This document provides a series of questions about infectious diseases and the human immune system. It begins with definitions of key terms like "pathogen" and asks students to give examples of pathogenic and non-pathogenic illnesses. Later questions cover topics like the functions of white blood cells, antibodies vs antigens, vaccination, HIV/AIDS, and the use of monoclonal antibodies in medicine. Tables, diagrams, and citations are included. Students are asked to highlight key terms and complete a self-assessment rubric.

1. Essential Biology 6.3 & 11.1 Defense AgainstInfectious Disease(Core& AHL) Due Date:
Student Name: CandidateNumber: 002171-
Stephen Taylor Bandung International School http://sciencevideos.wordpress.com
Blog resource: http://tinyurl.com/268qtly Click4Biology:http://tinyurl.com/2dkj49q
Cite all sources usingtheCSE method (or ISO 690 Numerical in Word). The firstexample has been done for you.
Highlightall objective1 command terms in yellow and complete these before class. Highlightall objective2 and 3
command terms in green – these will bepart of the discussions in class.After class,go back and review them. Link
thoughts arefor discussions and reviewonly – you don’t need to answer them here unless you want to.
Complete the self-assessment rubric before submittingto Moodle. Avoid printingthis if possible.
1. Define pathogen.
“An organismor virusthatcausesdisease.” (1 p. 49)
2. List some examplesof illnesswhichare pathogenicandnon-pathogenic.
Pathogenic:
Non-pathogenic:
3. Outline one example of aninfectionbyeachof the followingtypesof pathogens:
Type of pathogen BACTERIA VIRUS FUNGI PROTOZOA
Example disease Cholera
Pathogen Vibrio cholerae
Method of
transmission
Contaminated
drinking water or
food
Symptoms
Severe diarrhea
and vomiting
Treatment
Urgent oral
rehydration,
antibiotics
Dangers
Death by
dehydration
4. Explainwhyantibioticscanbe usedto treatbacterial infectionsbutnotviruses.
Link thought:howdoesoveruseof antibioticslead to antibioticresistance?

2. Essential Biology 6.3 & 11.1 Defense AgainstInfectious Disease(Core& AHL) Due Date:
Student Name: CandidateNumber: 002171-
Stephen Taylor Bandung International School http://sciencevideos.wordpress.com
5. In the space below,drawandannotate twosimple line graphstodistinguishbetweenthe action
of bacteriostaticandbacteriocidal antibiotics:
Link thought:howdoesoveruseof antibioticslead to antibioticresistance?
6. Outline the role of skinandmucousmembranesinprimarydefense (actingasbarriersagainst
pathogens):
Skinisa toughbarrier
Hairs,e.g.nose
Mucous, suchas in
nose,airways
Acidicconditions(e.g.
stomachand vagina)
Lysozymes
Natural organisms
7. State the functionsof the followingcomponentsof the blood:
Erythrocytes
Platelets
Plasma
Leukocytes (white blood cells)
Phagocytes Lymphocytes
Macrophages
B-Cells
T-Cells

3. Essential Biology 6.3 & 11.1 Defense AgainstInfectious Disease(Core& AHL) Due Date:
Student Name: CandidateNumber: 002171-
Stephen Taylor Bandung International School http://sciencevideos.wordpress.com
8. Bloodclottingisan example of ametabolicpathway.
Describe the processof bloodclotting.
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9. Outline howphagocyticleukocytesingestpathogensinthe bloodandbodytissues.
Methodof membrane
transport:
How doesitwork?
10. Distinguishbetweenantibodiesandantigens.
Link thought: howisthis importantin ABOblood typing and how is thatan exampleof codominance?
Antibody
A globularprotein. (reviselevelsof protein structure)
Producedaspart of the immune response.
Specifictothe antigenonthe pathogen – the antigenbinding
site isanalogoustothe active site of an enzyme.

