STERILISATION, PHYSICAL METHODS OF STERILISATION, METHODS OF STERILISATION, VARIOUS METHODS OF STERILISATION, AUTOCLAVES, HOT AIR OVEN, DRY HEAT STERILISATION, MOIST HEAT STERILISATION
The above PPT includes different methods of sterilization- Dry heat, Moist heat, Radiation and Chemical methods. It also includes principle and working of hot air oven and autoclave.
When fresh liquid medium is inoculated with a given number of bacteria and incubated for sufficient period of time, it gives a characteristic growth pattern of bacteria.
If the bacterial population is measured periodically and log of number of viable bacteria is plotted in a graph against time, it gives a characteristic growth curve which is known as growth curve or growth cycle.
The above PPT includes different methods of sterilization- Dry heat, Moist heat, Radiation and Chemical methods. It also includes principle and working of hot air oven and autoclave.
When fresh liquid medium is inoculated with a given number of bacteria and incubated for sufficient period of time, it gives a characteristic growth pattern of bacteria.
If the bacterial population is measured periodically and log of number of viable bacteria is plotted in a graph against time, it gives a characteristic growth curve which is known as growth curve or growth cycle.
Terminology
Introduction of Disinfectants
Classification of Disinfectants
Mode of action of Disinfectants
Factors affecting Disinfection
Evaluation of Anti-microbial agents and Disinfectants
it is related with medical laboratory instrumentation and explains in very good way that what is hot air oven and its principle, working and all about it
Acid fast staining is differential staining technique which differentiate bacteria into two group- acid fast bacteria and non acid bacteria. It used to identify acid-fast organisms such as members of the genus Mycobacterium .
The above PPT includes different methods of sterilization- Dry heat, Moist heat, Radiation and Chemical methods. It also includes the basic knowledge on sterilization and tests for sterility.
Terminology
Introduction of Disinfectants
Classification of Disinfectants
Mode of action of Disinfectants
Factors affecting Disinfection
Evaluation of Anti-microbial agents and Disinfectants
it is related with medical laboratory instrumentation and explains in very good way that what is hot air oven and its principle, working and all about it
Acid fast staining is differential staining technique which differentiate bacteria into two group- acid fast bacteria and non acid bacteria. It used to identify acid-fast organisms such as members of the genus Mycobacterium .
The above PPT includes different methods of sterilization- Dry heat, Moist heat, Radiation and Chemical methods. It also includes the basic knowledge on sterilization and tests for sterility.
Introduction
Sterilization method
Equipment's involved in large scale sterilization
Sterilization indicators
Evaluation of efficiency of sterilization /Sterility testing
Sterilisation and disinfection methods lecture notes for Allied Health Sciences and Nursing Students. Various methods of sterilisation and disinfection used in health care settings in order to prevent hospital acquired infection.
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This ppt includes all the key points of process of sterilization and its different techniques like physical,chemical,thermal,etc. sterilization is very important topic to go through during education as well as during practice to maintain a nice infection free environment of your health care office or clinic.
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Antibiotic Stewardship by Anushri Srivastava.pptxAnushriSrivastav
Stewardship is the act of taking good care of something.
Antimicrobial stewardship is a coordinated program that promotes the appropriate use of antimicrobials (including antibiotics), improves patient outcomes, reduces microbial resistance, and decreases the spread of infections caused by multidrug-resistant organisms.
WHO launched the Global Antimicrobial Resistance and Use Surveillance System (GLASS) in 2015 to fill knowledge gaps and inform strategies at all levels.
ACCORDING TO apic.org,
Antimicrobial stewardship is a coordinated program that promotes the appropriate use of antimicrobials (including antibiotics), improves patient outcomes, reduces microbial resistance, and decreases the spread of infections caused by multidrug-resistant organisms.
ACCORDING TO pewtrusts.org,
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Antimicrobial stewardship is a systematic approach to educate and support health care professionals to follow evidence-based guidelines for prescribing and administering antimicrobials
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According to the 2019 report, in the US, more than 2.8 million antibiotic-resistant infections occur each year, and more than 35000 people die. In addition to this, it also mentioned that 223,900 cases of Clostridoides difficile occurred in 2017, of which 12800 people died. The report did not include viruses or parasites
VISION
Being proactive
Supporting optimal animal and human health
Exploring ways to reduce overall use of antimicrobials
Using the drugs that prevent and treat disease by killing microscopic organisms in a responsible way
GOAL
to prevent the generation and spread of antimicrobial resistance (AMR). Doing so will preserve the effectiveness of these drugs in animals and humans for years to come.
being to preserve human and animal health and the effectiveness of antimicrobial medications.
to implement a multidisciplinary approach in assembling a stewardship team to include an infectious disease physician, a clinical pharmacist with infectious diseases training, infection preventionist, and a close collaboration with the staff in the clinical microbiology laboratory
to prevent antimicrobial overuse, misuse and abuse.
to minimize the developme
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2. The process by which an article, surface or
medium is freed of all living microorganisms
either in the vegetative or spore state.
