This document discusses alternative fuels for diesel engines including biodiesel, hydrogen, and their effects on emissions. It provides details on:
1) Biodiesel production through transesterification of vegetable oils and its properties including lower emissions than diesel except for a slight increase in NOx.
2) Hydrogen as a potential fuel with challenges around storage and infrastructure but zero carbon emissions. Storage in compressed or liquid form requires 10-12 times the volume of gasoline.
3) Comparison of greenhouse gas emissions from different fuels, with fossil fuels currently supplying 80% of energy but alternative fuels needed to reduce emissions in the long run.
The document discusses biorenewable liquid fuels such as bioethanol, biodiesel, and vegetable oils. It provides an overview of various production processes for bioethanol, including fermentation of sugars from biomass, hydration of ethylene, and production from biomass. The key biorenewable liquid fuels are bioethanol and biodiesel, which are made from plant materials and can be used as alternatives to gasoline and diesel fuel. These biorenewable fuels have environmental benefits over petroleum fuels.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online
USAGE OF ETHANOL BLENDED PETROL: EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATIONS OF REDUCTION IN ...P singh
An experimental study was conducted to evaluate what extent ethanol blends in Petrol helps in reduction of pollution levels of SI engines exhaust emissions. Ethanol blends E5, E10, E15, E20, E22 were tested and found considerable reductions in the pollutant levels of CO, CO2, HC. The results indicate better combustions in petrol engine with ethanol blends. The reductions in HC and CO were to the extent of 80% to 90% compared to pure petrol fuelled IC engine.
This document discusses biofuels such as ethanol and biodiesel. It provides information on their production sources and feedstocks. Ethanol can be produced from starch, sugar, and cellulosic biomass, with major global sources including sugarcane, corn, and cassava. Biodiesel is produced from oilseed crops like soybeans and rapeseed. The document also outlines the history and current state of biofuel production and use globally, particularly in countries like Brazil, the US, Europe, and India. It notes the potential benefits of biofuels in reducing dependence on crude oil and lowering emissions.
This document evaluates the performance of a biodiesel blend with a combustion enhancer additive in a diesel engine. Biodiesel was produced from jatropha oil through transesterification. A blend of 80% diesel, 20% jatropha biodiesel, and 5% diethyl ether additive was tested in a single cylinder diesel engine. Performance and emissions were evaluated at compression ratios of 16, 17, and 18 and compared to normal diesel and an 80% diesel 20% jatropha blend. The blend had the best performance at a compression ratio of 18. At this ratio, brake thermal efficiency was highest for the blend due to better combustion. Emissions of CO and HC were lower for the blend while NO
IRJET- CFD Modelling and Analysis of Dual Fuel (Diesel + Methanol) Combustion...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study that used computational fluid dynamics (CFD) modeling to analyze dual fuel combustion (diesel and methanol) in an engine. Simulations were performed using ANSYS Fluent software coupled with chemical kinetics mechanisms. Specifically:
1) CFD was used to model combustion performance in a compression ignition engine running on diesel fuel blended with ethanol and methanol.
2) Formation rates of nitrogen oxides were accurately predicted using an extended chemical kinetics mechanism.
3) Different blends of diesel, ethanol and methanol were modeled and compared in terms of combustion efficiency and emissions. The 70% diesel, 15% ethanol, 15% methanol blend showed the best results with lower emissions.
THE INFLUENCE OF CETANE NUMBER AND OXYGEN CONTENT IN THE PERFORMANCE AND EMIS...IAEME Publication
Waste plastic pyrolysis oil (WPPO) and ethanol are attractive renewable energy
sources, as ethanol has a high content of oxygen. However, for this particular study,
direct blending of conventional diesel, WPPO, ethanol and 2-ethyl hexyl nitrate (EHN)
was attempted. The purpose was, firstly, to improve the combustion, ignition quality,
performance and emission characteristics of the WPPO blends. Secondly, EHN has the
potential to reduce emissions of CO, CO2, UHC, NOX and PM. Thirdly, ethanol
improves viscosity and miscibility of biodiesel blends, besides increasing the oxygen
content of WPPO. Five mixing ratios were used in the following order,
50/WPPO25/E25, 60/WPPO20/E20, 70/WPPO15/E15, 80/WPPO10/E10 and
90/WPPO5/E5 for conventional diesel (CD), WPPO and ethanol and respectively.
However, for EHN the mixing ratio was determined by the total quantity of blended fuel
and put at 0.01 %. Complete miscibility was observed with no phase separation allowed
from the blended mixtures throughout the experiment. Performance and emission
characteristics of a stationary single cylinder water-cooled diesel power generator
were evaluated. The results obtained were compared carefully to ASTM standards and
discussed using tables and graph figure curves. The conclusion was that ethanol and
EHN can be used in diesel engine power generators as an alternative fuel to help
improve cetane numbers and to increase the oxygen content without or with
modification with WPPO blends. This is due to the densities 792 kg/m3
, 963 kg/m3
, 825
kg/m3 for WPPO, ethanol and EHN respectively, which are close to CD fuel at 845
kg/m3
. The addition of EHN, reduced emissions and improved engine performance so
that it equalled that of CD fuel
The document discusses biorenewable liquid fuels such as bioethanol, biodiesel, and vegetable oils. It provides an overview of various production processes for bioethanol, including fermentation of sugars from biomass, hydration of ethylene, and production from biomass. The key biorenewable liquid fuels are bioethanol and biodiesel, which are made from plant materials and can be used as alternatives to gasoline and diesel fuel. These biorenewable fuels have environmental benefits over petroleum fuels.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online
USAGE OF ETHANOL BLENDED PETROL: EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATIONS OF REDUCTION IN ...P singh
An experimental study was conducted to evaluate what extent ethanol blends in Petrol helps in reduction of pollution levels of SI engines exhaust emissions. Ethanol blends E5, E10, E15, E20, E22 were tested and found considerable reductions in the pollutant levels of CO, CO2, HC. The results indicate better combustions in petrol engine with ethanol blends. The reductions in HC and CO were to the extent of 80% to 90% compared to pure petrol fuelled IC engine.
This document discusses biofuels such as ethanol and biodiesel. It provides information on their production sources and feedstocks. Ethanol can be produced from starch, sugar, and cellulosic biomass, with major global sources including sugarcane, corn, and cassava. Biodiesel is produced from oilseed crops like soybeans and rapeseed. The document also outlines the history and current state of biofuel production and use globally, particularly in countries like Brazil, the US, Europe, and India. It notes the potential benefits of biofuels in reducing dependence on crude oil and lowering emissions.
This document evaluates the performance of a biodiesel blend with a combustion enhancer additive in a diesel engine. Biodiesel was produced from jatropha oil through transesterification. A blend of 80% diesel, 20% jatropha biodiesel, and 5% diethyl ether additive was tested in a single cylinder diesel engine. Performance and emissions were evaluated at compression ratios of 16, 17, and 18 and compared to normal diesel and an 80% diesel 20% jatropha blend. The blend had the best performance at a compression ratio of 18. At this ratio, brake thermal efficiency was highest for the blend due to better combustion. Emissions of CO and HC were lower for the blend while NO
IRJET- CFD Modelling and Analysis of Dual Fuel (Diesel + Methanol) Combustion...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study that used computational fluid dynamics (CFD) modeling to analyze dual fuel combustion (diesel and methanol) in an engine. Simulations were performed using ANSYS Fluent software coupled with chemical kinetics mechanisms. Specifically:
1) CFD was used to model combustion performance in a compression ignition engine running on diesel fuel blended with ethanol and methanol.
2) Formation rates of nitrogen oxides were accurately predicted using an extended chemical kinetics mechanism.
3) Different blends of diesel, ethanol and methanol were modeled and compared in terms of combustion efficiency and emissions. The 70% diesel, 15% ethanol, 15% methanol blend showed the best results with lower emissions.
