The document discusses animal learning theories, primarily focusing on Pavlov’s classical conditioning and Skinner’s operant conditioning. It explains concepts such as unconditioned and conditioned stimuli, acquisition, extinction, and the effects of reinforcement and punishment in learning. Key principles include the strengthening or weakening of behaviors based on consequences and various scheduling methods in operant conditioning.

1. ANIMAL LEARNING
Prof. S. D. Rathod
B N Bandodkar College of Science
Thane, Maharashtra, India

2. Pavlov’s Classical Conditioning

3. Conditioning involves
Ivan Pavlov
 UCS = unconditioned
stimulus
 UCR = unconditioned
response
 CS = conditioned
stimulus
 CR = conditioned
repose

4.  UCS (food) UCR (salivation)
 UCS (food)+ CS (bell) UCR (salivation)
 CS (bell) CR (salivation)

5. Classical Conditioning
Pavlov’s experiment

6.  The unconditioned stimulus (UCS) is one that
naturally evokes the unconditioned response
(UCR). After pairing the CS with the UCS
repeatedly, the CS alone will come to evoke
the response, which is now known as the
conditioned response (CR).

7. Acquisition
 Acquisition refers to the first stages of learning
when a response is established.
 In classical conditioning, repeated pairings of
the conditioned stimulus (CS) and the
unconditioned stimulus (UCS) eventually leads
to acquisition.

8. Acquisition

9. Extinction
 Extinction is when the occurrences of a
conditioned response decrease or disappear. In
classical conditioning, this happens when a
conditioned stimulus is no longer paired with an
unconditioned stimulus.

10. Habituation
 Decrease in the strength of a response after
repeated presentation of a discreet stimulus
 Getting used to it, sort of
Goose-Hawk
Silhouette

11. Generalization
 Stimulus Generalization is the tendency for
the conditioned stimulus to evoke similar
responses after the response has been
conditioned.
 If animal is some when alarmed by red color
signal then animal will fear with all red color
signals.

12. Friendly environment for Rabbit

13. Dangerous environ’t. for Rabbit

14. Instrumental Learning
 Instrumental learning is another term
for operant conditioning, a learning process
first described by B. F. Skinner.
 Through operant conditioning, an association is
made between a behavior and a consequence
for that behavior.

15. Thorndike’s law of effect
 In instrumental conditioning, reinforcement
or punishment are used to either increase or
decrease the probability that a behavior will
occur again in the future.
 Neutral operants: responses from the environment
that neither increase nor decrease the probability of a
behaviour being repeated.

17. Reinforcement
 Reinforcers: Responses from the
environment that increase the
probability of a behaviour being
repeated. Reinforcers can be either
positive or negative.

18. Positive Reinforcement
 A particular behavior is strengthened by the
consequence of experiencing a positive
condition.
 For example: A hungry rat presses a bar in its
cage and receives food. The food is a positive
condition for the hungry rat. The rat presses
the bar again, and again receives food. The
rat's behavior of pressing the bar is
strengthened by the consequence of
receiving food.

19. Negative Reinforcement
 A particular behavior is strengthened by the
consequence of stopping or avoiding a
negative condition.
 For example: A rat is placed in a cage and
immediately receives a mild electrical shock on
its feet. The shock is a negative condition for
the rat. The rat presses a bar and the shock
stops. The rat receives another shock, presses
the bar again, and again the shock stops. The
rat's behavior of pressing the bar is
strengthened by the consequence of stopping
the shock.

20. Punishment
 Punishers: Response from the environment
that decrease the likelihood of a behaviour
being repeated. Punishment weakens
behavior.
 For example: A rat presses a bar in its cage and
receives a mild electrical shock on its feet. The
shock is a negative condition for the rat. The rat
presses the bar again and again receives a shock.
The rat's behavior of pressing the bar is
weakened by the consequence of receiving a
shock.

21. Operant Behavior
 B F Skinner

22. Operant Behaviour
 Skinner used the term operant to refer to any
"active behavior that operates upon the
environment to generate consequences"
(1953).
 Operant behaviour, on the other hand,
involves the organism actively performing
(operating) in the environment without
responding to a particular stimulus.
But his work was based on Thorndike’s law of
effect

23. Skinner’s Experiment

24. Operant conditioning
 Fixed ratio schedule (repeatations are fixed)
 Variable ratio schedule
 Fixed interval schedule
 Variable interval schedule

25. Thank You