“ STERILISATION ”
3. NEED FOR STERILISATION
• Microorganisms are constantly present in the
external environment and on the human
body.
• Microorganisms are capable of causing
contamination and infection.
4. HOW CAN MICROORGANISMS BE KILLED
• Denaturation of proteins
• Oxidation
• Filtration
• Interruption of DNA synthesis/repair
• Interference with protein synthesis
• Disruption of cell membranes
6. HOW STERILISATION WORKS
Disruption of cell wall cannot prevent cell from
bursting due to osmotic effects.
Damage to cytoplasmic membrane causes cellular
contents to leak out.
Damage to viral envelope interrupts viral
replication.
7. • DISINFECTION – The process of destruction or removal of all
pathogenic organisms, or organisms capable of giving rise to
infection.
• ASEPSIS – The avoidance of pathogenic organisms involving
the methods that prevents contamination of wounds and
other sites by ensuring that only sterile objects and fluids
come into contact them and risk of air-borne contamination
is minimized. For eg- no touch technique.
OTHER TERMINOLOGIES
8. • ANTISEPSIS – The procedure or application of antiseptic
solution or agent which inhibits growth of microorganisms
while remaining in contact with them. For eg- scrubbing up.
Antiseptic solution is betadiene.
9. PRINCIPLES OF STERILISATION
1. Thorough cleaning of instruments before
sterilisation.
2. Contact of sterilizing agent with all surfaces of
each item for specified period of time at
specified temperature.
3. Regular service and maintenance of sterilizing
equipment.
10. PHYSICAL METHODS CHEMICAL METHODSS
T
E
R
I
L
I
S
A
T
I
O
N
Sunlight
Drying
Heat •Dry heat
•Moist heat
Filtration
Radiation
Alcohols
Aldehydes
Dyes
Halogens
Phenols
Surface-active agents
Metallic salts
Gases
11. SUNLIGHT
Possesses bactericidal activity.
Action – Content
• UV rays,
• most oil which are screened out by glass
• presence of ozone in outer regions of
atmosphere.
12. DRYING
Most of the bacteria grows in moist
environment and thus 4/5th
of their weight is
attributed to water.
15. Factors influencing sterilisation by heat :
• Nature of heat – dry or moist
• Temperature and time
• No of microorganisms present
• Characteristics of organisms i.e. their species,
strain and sporing capacity
• Type of material from which organisms have
to be eradicated
16. DRY HEAT STERILISATION
Principle - Killing effect is due to
• protein denaturation
• oxidative damage
• toxic effect of elevated levels of electrolytes.
ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES
Can be used for sharp instruments,
glasswares, water impermeable oils,
waxes and powders.
Cannot be used for water
containing culture media,
plastic and rubber items.
Instruments do not rust Process is time consuming.
17.
18. FLAMING
Bunsen flame is used.
Uses – Scalpel blades, inoculation wires and
loops, glass slides, cover slips.
19. INCINERATION
Excellent method.
Materials are reduced to ashes by burning.
For contaminated and pathological materials
at a high temperature.
22. Devices in Hot air oven
• heating elements in the wall of chamber
• fan
• temperature indicator
• control thermostat
• timer
• open mesh shelving
• Door interlocks
24. Measurements to quantify the killing power of heat –
• DRT (Decimal Reduction Time) / D value
Measures the rate of kill at a given temperature required to
reduce the no of viable organisms by 90%.
• Z value / Thermal death point
Measures the thermal resistance of the spore to the process
of measured as the no of degrees centigrade required to
produce a 10-fold change in thermal death time.
25. Uses – Glassware, forceps, scissors, scalpels,
all glass syringes, swabs, pharmaceutical
products such as liquid paraffin.
26. Disadvantages
• It does not penetrate grease, oil and
powders, so equipments containg these
substances can not be sterilised by hot air
oven.
• High temperature damages fabrics and
melts rubber.
28. MOIST / STEAM HEAT STERILISATION
Employs the steam generated by heating water.
MICROBIAL INACTIVATION BY MOIST HEAT
IN SPORULATING BACTERIA IN NON-SPORULATING BACTERIA
Denaturation of spore enzyme Damage to cytoplasmic membrane
Impairment of germination Breakdown of RNA
Damage to membrane Coagulation of proteins
Increased sensitivity to inhibitory
agents
Damage to bacterial chromosome
Structural damage
Damage to chromosomes
30. TEMPERATURE BELOW 100o
C
(PASTEURISATION)
Uses – for serum or other
body fluids containing
proteins.
HOLDER METHOD – Heating
at 63o
C for 30 minutes.
FLASH PROCESS – Heating at
72o
C for 15-20 seconds.
31. Vegetative bacteria are killed at 90-100 o
C
Requires immersion in water and boiling for
10-30 minutes
Promoted by addition of 2% sodium
bicarbonate
TEMPERATURE AT 100o
C (BOILING)
32. STEAM AT ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE
(TYNDALLISATION / INTERMITTENT STERILISATION)
Uses free steam at normal atmospheric
pressure i.e. 760 mmHg for 60 minutes.