THE INFLUENCE OF CETANE NUMBER AND OXYGEN CONTENT IN THE PERFORMANCE AND EMIS...IAEME Publication
Waste plastic pyrolysis oil (WPPO) and ethanol are attractive renewable energy
sources, as ethanol has a high content of oxygen. However, for this particular study,
direct blending of conventional diesel, WPPO, ethanol and 2-ethyl hexyl nitrate (EHN)
was attempted. The purpose was, firstly, to improve the combustion, ignition quality,
performance and emission characteristics of the WPPO blends. Secondly, EHN has the
potential to reduce emissions of CO, CO2, UHC, NOX and PM. Thirdly, ethanol
improves viscosity and miscibility of biodiesel blends, besides increasing the oxygen
content of WPPO. Five mixing ratios were used in the following order,
50/WPPO25/E25, 60/WPPO20/E20, 70/WPPO15/E15, 80/WPPO10/E10 and
90/WPPO5/E5 for conventional diesel (CD), WPPO and ethanol and respectively.
However, for EHN the mixing ratio was determined by the total quantity of blended fuel
and put at 0.01 %. Complete miscibility was observed with no phase separation allowed
from the blended mixtures throughout the experiment. Performance and emission
characteristics of a stationary single cylinder water-cooled diesel power generator
were evaluated. The results obtained were compared carefully to ASTM standards and
discussed using tables and graph figure curves. The conclusion was that ethanol and
EHN can be used in diesel engine power generators as an alternative fuel to help
improve cetane numbers and to increase the oxygen content without or with
modification with WPPO blends. This is due to the densities 792 kg/m3
, 963 kg/m3
, 825
kg/m3 for WPPO, ethanol and EHN respectively, which are close to CD fuel at 845
kg/m3
. The addition of EHN, reduced emissions and improved engine performance so
that it equalled that of CD fuel
Journal Waste oils as alternative fuel for diesel engine: A reviewKhatir NAIMA
Increase in energy demand, stringent emission norms and depletion of oil resources have led the researchers to find alternative fuels for internal combustion engines. On the other hand waste oils pose a very serious environment challenge because of their disposal problems all over the world. In this context, waste oils are currently receiving renewed interest. The properties of the oil derived from waste plastics, cooking and engines oils were analyzed and compared with the petroleum products and found that it has properties similar to that of diesel. This paper gives a brief review about using waste oil of these three types of oil as a fuel for diesel engines. The conversion process of each type of waste oil is presented. The results obtained from the experimental studies on a Diesel engine are discussed.
This document summarizes a study on analyzing the performance of a CI engine using blends of diesel fuel and waste cooking oil. Waste cooking oil is converted to biodiesel via a transesterification process and blended with diesel fuel in various proportions. The blends are then tested in a CI engine to analyze performance parameters like brake thermal efficiency, brake specific fuel consumption, and exhaust emissions. The results are compared to operation on pure diesel fuel to evaluate the potential of using waste cooking oil biodiesel blends as an alternative fuel in CI engines.
Waste frying oil can be converted into biodiesel through a two-step process of esterification and transesterification. In esterification, free fatty acids in waste oil are reacted with methanol to form methyl esters and water. Then in transesterification, triglycerides are reacted with methanol in the presence of a catalyst like potassium hydroxide to form biodiesel and glycerol. The study found maximum biodiesel yields of 98% when using a 1.5% KOH catalyst at 64°C reaction temperature. While the biodiesel met Indonesian standards for density and flash point, its viscosity was higher than conventional diesel fuel.
The document summarizes a study demonstrating the production of vinyl acetate monomer (VAM) from soybean oil through non-catalytic cracking and subsequent chemical reactions. Soybean oil is cracked to produce acetic acid, which is then purified and reacted with ethylene to produce VAM. The VAM sample was found to be of commercial quality. The process has the potential to produce high-value chemicals from renewable feedstocks and improve the economics of biorefineries.
alternative liquid fuels , ethanol and methanol production , application of ethanol and methanol , limitations and conclusion, contains all production of ethanol and methanol all over the world chart.
Performance and Emission Characteristics of Tire Pyrolysis Oil (TPO) Blend w...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study on the performance and emission characteristics of blends of tire pyrolysis oil (TPO) and diesel in various compositions in a diesel engine. Tire waste was pyrolyzed to produce a pyrolysis oil and the oil was blended with diesel in ratios of 10%, 20%, and 30% TPO. The blends were then tested in a single cylinder diesel engine and the performance parameters and emissions were analyzed and compared to a baseline test using only diesel. The goal of the study was to investigate the potential of using TPO from waste tires as an alternative fuel to replace some portion of diesel.
This document summarizes research on producing biodiesel from waste cooking oil through a double stage trans-esterification process. The researchers found that blending the produced biodiesel with diesel at a 20% ratio (B20) increased the engine's brake thermal efficiency by 1.5% compared to pure diesel. Emissions of CO, HC and smoke decreased with the B20 blend, while NOx increased slightly. The document discusses the trans-esterification process used to reduce the viscosity of waste cooking oil for use as biodiesel, and factors that influence the process like temperature, alcohol-to-oil ratio, catalyst type and concentration.
Effect of Tyre Pyrolysis Oil (TPO) Blends on Performance of Single Cylinder D...rahulmonikasharma
Increasing industrialization and motorization led to a significant rise in demand of petroleum products. As these are the non-renewable resources, it will be troublesome to predict the availability of these resources in the future, resulting in uncertainty in its supply and price and is impacting growing economies like India importing 80% of the total demand of the petroleum products. Many attempts have been made by different researchers to find out alternate fuels for Internal Combustion engines. Many alternate fuels like Biodiesel, LPG (Liquefied Petroleum Gas), CNG (Compressed Natural Gas) and Alcohol are being used nowadays by different vehicles. In this context pyrolysis of scrap tyres can be used effectively to produce oil, thereby solving the problem of waste tyre disposal. In the present study, Experimental investigations were carried out to evaluate the performance and emission characteristics of a single cylinder diesel engine fueled by TPO10, TPO15, and TPO20 at a crank angle 260 before TDC (Top Dead Centre) and injection pressure of 200 bar keeping the blend quality by controlling the density and viscosity of tyre pyrolysis oil within permissible limit of euro IV diesel requirement. The performance and emission results were analyzed and compared with that of diesel fuel operation. The results of investigations indicate that the brake thermal efficiency of the TPO - DF blend decreases by 6 to 10%. CO emissions are slightly higher but well within permissible limit of euro IV emission standards. HC emissions are higher by about 25 to 35% at partial load whereas smoke opacity is lower by about 3% to 21% as compared to diesel fuel.
IRJET- Use of Lipid Biofuels with Environmental Impacts for Production of Low...IRJET Journal
This document discusses the use of lipid biofuels and their environmental impacts. It begins by introducing biodiesel as a renewable substitute for diesel that is produced from vegetable oils, animal fats, or waste greases through a process called transesterification. While biodiesel has benefits over petroleum diesel, it is more prone to oxidation. The document then explores using microalgae as a potential feedstock for large-scale biodiesel production and discusses inducing lipid biosynthesis in algae through environmental stresses. Finally, it analyzes the properties and production processes of pure plant oils and biodiesel, including their similarities and differences, as well as comparing their characteristics to fossil diesel fuels.
This document summarizes a study that investigated the performance and emissions of a diesel engine operating on apricot oil blended with methanol. The study found that using the biofuel blend can reduce emissions like hydrocarbons and carbon monoxide compared to diesel fuel alone. Experiments were conducted on a twin cylinder compression ignition engine to evaluate brake thermal efficiency, brake specific energy consumption, and exhaust emissions including hydrocarbons, carbon dioxide, nitrogen oxides, and smoke at varying engine loads. The results showed that the biofuel blend provided better performance characteristics than diesel in terms of emissions and thermal efficiency. Therefore, the document concludes that apricot oil blended with methanol is a suitable alternative fuel for diesel engines.
