production of biofuel via agriculture waste like rice straws, sugarcane bassage, wheat straws and ets

1. Instructor Muhammad Javed Iqbal
Presented by: Sabika Rafiq
Roll no: -042
Bs-Biotechnology(2014)
Agricultural biotechnology
University of Gujrat

2. Biofuels
 Biomass is one of the few renewable sources for
transportation fuels
 Biofuels produce fewer emissions than petroleum
fuels
 The three main types of biofuels are :-
Ethanol Biodiesel Biogas

3. 27.05.2008 Presentation by Florian Schmalz
Bioethanol is ethanol (alcohol) that is derived exclusively from the
fermentation of plant starches.
Bioethanol is the most widely used bio fuel today.
Molecular structure of ethanol:

4. 1. What is Bioethanol?
 Bio-thanol is a clean-burning, high-octane fuel that is
produced from agricultural wastes or renewable sources.
At its most basic, ethanol is grain alcohol, produced from
crops such as corn. What plants are actually used is
generally dependent on their local availability and their
price.
 Ethanol sources: sugarcane bagasse, rice straw and wheat
straw.
Wheat straw Rice straw Sugar Beet Sugar Cane bagasse
Rice straw
Wheat straw
Sugarcane
bagasse

5. Quantities of agricultural waste (million tons)
reportedly available for bioethanol production.
Agrowaste Africa Asia Europe America Oceania
Rice straw 20.9 667.6 3.9 37.2 1.7
Wheat
straw
5.34 145.20 132.59 62.64 8.57
Corn straw 0.00 33.90 28.61 140.86 0.24
Bagasse 11.73 74.88 0.01 87.62 6.49

7. Production Steps (main process):
 Milling :mechanical crushing of the agro-
waste to reduce the size, and reduces cellulose
crystallinity.
 Saccharification: heating and addition of
water and enzymes for conversion into
fermentable sugar.
 80-85% conversion of cellulose to reducing
sugars with more than 50% glucose through
mild acid leaching.
 Fermentation: Degradation of the
lignocellulosic complex to liberate cellulose
with the help of microorganisms like brownrot,
white rot and soft rot fungi.
27.05.2008 Presentation by sabika rafiq

8. Principle of fermentation:
 Summarizing chemical equation for ethanol
fermentation:
 C6H12O6 → 2 C2H5OH + 2 CO2
 One glucose molecule is converted into two ethanol
molecules and two carbondioxide molecules.
26-7-2017 Presentation by sabika rafiq

9. 2. Production Steps (main process):
 Distillation and Rectification: That means
concentration and cleaning the ethanol
produced by the distillation by removing by-
products.
 Definition of Distillation: It is a thermal
separation method that can be used to
fractionate liquid mixtures. It utilises the
different volatility of the components of the
mixture to be separated.
 Dehydration: drying (removing residual
water) off the ethanol
27.05.2008 Presentation by sabika rafiq

10. 6. Dehydration. The alcohol from the top of the column passes
through a dehydration system where the remaining water will be
removed. The alcohol product at this stage is called anhydrous
ethanol (pure, without water) and is approximately 200 proof.

11. 2. Overall Production Process:
27-3-2017

12. 7. Denaturing. Ethanol that will be used for fuel
must be denatured, or made unfit for human
consumption, with a small amount of gasoline (2-
5%). This is done at the ethanol plant.
8. Co-Products. There are two main co-products
created in the production of ethanol: distillers grain
and carbon dioxide. Distillers grain, used wet or dry,
is a highly nutritious livestock feed. Carbon dioxide
is given off in great quantities during fermentation
and many ethanol plants collect, compress, and sell
it for use in other industries.

13.  Pure, 100% ethanol is not generally used as a motor
fuel; instead, a percentage of 85% ethanol is combined
with unleaded 15% gasoline. This is beneficial because
the ethanol:
Benefits:
 decreases the fuel's cost
 Increase the econmy
 increases the fuel's octane rating
 decreases gasoline's harmful emissions

14. Environmental & Economic Advantages
 Reduction of waste
 Use of waste that would normally go to landfills
 Extremely low emission of greenhouse gases
compared to fossil fuels
 Ethanol is Carbon neutral and forms a part of the
carbon cycle
 Growing variety of crops increases bio-diversity
 Helps developing economies by promoting agrarian
communities
 Increase in jobs
 Increase in trade balance (pakistan perspective) due
to lesser dependence on foreign resources
$$$

15. References:
 Sarkar, Nibedita, et al. "Bioethanol production from
agricultural wastes: an overview." Renewable Energy
37.1 (2012): 19-27.
 Duarte, José Cardoso, et al. "Bioethanol production
from agricultural wastes." ECOMONDO: 13th
International Trade Fair of Material & Energy Recovery
and Sustainability (2009).