PRINCIPLE - The first exposure kills all vegetative
bacteria and spores which survived the
heating process will germinate and are killed
in subsequent exposure.
34. PRINCIPLE - Water boils when its vapour
pressure is equal to the vapour pressure of
surrounding atmosphere. Hence, when pressure
inside a closed vessel increases, temperature at
which water boils also increases.
35. 3 major factors required for effective
autoclaving
• Pressure - 1 kpa = 0.145 psi
• Temperature - 121o
C
• Time - a minimum of 20 minutes after reaching full
temperature and pressure.
Sterilisation hold time
Heat penetration time
36. Various combinations of temperature, pressure
and holding times are used for sterilisation with
PURE, DRY, SATURATED steam.
i.e. free from admixture with
air or other non-condensable gas
i.e. free from suspended
droplets of condensed water
i.e. in free molecular balance
with water from which it is formed
39. • Condensation of steam – 1600ml steam at
100o
C and at atmospheric pressure
condenses into 1ml of water and releases 518
calories of heat.
40. Importance of steam condensation into
water.
• Wetting the microorganisms
• Liberation of latent heat of steam
• Contraction in the volume of the steam
1670 volumes of steam at 1 bar pressure will
contract to form only 1 condensate.
41. Steam quality is IMPORTANT
.Saturated steam – 98% Steam
2% Water vapour
Dry steam – Superheated
Wet steam – Supersaturated
X
X
42. SUPERHEATED STEAM
Superheating may be caused
• by overheating of the jacket.
• by too great reduction in pressure.
• by processing too dry load of textiles.
43. SUPERSATURATED STEAM
Moisture content of steam 1 1
dryness fraction
Dryness fraction measures the proportion of
latent heat still available in it.
ᴕ
44. • Air removal – all air should be removed from
the chamber before holding time.
• If air-steam mixture is left then the total
pressure in the chamber will consist of sum of
pressure of air and pressure of steam
according to DALTON’S LAW.
45. Reasons for presence of air in chamber
during holding time includes :
• Insufficient time
• Leak in the chamber
• Contamination of steam supply
46. Drying the load – promoted by the
application of a vacuum before opening the
autoclave
47.
48. SIMPLE LABORATORY AUTOCLAVE
Small, simple, portable autoclave.
Operates like domestic pressure cooker.
Sterilisation of small metal or glass
instruments.
49. Devices
• metal tank
• a lid with a gasket
• Manually operated tap
• pressure gauge
• pressurestat
• pressure-regulated (safety) valve
• thermal cut-out device
50. DOWNWARD DISPLACEMENT LABORATORY
AUTOCLAVE
Removes air from the chamber and loads
efficiently.
Devices that
• assist the drying of wrapped and porous loads
• prevent the door from opening while chamber is
under pressure
• brings out the automatic control of the process
53. AUTOCLAVES
Device for air
removal
from chamber
and
porous loads
Device for
drying of
wrapped and
porous
loads
Device for safe
handling
SIMPLE
LABORATORY
None None None
DOWNWARD
DISPLACEMENT
LABORATORY
Balanced
pressure steam
trap
Condenser or
low
vacuum venturi
Door interlock
Thermocouple in
chamber
MULTI-PURPOSE
LABORATORY
Vacuum pulsing High vacuum
pump
Door interlock
Thermocouple in
chamber
59. Cleaning – When they become clogged with
organic matter they should be heated to
redness in a furnace and allowed to cool
slowly
60. ASBESTOS FILTERS
Disposable, single use discs with
high adsorbing capacity.
Discarded – Cariogenic potential
After use the disc is discarded.
Examples – Seitz and Sterimat filter.
61. SINTERED GLASS FILTERS
Made from finely ground glass fused
sufficiently to make small particles adhere
Cleaning – After use, they are washed with
running water in reverse direction and cleaned
with warm, strong sulphuric acid.
62. MEMBRANE FILTERS
Made up of variety of polymeric materials
such as cellulose nitrate, cellulose diacetate,
polycarbonate and polyester.
Membranes are made in 2 ways-
• Capillary pore membranes
• Labyrinthine pore membranes
63. SYRINGE FILTERS
Fitted in syringe
Fluid is forced through the filter by pressing
down the piston.
Uses – solutions of heat-labile sugars
66. IONISING RADIATION
• Lethal action – breakdown of single stranded
or sometimes double-stranded DNA and effect
on other vital cell components.
• Cold sterilisation.
• X-rays, gamma rays and beta rays
68. Ultraviolet rays kills microorganisms by
chemical reaction.
Low penetrating capacity
Infrared rays have no penetrating capacity.
69. REFERENCES
• Textbook of Microbiology (7th
edition)
- by C K J Paniker
• Textbook of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery
- by Prof Dr Neelima Anil Malik
• Practical Medical Microbiology (13th
edition)
- by J. G. Collee, J. P. Duguid, A.G. Fraser, B.
P.Marmion
• Essentials of Medical Microbiology (3rd
edition)
- by Rajesh Bhatia, Rattan Lal Ichhpujani