The document discusses various alternative fuels including biodiesel, ethanol, natural gas, propane, hydrogen, electricity, and methanol. It provides details on what each fuel is made from, whether it is a liquid or gas, possible vehicle applications, and environmental benefits compared to gasoline. Biodiesel can be used in existing diesel engines. Ethanol is commonly blended with gasoline. Natural gas and propane can be used as compressed or liquefied fuels. Hydrogen and electricity show potential but have infrastructure challenges. The document also notes some open problems with measuring and taxing different alternative fuels.
bioethanol production and need of futureAkshay Dagade
Bioethanol has the potential to replace gasoline as a cleaner burning alternative fuel. The document discusses various feedstocks that can be used to produce bioethanol, including potatoes, corn, sugarcane, and cellulosic materials. Production from each feedstock first requires breaking down the plant material to release fermentable sugars, followed by fermentation and distillation to produce bioethanol. As transportation is a major consumer of fossil fuels in India, bioethanol produced locally from waste products could help reduce imports and transition to more sustainable fuels.
IRJET- Biodiesel Production, Optimization and Fuel Properties Characteriz...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes research on optimizing the production of biodiesel from waste fish oil. Key findings include:
- Waste fish oil was extracted from fish parts and refined. It contains a mix of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids.
- A two-stage transesterification process using acid and base catalysts was employed to convert the waste fish oil to biodiesel due to its high free fatty acid content.
- Central composite design and response surface methodology were used to optimize the transesterification process parameters (methanol quantity, catalyst concentration, reaction time) to maximize biodiesel yield.
- The maximum predicted biodiesel yield of 94.091% was achieved at 20%
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
This research article discusses bio-diesel production from waste cooking oil through a double stage trans-esterification process. The researchers produced a B20% biodiesel blend (20% biodiesel and 80% diesel) that allowed the engine to run without modifications and improved performance over conventional diesel. Testing found the B20% blend increased brake thermal efficiency by 1.5% and decreased emissions of CO, HC and smoke compared to sole diesel fuel, with a slight increase in NOx. The article also reviews different methods for reducing the viscosity of vegetable oils to enable use in diesel engines, focusing on transesterification as the most effective method.
This document discusses biodiesel fuel performance and emissions. It begins by introducing biodiesel as an alternative fuel produced from vegetable oils and animal fats through transesterification. It then discusses various blending methods for biodiesel and diesel. The document also provides tables on biodiesel production by country and classifications. It reviews the impact of biodiesel on engine performance, finding that power is typically reduced slightly due to biodiesel's lower energy content, though impacts can vary depending on the blend and specific fuel properties. The review cites over 25 studies on this topic from 2000 onwards.
The document summarizes an experimental study analyzing the emission characteristics of a direct injection diesel engine fueled with biodiesel made from Mahua oil methyl ester (MOME). Key findings include:
- Tests on a single cylinder diesel engine showed that neat MOME biodiesel produced lower carbon monoxide, smoke opacity, and particulate emissions than petrodiesel, but higher oxides of nitrogen emissions.
- Emissions generally improved with increasing percentages of MOME biodiesel blended with petrodiesel.
- The study concludes that MOME biodiesel is a viable alternative fuel that provides emission benefits over petrodiesel.
Blending of ethanol in gasoline for petrol enginesRjRam
This ppt about the blended fuel vehicles. We are going to blend one of the biofuel ethanol which renewable energy source with petrol for using on petrol engine.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) inventionjournals
This document analyzes exhaust emissions from a diesel engine running on blends of palm stearin biodiesel and diesel fuel with exhaust gas recirculation (EGR). The study tested various biodiesel-diesel blends (B30 and B100) with 0%, 15%, and 30% EGR. The results showed that hydrocarbons and carbon monoxide emissions decreased with increasing biodiesel percentage and EGR rate. Nitrogen oxide emissions increased with more biodiesel but decreased significantly with higher EGR rates. Carbon dioxide emissions decreased as EGR rate increased. Overall, the results indicate that EGR is effective at reducing nitrogen oxide emissions from biodiesel-fueled diesel engines.
This document provides an overview of biodiesel, including its history, properties, advantages, disadvantages, production, storage, combustion, emissions and other details. Some key points:
- Biodiesel is made from vegetable oils or animal fats through a process called transesterification. It can be blended with petrodiesel in any amount.
- Studies show biodiesel reduces particulate matter and other emissions compared to petrodiesel, though it may increase NOx slightly depending on engine conditions.
- Biodiesel has benefits like being renewable, biodegradable, nontoxic and producing lower greenhouse gas emissions than fossil fuels. However, it also has drawbacks like poorer low
IRJET- Influence of Al2O3 Nano Material Additives based Biodiesel Blends on t...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a research paper that investigated the performance of a diesel engine using blends of biodiesel produced from waste cooking oil and dispersed with aluminum oxide nanoparticles. Biodiesel was produced through transesterification of waste cooking oil with methanol using a sodium hydroxide catalyst. The biodiesel was then blended with diesel in ratios of B10, B20, B30 and B40. Experimental testing of the blends in a single cylinder diesel engine found that the B40 blend achieved the highest thermal efficiency of 28.63%, outperforming neat diesel. The study evaluated properties and engine performance parameters like brake thermal efficiency and fuel consumption.
A Study of Performance and Emissions of Diesel Engine fuelled with neat Diese...IOSR Journals
A comparison analysis between neat diesel (petro-diesel) and neat Hydnocarpus Pentandra (Marotti) biodiesel has been carried out on a direct injection diesel engine. The biodiesel has been produced from raw Hydnocarpus Pentandra oil by transesterification process by adding methanol and base catalyst. The optimum nozzle pressure of 250 bar and static injection timing of 20° bTDC are considered because these conditions only were found to give minimum emissions and better performance. The engine performance and emissions of diesel engine fuelled with neat diesel and neat Hydnocarpus Pentandra (Marotti) (or) Marotti Oil Methyl Ester (MOME) results are compared and presented. From the test results, it could be noted that, neat MOME gives lower emissions such as hydrocarbon and oxides of nitrogen as compared to neat diesel for all load under steady state condition of the engine.
Journal Waste oils as alternative fuel for diesel engine: A reviewKhatir NAIMA
Increase in energy demand, stringent emission norms and depletion of oil resources have led the researchers to find alternative fuels for internal combustion engines. On the other hand waste oils pose a very serious environment challenge because of their disposal problems all over the world. In this context, waste oils are currently receiving renewed interest. The properties of the oil derived from waste plastics, cooking and engines oils were analyzed and compared with the petroleum products and found that it has properties similar to that of diesel. This paper gives a brief review about using waste oil of these three types of oil as a fuel for diesel engines. The conversion process of each type of waste oil is presented. The results obtained from the experimental studies on a Diesel engine are discussed.
This document summarizes a study on analyzing the performance of a CI engine using blends of diesel fuel and waste cooking oil. Waste cooking oil is converted to biodiesel via a transesterification process and blended with diesel fuel in various proportions. The blends are then tested in a CI engine to analyze performance parameters like brake thermal efficiency, brake specific fuel consumption, and exhaust emissions. The results are compared to operation on pure diesel fuel to evaluate the potential of using waste cooking oil biodiesel blends as an alternative fuel in CI engines.
Waste frying oil can be converted into biodiesel through a two-step process of esterification and transesterification. In esterification, free fatty acids in waste oil are reacted with methanol to form methyl esters and water. Then in transesterification, triglycerides are reacted with methanol in the presence of a catalyst like potassium hydroxide to form biodiesel and glycerol. The study found maximum biodiesel yields of 98% when using a 1.5% KOH catalyst at 64°C reaction temperature. While the biodiesel met Indonesian standards for density and flash point, its viscosity was higher than conventional diesel fuel.
