for synthetic styrene–butadiene rubber prompted accelerated technology improvements and tremendous capacity expansion. History
- 6. Nomenclature Reg. No.: 100-41-4Ethylbenzene EB; ethyl benzol; α-methyl toluene; phenyl ethane
- 7. • Ethylbenzene (EB)is a • Colorless • Aromatic liquid • Has a boiling point of 136.2°C which is very close to that of p-xylene • This complicates separating it from the C 8 aromatic equilibrium mixture obtained from catalytic reforming processes. Ethyl benzene obtained from this source, however, is small compared to the synthetic route.
- 8. Description Colorless liquidwith an aromatic odor (Coty et al., 1987) Boiling-point 136.2 °C (Lide & Milne, 1996) Melting-point –94.9 °C (Lide & Milne, 1996) Density 0.8670 g/cm 3 at 20 °C (Lide & Milne, 1996) Spectroscopy data Infrared, ultraviolet [97], nuclear magnetic resonance and mass spectral data have been reported (Lide & Milne, 1996) Solubility Slightly soluble in water (152 mg/L at 20 °C) (ECETOC, 1986) and chloroform; miscible with diethyl ether and ethanol (Lide & Milne, 1996) Volatility Vapor pressure, 1.28 kilo Pascal at 25 °C (Lide & Milne, 1996); relative vapor density (air = 1), 3.7 (Verschueren, 1996); flash-point (closed- cup), 15 °C (Coty et al., 1987) Octanol/water partition coefficient (P) log P, 3.15 (Verschueren, 1996) Conversion factor mg/m 3 = 4.34 × ppm
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- 10. • Alkylation OfBenzene • Ethylene is also an active alkylating agent. • Alkylation of benzene with ethylene produces ethyl benzene. • Ethyl benzene can be dehydrogenated to styrene. • Styrene is a monomer used in the manufacture of many commercial polymers and copolymers.
- 11. Benzene Ethylene EthylBenzene The main process for producing EB is the catalyzed alkylation of benzene with ethylene.
- 13. Chapter 17 13 Friedel-CraftsAlkylation • Synthesis of alkyl benzenes from alkyl halides and a Lewis acid, usually AlCl3.
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- 21. • Badger processwhich has been commercialized since 1980, can accept dilute ethylene streams such as those produced from FCC off gas. • A zeolite type heterogeneous catalyst is used in a fixed bed process. The reaction conditions are 420°C and 200–300 psi. • Over 98% yield is obtained at 90% conversion.
- 22. Poly ethylbenzene (poly-alkylated) and unreacted benzene are recycledand join the fresh feed to the reactor. The reactor effluent is fed to the benzene fractionation system to recover unreacted benzene. The bottoms containing ethylbenzene and heavier poly alkylates are fractionated in two columns. The first column separates the ethylbenzene product, and the other separates poly- ethylbenzene for recycling.
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- 27. Ethylbenzene is almostexclusively (> 99%) used as an intermediate for the manufacture of styrene monomer.
- 28. Less than 1%of the ethylbenzene produced is used as a paint solvent or as an intermediate for the production of diethyl benzene and acetophenone.
- 29. Ethylbenzene has beenadded to motor and aviation fuels because of its anti-knock properties. Estimates of ethylbenzene in gasoline have ranged from < 1–2.7%.
- 30. Ethylbenzene is alsoused as a negative photoresist solvent in the semiconductor industry.
- 31. • Ethylbenzene isalso present in commercial mixed xylenes at levels up to 25%, the ethylbenzene present in recovered mixed xylenes is largely converted to xylenes or benzene. • Other than that it is also present in many – paints – lacquers – printing inks – insecticides – solvents – rubber and chemical industries
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- 33. There is inadequateevidence in humans for the carcinogenicity of ethylbenzene. There is sufficient evidence in experimental animals for the carcinogenicity of ethylbenzene. But based on results of test performed on test species ethylbenzene is possibly carcinogenic to humans (Group 2B).
- 35. Production Of MethanolWith Bio Gas What is Biogas? Methanol Synthesis In Pakistan
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- 37. What Is Biogas? Manufacture ADis a microbiological process of decomposition of organic matter, in the absence of oxygen, common to many natural environments and largely applied today to produce biogas in airproof reactor tanks, commonly named digesters. Process A wide range of micro-organisms are involved in the anaerobic process which has two main end products: biogas and digestate. Comp. Biogas is a combustible gas consisting of methane, carbon dioxide and small amounts of other gases and trace elements. Digestate is the decomposed substrate, rich in macro- and micro nutrients and therefore suitable to be used as plant fertilizer.
- 39. • Common BiomassCategories • Animal manure and slurry • Agricultural residues and by-products • Digestible organic wastes from food and agro industries (vegetable and animal origin) • Organic fraction of municipal waste and from catering (vegetable and animal origin) • Sewage sludge • Dedicated energy crops (e.g. maize, miscanthus, sorghum, clover)
- 40. The initial materialis continuously broken down into smaller units. Specific groups of micro-organisms are involved in each individual step. These organisms successively decompose the products of the previous steps. The simplified diagram of the AD process, shown in Figure 3.5, highlights the four main process steps: hydrolysis, acidogenesis, acetogenesis, and methanogenesis.
- 41. Municipal solid wastesupplied to a German biogas plant
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- 43. Biogas installations, processingagricultural substrates, are some of the most important applications of AD today. In Asia alone, millions of family owned, small scale digesters are in operation in countries like China, India, Nepal and Vietnam, producing biogas for cooking and lighting. Thousands of agricultural biogas plants are in operation in Europe and North America, many of them using the newest technologies within this area, and their number is continuously increasing. In Germany alone, more than 3700 agricultural biogas plants were in operation in 2007.
- 44. The World’s economiesare dependent today of crude oil. There is some disagreement among scientists on how long this fossil resource will last but according to researchers, the “peak oil production”* has already occurred or it is expected to occur within the next period of time.
- 45. Methane yield fromvarious biomass stocks
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- 47. What is Biogas?Methanol Synthesis In Pakistan
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- 51. What is Biogas?Methanol Synthesis In Pakistan
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- 54. Biogas plants willbe installed for the operation of 100,000 tube wells across the Punjab. At present. 835000 tube wells run on high speed diesel; 70% of these tube wells are owned by small farmers who constitute 85% of the farmers population. The main objective of this initiative is to reduce energy costs. Furthermore, the project will also offer huge benefits by reducing huge costs on imported petroleum. It is estimated that each biogas operated tube well (16 HP) will result In saving more than 2000 liters of high speed diesel annually.
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- 59. Ethyl Benzene History &Process Ethylbenzene was first produced on a commercial scale in the 1930s in Germany and the United States. The ethylbenzene–styrene industry remained relatively insignificant until the Second World War, when the demand for synthetic styrene–butadiene rubber prompted accelerated technology improvements and tremendous capacity expansion. There are many processes to convert ethylene and benzene into ethyl benzene. One of them is Badger process. The process flow diagram is given above. Applications There are many applications of ethyl benzene… Some of them are… 1. paints 2. lacquers 3. printing inks 4. insecticides 5. solvents Figure 1-Badger Process For Ethyl Benzene Synthesis