The document summarizes a study demonstrating the production of vinyl acetate monomer (VAM) from soybean oil through non-catalytic cracking and subsequent chemical reactions. Soybean oil is cracked to produce acetic acid, which is then purified and reacted with ethylene to produce VAM. The VAM sample was found to be of commercial quality. The process has the potential to produce high-value chemicals from renewable feedstocks and improve the economics of biorefineries.
alternative liquid fuels , ethanol and methanol production , application of ethanol and methanol , limitations and conclusion, contains all production of ethanol and methanol all over the world chart.
Performance and Emission Characteristics of Tire Pyrolysis Oil (TPO) Blend w...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study on the performance and emission characteristics of blends of tire pyrolysis oil (TPO) and diesel in various compositions in a diesel engine. Tire waste was pyrolyzed to produce a pyrolysis oil and the oil was blended with diesel in ratios of 10%, 20%, and 30% TPO. The blends were then tested in a single cylinder diesel engine and the performance parameters and emissions were analyzed and compared to a baseline test using only diesel. The goal of the study was to investigate the potential of using TPO from waste tires as an alternative fuel to replace some portion of diesel.
This document summarizes research on producing biodiesel from waste cooking oil through a double stage trans-esterification process. The researchers found that blending the produced biodiesel with diesel at a 20% ratio (B20) increased the engine's brake thermal efficiency by 1.5% compared to pure diesel. Emissions of CO, HC and smoke decreased with the B20 blend, while NOx increased slightly. The document discusses the trans-esterification process used to reduce the viscosity of waste cooking oil for use as biodiesel, and factors that influence the process like temperature, alcohol-to-oil ratio, catalyst type and concentration.
Effect of Tyre Pyrolysis Oil (TPO) Blends on Performance of Single Cylinder D...rahulmonikasharma
Increasing industrialization and motorization led to a significant rise in demand of petroleum products. As these are the non-renewable resources, it will be troublesome to predict the availability of these resources in the future, resulting in uncertainty in its supply and price and is impacting growing economies like India importing 80% of the total demand of the petroleum products. Many attempts have been made by different researchers to find out alternate fuels for Internal Combustion engines. Many alternate fuels like Biodiesel, LPG (Liquefied Petroleum Gas), CNG (Compressed Natural Gas) and Alcohol are being used nowadays by different vehicles. In this context pyrolysis of scrap tyres can be used effectively to produce oil, thereby solving the problem of waste tyre disposal. In the present study, Experimental investigations were carried out to evaluate the performance and emission characteristics of a single cylinder diesel engine fueled by TPO10, TPO15, and TPO20 at a crank angle 260 before TDC (Top Dead Centre) and injection pressure of 200 bar keeping the blend quality by controlling the density and viscosity of tyre pyrolysis oil within permissible limit of euro IV diesel requirement. The performance and emission results were analyzed and compared with that of diesel fuel operation. The results of investigations indicate that the brake thermal efficiency of the TPO - DF blend decreases by 6 to 10%. CO emissions are slightly higher but well within permissible limit of euro IV emission standards. HC emissions are higher by about 25 to 35% at partial load whereas smoke opacity is lower by about 3% to 21% as compared to diesel fuel.
IRJET- Use of Lipid Biofuels with Environmental Impacts for Production of Low...IRJET Journal
This document discusses the use of lipid biofuels and their environmental impacts. It begins by introducing biodiesel as a renewable substitute for diesel that is produced from vegetable oils, animal fats, or waste greases through a process called transesterification. While biodiesel has benefits over petroleum diesel, it is more prone to oxidation. The document then explores using microalgae as a potential feedstock for large-scale biodiesel production and discusses inducing lipid biosynthesis in algae through environmental stresses. Finally, it analyzes the properties and production processes of pure plant oils and biodiesel, including their similarities and differences, as well as comparing their characteristics to fossil diesel fuels.
This document summarizes a study that investigated the performance and emissions of a diesel engine operating on apricot oil blended with methanol. The study found that using the biofuel blend can reduce emissions like hydrocarbons and carbon monoxide compared to diesel fuel alone. Experiments were conducted on a twin cylinder compression ignition engine to evaluate brake thermal efficiency, brake specific energy consumption, and exhaust emissions including hydrocarbons, carbon dioxide, nitrogen oxides, and smoke at varying engine loads. The results showed that the biofuel blend provided better performance characteristics than diesel in terms of emissions and thermal efficiency. Therefore, the document concludes that apricot oil blended with methanol is a suitable alternative fuel for diesel engines.
The document discusses various alternative fuels including biodiesel, ethanol, natural gas, propane, hydrogen, electricity, and methanol. It provides details on what each fuel is made from, whether it is a liquid or gas, possible vehicle applications, and environmental benefits compared to gasoline. Biodiesel can be used in existing diesel engines. Ethanol is commonly blended with gasoline. Natural gas and propane can be used as compressed or liquefied fuels. Hydrogen and electricity show potential but have infrastructure challenges. The document also notes some open problems with measuring and taxing different alternative fuels.
bioethanol production and need of futureAkshay Dagade
Bioethanol has the potential to replace gasoline as a cleaner burning alternative fuel. The document discusses various feedstocks that can be used to produce bioethanol, including potatoes, corn, sugarcane, and cellulosic materials. Production from each feedstock first requires breaking down the plant material to release fermentable sugars, followed by fermentation and distillation to produce bioethanol. As transportation is a major consumer of fossil fuels in India, bioethanol produced locally from waste products could help reduce imports and transition to more sustainable fuels.
IRJET- Biodiesel Production, Optimization and Fuel Properties Characteriz...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes research on optimizing the production of biodiesel from waste fish oil. Key findings include:
- Waste fish oil was extracted from fish parts and refined. It contains a mix of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids.
- A two-stage transesterification process using acid and base catalysts was employed to convert the waste fish oil to biodiesel due to its high free fatty acid content.
- Central composite design and response surface methodology were used to optimize the transesterification process parameters (methanol quantity, catalyst concentration, reaction time) to maximize biodiesel yield.
- The maximum predicted biodiesel yield of 94.091% was achieved at 20%
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
This research article discusses bio-diesel production from waste cooking oil through a double stage trans-esterification process. The researchers produced a B20% biodiesel blend (20% biodiesel and 80% diesel) that allowed the engine to run without modifications and improved performance over conventional diesel. Testing found the B20% blend increased brake thermal efficiency by 1.5% and decreased emissions of CO, HC and smoke compared to sole diesel fuel, with a slight increase in NOx. The article also reviews different methods for reducing the viscosity of vegetable oils to enable use in diesel engines, focusing on transesterification as the most effective method.
This document discusses biodiesel fuel performance and emissions. It begins by introducing biodiesel as an alternative fuel produced from vegetable oils and animal fats through transesterification. It then discusses various blending methods for biodiesel and diesel. The document also provides tables on biodiesel production by country and classifications. It reviews the impact of biodiesel on engine performance, finding that power is typically reduced slightly due to biodiesel's lower energy content, though impacts can vary depending on the blend and specific fuel properties. The review cites over 25 studies on this topic from 2000 onwards.
The document summarizes an experimental study analyzing the emission characteristics of a direct injection diesel engine fueled with biodiesel made from Mahua oil methyl ester (MOME). Key findings include:
- Tests on a single cylinder diesel engine showed that neat MOME biodiesel produced lower carbon monoxide, smoke opacity, and particulate emissions than petrodiesel, but higher oxides of nitrogen emissions.
- Emissions generally improved with increasing percentages of MOME biodiesel blended with petrodiesel.
- The study concludes that MOME biodiesel is a viable alternative fuel that provides emission benefits over petrodiesel.
Blending of ethanol in gasoline for petrol enginesRjRam
This ppt about the blended fuel vehicles. We are going to blend one of the biofuel ethanol which renewable energy source with petrol for using on petrol engine.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) inventionjournals
This document analyzes exhaust emissions from a diesel engine running on blends of palm stearin biodiesel and diesel fuel with exhaust gas recirculation (EGR). The study tested various biodiesel-diesel blends (B30 and B100) with 0%, 15%, and 30% EGR. The results showed that hydrocarbons and carbon monoxide emissions decreased with increasing biodiesel percentage and EGR rate. Nitrogen oxide emissions increased with more biodiesel but decreased significantly with higher EGR rates. Carbon dioxide emissions decreased as EGR rate increased. Overall, the results indicate that EGR is effective at reducing nitrogen oxide emissions from biodiesel-fueled diesel engines.
This document provides an overview of biodiesel, including its history, properties, advantages, disadvantages, production, storage, combustion, emissions and other details. Some key points:
- Biodiesel is made from vegetable oils or animal fats through a process called transesterification. It can be blended with petrodiesel in any amount.
- Studies show biodiesel reduces particulate matter and other emissions compared to petrodiesel, though it may increase NOx slightly depending on engine conditions.
- Biodiesel has benefits like being renewable, biodegradable, nontoxic and producing lower greenhouse gas emissions than fossil fuels. However, it also has drawbacks like poorer low
IRJET- Influence of Al2O3 Nano Material Additives based Biodiesel Blends on t...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a research paper that investigated the performance of a diesel engine using blends of biodiesel produced from waste cooking oil and dispersed with aluminum oxide nanoparticles. Biodiesel was produced through transesterification of waste cooking oil with methanol using a sodium hydroxide catalyst. The biodiesel was then blended with diesel in ratios of B10, B20, B30 and B40. Experimental testing of the blends in a single cylinder diesel engine found that the B40 blend achieved the highest thermal efficiency of 28.63%, outperforming neat diesel. The study evaluated properties and engine performance parameters like brake thermal efficiency and fuel consumption.
A Study of Performance and Emissions of Diesel Engine fuelled with neat Diese...IOSR Journals
A comparison analysis between neat diesel (petro-diesel) and neat Hydnocarpus Pentandra (Marotti) biodiesel has been carried out on a direct injection diesel engine. The biodiesel has been produced from raw Hydnocarpus Pentandra oil by transesterification process by adding methanol and base catalyst. The optimum nozzle pressure of 250 bar and static injection timing of 20° bTDC are considered because these conditions only were found to give minimum emissions and better performance. The engine performance and emissions of diesel engine fuelled with neat diesel and neat Hydnocarpus Pentandra (Marotti) (or) Marotti Oil Methyl Ester (MOME) results are compared and presented. From the test results, it could be noted that, neat MOME gives lower emissions such as hydrocarbon and oxides of nitrogen as compared to neat diesel for all load under steady state condition of the engine.
Experimental Study of Hydrogen Peroxide Induction to a 4-Stroke Diesel Engine...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes an experimental study on the effects of adding hydrogen peroxide to biodiesel-diesel blends used in a diesel engine. Biodiesel was produced from calophyllum inophyllum oil using a transesterification process. Blends containing 60% diesel, 30% biodiesel, and 10% hydrogen peroxide additive showed the best performance. Tests on the engine found that this blend had higher brake thermal efficiency and lower brake specific fuel consumption and emissions than other blends, especially at a injection pressure of 205 bars. The addition of hydrogen peroxide was found to improve the performance and reduce emissions of the engine compared to blends without the additive.
IRJET- Experimental Analysis of the Effect of EGR on Performance of CI Engine...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes an experimental study that analyzed the effect of exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) on the performance of a compression ignition engine fueled with cottonseed oil biodiesel blends. Cottonseed oil was converted to biodiesel via a transesterification process and blended with diesel in proportions from 5-20%. Tests were conducted on a single cylinder diesel engine at varying compression ratios with and without EGR. The results showed that EGR reduced NOx emissions as expected but slightly increased CO and HC emissions. The highest thermal efficiency and lowest fuel consumption were observed for a 5% biodiesel blend without EGR. Overall, the study found that biodiesel blends up to 20% can be
IRJET- Performance and Emission Analysis of Diesel Engine using Delonix R...IRJET Journal
The document analyzes the performance and emissions of a diesel engine fueled with blends of biodiesel produced from Delonix regia oil mixed with conventional diesel. Tests were conducted on a single cylinder diesel engine at 1500 rpm under varying load conditions. Biodiesel blends of B25, B50, B75 and B100 were tested and compared to baseline diesel. Results showed that biodiesel blends increased fuel consumption but improved brake thermal efficiency up to 2.5% for B25. Emissions of NOx and CO2 decreased with biodiesel while CO and hydrocarbons increased. Biodiesel also decreased ignition delay and reduced the premixed combustion peak. The conclusions are that biodie
A Technical Review of Biodiesel Fuel Emissions and Performance on Industrial ...IJMER
Biofuels play an important role in many developing countries as a clean liquid fuel which helps
to address the energy, costs and global warming as compared to petroleum fuels. Biodiesel can be
blended to any level to any petroleum diesel to create a biodiesel blend. Blending of biodiesel with small
amount of petroleum product gives control to air pollution. Additives plays and important role in
minimizing the NOx Emission which result in sigh of relief who are opting biodiesel as an alternative fuel.
In the future the biodiesel play an important role in reduce the greenhouse gases In this review article the
reports on regulated and non-regulated emission, durability, economy and performance on biodiesel by
various researchers have seen cited since 2000
IRJET- Experimental Investigation of CI Engine Fuelled with Karanji Oil a...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes an experimental investigation of a CI engine fueled with karanji biodiesel using pyrogallol as an antioxidant additive. Karanji seed oil was converted to biodiesel via a transesterification process and blended with diesel in ratios of B10, B15 and B20 (10%, 15%, 20% biodiesel). Pyrogallol was added to these blends as an antioxidant. The engine performance and emissions were tested for the various blends and compared to pure diesel. The results showed that brake thermal efficiency was higher for the biodiesel blends compared to diesel. Emissions of CO, CO2 and HC were also lower for the biodiesel blends,
Experimental Investigation of Performance, Emission and Combustion Characteri...IRJET Journal
This document presents the results of an experimental study that tested various biodiesel-methanol-diesel blends in a single cylinder diesel engine. The biodiesel was produced from Kusum seed oil. The engine performance, emissions, and combustion characteristics were analyzed for blends with 15%, 25%, 35%, and 45% biodiesel, 5% methanol, and the remainder diesel. Overall, the blends showed higher fuel consumption but lower carbon monoxide emissions than diesel. Nitrogen oxide emissions increased with higher methanol content in the blends, while carbon monoxide decreased. A 5% methanol blend was more effective at reducing carbon monoxide than a 45% biodiesel blend. Cylinder pressure and heat
Effect of Hydroxy Gas Addition on Performance and Emissions of Diesel EngineIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study on the effects of adding hydroxy gas to a diesel engine on performance and emissions. Some key findings include:
- Thermal efficiency increased by 9.25% and specific fuel consumption decreased by 15% with hydroxy gas addition at full load.
- Hydrocarbon emissions decreased by an average of 33% and carbon monoxide emissions decreased by an average of 23% with hydroxy gas.
- Oxides of nitrogen increased with hydroxy gas addition due to higher combustion temperatures, while smoke opacity decreased by 8% compared to baseline diesel.
IRJET - Experimental Investigation on a Single Cylinder Diesel Engine with Co...IRJET Journal
This document experimentally investigates the combustion, emission, and performance characteristics of a single cylinder diesel engine operated on cottonseed biodiesel blended with various additives at different ratios. Diethyl ether, isobutanol, and methanol were added to cottonseed biodiesel at 5%, 10%, and 15% by volume. Testing was conducted across a range of engine loads. The results show that adding the additives improved the fuel properties and increased the brake thermal efficiency of the engine compared to neat biodiesel. Exhaust emissions such as smoke, carbon monoxide, and unburnt hydrocarbons were also reduced with the blended fuels compared to neat biodiesel. However, methanol additive increased nitrogen oxide emissions at higher blend
This document summarizes research on alternative fuels for diesel engines. It discusses various alternative fuels used in diesel engines worldwide, including alcohols, bioethanol, biogas, biodiesel from vegetable oils, and hydrogen. Biodiesel from rapeseed oil methyl esters is most commonly used in Europe and Poland due to climate and agriculture. While biodiesel has benefits like being renewable and having similar properties to diesel, it also has some drawbacks like potential damage to engine components from high viscosity. The document compares properties of diesel, rapeseed oil, and rapeseed oil methyl ester biodiesel. It also discusses effects of biodiesel on engine emissions and potential issues like filter blocking.
IRJET- Raspberry Pi and Image Processing based Person Recognition System for ...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study that investigated the performance and emissions of a diesel engine fueled with blends of biodiesel produced from waste cooking oil and kerosene. Waste cooking oil was converted to biodiesel via a transesterification process and then blended with kerosene at ratios of 10%, 20%, and 50% kerosene. The blends were tested in a single cylinder diesel engine and results showed that a 50% kerosene blend increased brake thermal efficiency by 2.55% compared to pure biodiesel and reduced smoke, CO, and HC emissions while slightly increasing NOx emissions. The 50% kerosene blend provided the best performance and emissions characteristics of the fuels tested.
IRJET- Performance and Emissions Characteristics of Biodiesel from Waste Cook...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study that investigated the performance and emissions of a diesel engine fueled with blends of biodiesel produced from waste cooking oil and kerosene. Waste cooking oil was converted to biodiesel via a transesterification process using methanol and KOH catalyst. The biodiesel was then blended with kerosene in proportions of 10%, 20%, and 50% and tested in a single cylinder diesel engine. Test results showed that a 50% blend of kerosene and biodiesel increased brake thermal efficiency by 2.55% compared to pure biodiesel. Specific fuel consumption was also reduced. CO, HC, and smoke emissions decreased with the 50% blend while NOx increased slightly
A Review on Performance and Emission analysis of 4-Stroke Diesel Engine using...IRJET Journal
This document reviews the performance and emission analysis of biodiesel from various feedstocks used in a 4-stroke diesel engine. It summarizes findings from various studies on biodiesel blends from rapeseed oil, soybean oil, Calophyllum inophyllum oil, mahua oil, and jatropha oil. Most studies found that a 20% blend of biodiesel and diesel provided the best balance of engine performance and reduced emissions compared to pure diesel. Emissions of carbon monoxide and hydrocarbons were generally lower for biodiesel blends, while oxides of nitrogen increased compared to diesel. Engine efficiency typically decreased as the percentage of biodiesel in the blend increased.
Biodiesel has several advantages over petroleum diesel. It is renewable, biodegradable, produces fewer toxic emissions, and can be produced domestically. Biodiesel can be blended with petroleum diesel in various concentrations like B20 (the most common in the US) or used on its own. It can be produced from vegetable oils, animal fats, or waste grease through a process of heating, chemical treatment, and separation. Using biodiesel improves engine lubricity and reduces greenhouse gas emissions compared to petroleum diesel. Most diesel vehicles can use biodiesel blends without modification.
Experimental Study of B20 Blend Honne Oil and Diesel Fuel with Cuo Nano Addit...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes an experimental study that tested the performance of a diesel engine using blends of Honne oil biodiesel and diesel fuel with the addition of copper oxide (CuO) nanoparticles. Honne oil biodiesel was produced through a standard transesterification process from Honne oil seeds. B20 blend (20% biodiesel, 80% diesel) was tested along with additions of 25ppm, 50ppm and 75ppm of CuO nanoparticles. Experiments were conducted to analyze the impact on engine performance, exhaust emissions and combustion characteristics compared to neat biodiesel fuel. The results showed that CuO nanoparticle blended fuels had considerably higher brake thermal efficiency and lower harmful emissions compared to neat biod
IRJET- Experimental Investigation of Performance & Emission Characteristi...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes an experimental investigation into the performance and emissions of a single cylinder diesel engine run on palm biodiesel with magnetic treatment. Key findings include:
- Palm biodiesel was produced via transesterification and used with a magnetic energizer in the fuel system.
- Testing examined the impact on engine performance parameters like efficiency and emissions like CO and NOx compared to conventional diesel.
- Results showed palm biodiesel with magnetic treatment can provide better engine efficiency while reducing some harmful emissions like CO compared to pure diesel.
Feasibility and Future Prospects of Biodiesel use in IC Engines - A ReviewIRJET Journal
This document provides a review of the feasibility and future prospects of using biodiesel in internal combustion (IC) engines. It discusses biodiesel production through the transesterification of vegetable oils or animal fats with an alcohol. Biodiesel has properties similar to petroleum diesel, including density, flash point, and calorific value. The document compares the properties of various biodiesel fuels derived from crops like jatropha, karanja, castor, and mahua. It also examines engine performance parameters like brake mean effective pressure and mechanical efficiency when operating on biodiesel. Emissions are also evaluated when using biodiesel and its blends with petroleum diesel in IC engines.
We have designed & manufacture the Lubi Valves LBF series type of Butterfly Valves for General Utility Water applications as well as for HVAC applications.
This study Examines the Effectiveness of Talent Procurement through the Imple...DharmaBanothu
In the world with high technology and fast
forward mindset recruiters are walking/showing interest
towards E-Recruitment. Present most of the HRs of
many companies are choosing E-Recruitment as the best
choice for recruitment. E-Recruitment is being done
through many online platforms like Linkedin, Naukri,
Instagram , Facebook etc. Now with high technology E-
Recruitment has gone through next level by using
Artificial Intelligence too.
Key Words : Talent Management, Talent Acquisition , E-
Recruitment , Artificial Intelligence Introduction
Effectiveness of Talent Acquisition through E-
Recruitment in this topic we will discuss about 4important
and interlinked topics which are
Blood finder application project report (1).pdfKamal Acharya
Blood Finder is an emergency time app where a user can search for the blood banks as
well as the registered blood donors around Mumbai. This application also provide an
opportunity for the user of this application to become a registered donor for this user have
to enroll for the donor request from the application itself. If the admin wish to make user
a registered donor, with some of the formalities with the organization it can be done.
Specialization of this application is that the user will not have to register on sign-in for
searching the blood banks and blood donors it can be just done by installing the
application to the mobile.
The purpose of making this application is to save the user’s time for searching blood of
needed blood group during the time of the emergency.
This is an android application developed in Java and XML with the connectivity of
SQLite database. This application will provide most of basic functionality required for an
emergency time application. All the details of Blood banks and Blood donors are stored
in the database i.e. SQLite.
This application allowed the user to get all the information regarding blood banks and
blood donors such as Name, Number, Address, Blood Group, rather than searching it on
the different websites and wasting the precious time. This application is effective and
user friendly.
An In-Depth Exploration of Natural Language Processing: Evolution, Applicatio...DharmaBanothu
Natural language processing (NLP) has
recently garnered significant interest for the
computational representation and analysis of human
language. Its applications span multiple domains such
as machine translation, email spam detection,
information extraction, summarization, healthcare,
and question answering. This paper first delineates
four phases by examining various levels of NLP and
components of Natural Language Generation,
followed by a review of the history and progression of
NLP. Subsequently, we delve into the current state of
the art by presenting diverse NLP applications,
contemporary trends, and challenges. Finally, we
discuss some available datasets, models, and
evaluation metrics in NLP.
Particle Swarm Optimization–Long Short-Term Memory based Channel Estimation w...IJCNCJournal
Paper Title
Particle Swarm Optimization–Long Short-Term Memory based Channel Estimation with Hybrid Beam Forming Power Transfer in WSN-IoT Applications
Authors
Reginald Jude Sixtus J and Tamilarasi Muthu, Puducherry Technological University, India
Abstract
Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access (NOMA) helps to overcome various difficulties in future technology wireless communications. NOMA, when utilized with millimeter wave multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems, channel estimation becomes extremely difficult. For reaping the benefits of the NOMA and mm-Wave combination, effective channel estimation is required. In this paper, we propose an enhanced particle swarm optimization based long short-term memory estimator network (PSOLSTMEstNet), which is a neural network model that can be employed to forecast the bandwidth required in the mm-Wave MIMO network. The prime advantage of the LSTM is that it has the capability of dynamically adapting to the functioning pattern of fluctuating channel state. The LSTM stage with adaptive coding and modulation enhances the BER.PSO algorithm is employed to optimize input weights of LSTM network. The modified algorithm splits the power by channel condition of every single user. Participants will be first sorted into distinct groups depending upon respective channel conditions, using a hybrid beamforming approach. The network characteristics are fine-estimated using PSO-LSTMEstNet after a rough approximation of channels parameters derived from the received data.
Keywords
Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR), Bit Error Rate (BER), mm-Wave, MIMO, NOMA, deep learning, optimization.
Volume URL: https://airccse.org/journal/ijc2022.html
Abstract URL:https://aircconline.com/abstract/ijcnc/v14n5/14522cnc05.html
Pdf URL: https://aircconline.com/ijcnc/V14N5/14522cnc05.pdf
#scopuspublication #scopusindexed #callforpapers #researchpapers #cfp #researchers #phdstudent #researchScholar #journalpaper #submission #journalsubmission #WBAN #requirements #tailoredtreatment #MACstrategy #enhancedefficiency #protrcal #computing #analysis #wirelessbodyareanetworks #wirelessnetworks
#adhocnetwork #VANETs #OLSRrouting #routing #MPR #nderesidualenergy #korea #cognitiveradionetworks #radionetworks #rendezvoussequence
Here's where you can reach us : ijcnc@airccse.org or ijcnc@aircconline.com
Determination of Equivalent Circuit parameters and performance characteristic...pvpriya2
Includes the testing of induction motor to draw the circle diagram of induction motor with step wise procedure and calculation for the same. Also explains the working and application of Induction generator
Digital Twins Computer Networking Paper Presentation.pptxaryanpankaj78
A Digital Twin in computer networking is a virtual representation of a physical network, used to simulate, analyze, and optimize network performance and reliability. It leverages real-time data to enhance network management, predict issues, and improve decision-making processes.
Tools & Techniques for Commissioning and Maintaining PV Systems W-Animations ...Transcat
Join us for this solutions-based webinar on the tools and techniques for commissioning and maintaining PV Systems. In this session, we'll review the process of building and maintaining a solar array, starting with installation and commissioning, then reviewing operations and maintenance of the system. This course will review insulation resistance testing, I-V curve testing, earth-bond continuity, ground resistance testing, performance tests, visual inspections, ground and arc fault testing procedures, and power quality analysis.
Fluke Solar Application Specialist Will White is presenting on this engaging topic:
Will has worked in the renewable energy industry since 2005, first as an installer for a small east coast solar integrator before adding sales, design, and project management to his skillset. In 2022, Will joined Fluke as a solar application specialist, where he supports their renewable energy testing equipment like IV-curve tracers, electrical meters, and thermal imaging cameras. Experienced in wind power, solar thermal, energy storage, and all scales of PV, Will has primarily focused on residential and small commercial systems. He is passionate about implementing high-quality, code-compliant installation techniques.
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Module8:Engine Fuels and Their Effects on Emissions
Lecture 40:Alternative Fuels (contd.)
BIODIESEL
In a 1912 speech, Rudolf Diesel said, "the use of vegetable oils for engine fuels may seem
insignificant today, but such oils may become, in the course of time, as important as petroleum and
the coal - tar products of the present time". The revival of biodiesel derived from vegetable oils started
as a result of agricultural surplus in some European countries and under Kyoto protocol the need of
reducing greenhouse gas CO2 emissions.
Biodiesel is a renewable fuel that is produced from a variety of edible and non-edible vegetable oils
and animal fats.
The term “biodiesel” is commonly used for methyl or ethyl esters of the fatty acids in natural oils and
fats, which meet the fuel quality requirements of compression-ignition engines.
Straight vegetable oils (SVO) are not considered as biodiesel. The straight vegetable oils have a very
high viscosity that makes flow of these oils difficult even at room temperatures. Moreover, presence
of glycerine in the vegetable oil causes formation of heavy carbon deposits on the injector nozzle
holes that results in poor and unacceptable performance and emissions from the engine even within a
few hours of operation.
Biodiesel Production – Esterification of Oils
Biodiesel is produced by reacting vegetable oils or animal fats with an alcohol such as methanol or
ethanol in presence of a catalyst to yield mono-alkyl esters. The overall reaction is given in Fig. 8.6.
Glycerol is obtained as a by-product.
Figure
8.6:
Esterification reaction for vegetable oils and
fats.’
Properties of Biodiesel
A variety of vegetable oils such as soybean, rapeseed, safflower, jatropha-curcas, palm, and
cottonseed oils have been used for production of biodiesel. Waste edible oils left after frying/cooking
operation etc., have also been converted to biodiesel for study of their performance. The biodiesel
are also known as fatty acid methyl esters [FAME]. Recently non-edible oil produced from jatropha-
curcas seeds has gained interest in India as this plant can be easily grown on wastelands. The
properties of methyl esters of rapeseed and jatropha oils are given in Table 8.18.
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Module8:Engine Fuels and Their Effects on Emissions
Lecture 40:Alternative Fuels (contd.)
Table 8.18
Properties of Biodiesel Derived from Some
Vegetable Oils
Properties Rapeseed
methyl ester
Jatropha
methyl
ester
Molecular weight
Hydrogen/carbon ratio, m/m
Oxygen content, % m/m
Relative density @ 15° C
Kinematic viscosity @ 40° C, mm2/s
Cetane number
Lower heat of combustion, MJ/kg
Sulphur content, %m/m
˜300
0.15
9-11
0.882
4.57
51.6
37.7
<0.002
˜293
0.157
10.9
0.88
4.4
57.1
38.45
< 0.020
The vegetable oil esters are practically free of sulphur and have a high cetane number ranging from
46 to 60 depending upon the feedstock. Due to presence of oxygen, biodiesels have a lower calorific
value than the diesel fuels. European specifications for biodiesel or fatty acid methyl esters (FAME),
EN 14214 have been issued in 2003.
Emissions
The influence of biodiesel on emissions varies depending on the type of biodiesel (soybean,
rapeseed, or animal fats) and on the type of conventional diesel to which the biodiesel is added due
to differences in their chemical composition and properties. The average effects of blending of
biodiesel in diesel fuel on CO, HC, NOx and PM emissions compared to diesel as base fuel are
shown in Fig.8.7.The Table 8.19 gives change in emissions with 20 % blend of biodiesel in diesel and
100% biodiesel compared to diesel alone. These show the average of the trends observed in a
number of investigations.
Use of biodiesel results in reduction of CO, HC and PM, but slight increase in NOx emissions is
obtained.
Reduction in CO emissions is attributed to presence of oxygen in the fuel molecule.
A slight increase in NOx emissions results perhaps due to advancement of dynamic injection
timing with biodiesel. The methyl esters have a lower compressibility, which results in
advancement of dynamic injection timing with biodiesel compared to diesel.
Lower SOF with biodiesel and advanced injection timing also results in lower PM emissions.
Volumetric fuel consumption with biodiesel is higher than diesel due to its lower heating value.
An increase of 10-11 % in fuel consumption compared to diesel may be expected when
comparing their heating values. An increase in volumetric fuel consumption by 0.9-2.1% with
20% blends has been obtained.
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Module8:Engine Fuels and Their Effects on Emissions
Lecture 40:Alternative Fuels (contd.)
Hydrogen
Interest in hydrogen as a potential alternative automotive fuel has grown due to need of reducing
greenhouse gas, CO2 emissions and to minimize dependence on fossil fuels. Hydrogen can be
produced from a variety of fossil and non-fossil sources.
Hydrogen is a colourless, odourless and non-toxic gas. It burns with an invisible and smokeless
flame. The combustion products of hydrogen consist of water and some nitrogen oxides. The major
hurdles in the use of hydrogen as a fuel are lack of production, distribution and storage infrastructure.
On board storage of hydrogen is another major challenge. Hydrogen has very low boiling point (–
253º C) and very low volumetric energy density.
Volumetric energy density of compressed hydrogen is just one-third of energy density of natural gas.
Liquid hydrogen also has a very low volumetric energy density, which is about one-fourth of gasoline.
Hydrogen can be stored as compressed gas, as iron, magnesium, titanium or nickel hydride, or in
liquefied form. The liquid, hydride and compressed hydrogen storage methods are compared in Table
8.20 for storing 19 litres of gasoline equivalent in energy. Hydrogen storage space required is at least
10 to 12 times higher than for gasoline. Storage and fuel weight for hydrides is 27 times and for
compressed H2 is 4 to 5 times of gasoline.
Table 8.20
Comparison of Hydrogen Storage
Methods
Gasoline Liquid H2 Hydride Fe-
Ti (1.2%)
Compressed
H2 (70MPa)
Energy (LHV) stored, MJ
Fuel mass, kg
Tank mass, kg
Total Fuel System mass, kg
Volume, l
600
14
6.5
20.5
19
600
5
19
24
178
600
5
550
555
190
600
5
85
90
227
Combustion characteristics of hydrogen and its impact on emissions are given below;
Hydrogen octane rating is 106 RON making it more suitable for spark-ignited engines.
The laminar flame speed of hydrogen is 3 m/s, about 10 times that of gasoline and methane.
Hydrogen has very wide flammability limits ranging from 5 to 75% by volume (f = 0.07 to 9),
which may lead to pre-ignition and backfiring problems.
Its adiabatic flame temperature is higher by about 110º C compared to gasoline.
If inducted along with intake air, the volume of hydrogen is nearly 30% of the stoichiometric
mixture decreasing maximum engine power.
Hydrogen on combustion produces water and there are no emissions of carbon containing
pollutants such as HC, CO and CO2 and air toxics.
Trace amounts of HC, CO and CO2 however, may be emitted as a result of combustion of
lubricating oil leaking into engine cylinder.
NOx is the only pollutant of concern from hydrogen engines. Very low NOx emissions can be
obtained with extremely lean engine operation (f < 0.05) and/or injection of water into intake
manifold or exhaust gas recirculation which in this case consists primarily of water vapours.
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Module8:Engine Fuels and Their Effects on Emissions
Lecture 40:Alternative Fuels (contd.)
Greenhouse Gas Emissions with Alternative Fuels
Fossil fuels currently supply about 80% of all primary energy and are expected to remain fundamental
to global energy supply for at least the next 20 to 30 years. . Presently, it is estimated that power
generation accounts for about 40% and surface transport contributes nearly 20% of global CO2
emissions.
The Kyoto Protocol signed in December 1997 commits the industrialized countries to legally binding
reductions in emissions of greenhouse gases by 2008-2012. Strategy to achieve reduction in CO2
emissions from transport sector involves essentially the following:
Reduction in fuel consumption of vehicles.
Increased use of low carbon alternative fuels and bio fuels.
European Union countries have introduced CO2 emission regulations for the automobiles. A
voluntary target of 140 g/km average CO2 emissions for new car sales to be met in 2008 was set that
had to be relaxed. By the year 2012, a goal of 130 g/km of CO2 to be achieved by engine and
vehicle technology, and further reduction to 120g/km by use of renewable fuels has been set by
European Union.
When comparing different fuel and power plant alternatives, life cycle CO2 equivalent GHG emissions
are to be considered. It should account for CO2 and other GHG emissions generated during
production, transportation and use in the vehicles. Lifecycle CO2 emissions for liquid petroleum fuels,
LPG, natural gas and biodiesel for heavy vehicle application are compared in Fig 8.8. The CO2
emissions yielded during fuel production and during fuel utilization stage in engines are shown
separately. Among the alternative fuels, natural gas having lower carbon content in the fuel molecule
has advantage over gasoline and diesel fuels as far as CO2 emissions are concerned. From natural
gas vehicles, the greenhouse effect of the fugitive methane emissions as a result of leakage from the
transportation and distribution systems is also to be accounted for as methane is nearly 20 times
more potent than CO2 in causing global warming. LPG lies in between the natural gas and liquid
petroleum fuels. The bio fuels such as ethanol and biodiesel have much lower lifecycle CO2
emissions as the carbon dioxide produced on their combustion would be the same that has been fixed
from atmosphere during growth of the agriculture crops. These fuels do contribute to net CO2
emissions resulting from manufacture of fertilizers and other ingredients used for crops and, during
processing of these fuels and making them suitable for use in the engines.
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Module8:Engine Fuels and Their Effects on Emissions
Lecture 40:Alternative Fuels (contd.)
Example 8.2: Calculate GHG carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions per unit release of energy when
methane is completely burned.
Solution:
Complete or stoichiometric combustion reaction of methane in air is;
Mass of reactants
Methane + Air = CO2 + Water + Nitrogen
16 + 2 (32 + 3.76 x28) = 44 + 2x 18 + 2 x3.76x 28
16 + 274.56 44 + 36 + 210.56
From Example 1 the energy released when 1 kg of methane is burned = 50 MJ/kg the above
CO2 produced per kg of methane burned = 44/16 = 2.75 kg CO2/kg of methane
CO2 produced = 2.75/50 = 0.055 kg/MJ or 55 g/MJ of energy released. Ans
10. Objectives_template
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Module8:Engine Fuels and Their Effects on Emissions
Questions
(8.1) A diesel fuel when tested has the same ignition characteristics as the mixture of 40% n-
cetane and 60% hepta-methyl nonane. What is its cetane number? The fuel at 15º C has
density of 825 kg/m3 and mid-boiling point (T50) of 240º C. Find the calculated cetane
index of the fuel. How much error results in using CCI instead of CN?
(8.2) What are the changes in volumetric efficiency for a gasoline (C8H15) engine when it is
converted -by retro- fitment for operation on methane or hydrogen? Assume inlet conditions
as 1 bar, 298 K and the engine size and geometry remain unchanged. Gasoline also enters
the engine cylinder mostly as liquid.
(8.3) Calculate energy content of 1 m3 of stoichiometric mixtures with air of gasoline (C8H15),
ethyl alcohol, methanol and hydrogen. Compare your results with those in Table 8. 13.
Take standard conditions of 1 atmosphere (101 kPa) and 298K.
(8.4) Rate the fuels methane, ethanol, gasoline, high aromatic gasoline, and diesel in terms of
their potential to produce NO emissions based on adiabatic flame temperature data.
(8.5) Calculate mass of CO2 per MJ of energy for gasoline, diesel, propane and ethanol when
burned as stoichiometric mixtures. Check your results with the data given in Table 8.13.
(8.6) Find the contribution of 0.1% sulphur in fuel to PM as percentage of Euro 1 to Euro 4 heavy
duty PM emission limits.
(8.7) Discuss why Supreme Court of India could have ordered replacement of all the diesel buses
by CNG buses in early 2003? How the CNG buses could meet those goals?