4. Essential Biology 6.3 & 11.1 Defense AgainstInfectious Disease(Core& AHL) Due Date:
Student Name: CandidateNumber: 002171-
Stephen Taylor Bandung International School http://sciencevideos.wordpress.com
11. Explainclonal selectionasabasisfor immunity.
There are manydifferenttypesof lymphocytesinthe
immune system.
Link thought: antibodiesareglobularproteinsproduced by lymphocytes.Explain how thefinalantibody
is produced fromthegenetic information in the lymphocytenucleus,to a level of detail appropriateto
yourlevel of study.
12. Brieflydescribethe principle of polyclonalselection.
13. State the role of memorycellsfollowinganinfection.
14. Define active andpassive immunity.
Active:
Passive:
15. State examplesof the followingtypesof immunity.
Active Passive
Natural Artificial Natural Artificial

5. Essential Biology 6.3 & 11.1 Defense AgainstInfectious Disease(Core& AHL) Due Date:
Student Name: CandidateNumber: 002171-
Stephen Taylor Bandung International School http://sciencevideos.wordpress.com
16. Explainhowantibodiesare produced.
Use the followingterms:pathogen,phagocyte,epitope (antigen),helperT-cell,B-cell,clone,
plasmacell,antibody.
 Pathogenisingestedbyamacrophage.
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17. Explainthe principlesof vaccination.
 Antigenisintroducedtothe body
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18. Discussthe benefitsandpotential dangersof
vaccinations.
Benefits Potential Dangers
Eradicationof diseases,suchassmallpox.
Furtherreading:“TheMedia’sMMR Hoax”http://www.badscience.net/2008/08/the-medias-mmr-hoax/
In thisarticle,Dr BenGoldacre debunksthe dangerousmyththatthe MMR vaccine islinkedtoautism.
Thiswas a case of verypoor science reportingbyapoor newspaper,basedonpoorscientificresearch.
The resultingpanicresultedindroppingMMR vaccinationuptake rates.
Ethical discussion:Whatare the ethical considerationsof enforcedvaccinationprogrammes?

6. Essential Biology 6.3 & 11.1 Defense AgainstInfectious Disease(Core& AHL) Due Date:
Student Name: CandidateNumber: 002171-
Stephen Taylor Bandung International School http://sciencevideos.wordpress.com
19. Define the termsHIV andAIDS
HIV =
AIDS=
20. Outline the effectsof HIV onthe immune system.
Effecton lymphocytes
Effecton antibodyproduction
Effecton health
21. Discussthe cause,transmissionandsocial implicationsof HIV/AIDS.
Cause
Methodsof transmission
Social implications
22. Outline some of the economicimpactsof HIV inthe developingworld.

7. Essential Biology 6.3 & 11.1 Defense AgainstInfectious Disease(Core& AHL) Due Date:
Student Name: CandidateNumber: 002171-
Stephen Taylor Bandung International School http://sciencevideos.wordpress.com
23. The graph belowshowsthe progressionof atypical case of HIV.CD4 cellsare those attackedby
the HIV virus.Once levelsof theselymphocytesdropbelow acritical value,the immunesystem
isno longerable tofightinfectionandAIDSisdiagnosed.
a. State the CD4 cell countat whichAIDS islikelytobe diagnosed.
b. Deduce,withareason,the periodinwhicha personinfectedwithHIV ismostlikelytopass
it onto someone else.
c. Describe the effectsof HIV onthe immune systemovertime.
d. Identifythe periodinwhichotherillnessesare mostlikelytoresultindeath.

8. Essential Biology 6.3 & 11.1 Defense AgainstInfectious Disease(Core& AHL) Due Date:
Student Name: CandidateNumber: 002171-
Stephen Taylor Bandung International School http://sciencevideos.wordpress.com
24. HPV is a sexually-transmittedviruswhichisthe leadingcause of cervical cancerinwomen.
a. List three othersexuallytransmittedinfections.
b. Suggesthowa viruscouldcause cancer.
c. Describe howthe followingcanprotectwomen:
HPV vaccine
RegularPAPsmears
Link thought: reviewhowcancerdevelops,aswell asbiotechnology and genetherapy
25. Monoclonal antibodiesare producedindustriallyforuse inmedicine.
a. State three usesof monoclonal antibodies
Diagnosisof condition Pregnancytestkits,heartattack detection
Diagnosisof infection
Treatment
b. Describe the industrial processof monoclonal antibodyproduction.
Refer to B-cells, tumoursand hybridomas.
 Immune response isstimulatedinalab animal
 SpecificB-cellsare harvested
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c. Compare the processesusedtoproduce monoclonal antibodiesandinsulin.

9. Essential Biology 6.3 & 11.1 Defense AgainstInfectious Disease(Core& AHL) Due Date:
Student Name: CandidateNumber: 002171-
Stephen Taylor Bandung International School http://sciencevideos.wordpress.com
Works Cited
1. Allott, Andrew.IB Study Guide: Biology forthe IB Diploma. s.l. : OxfordUniversityPress,2007. 978-0-
19-915143-1.
2. Mindorff,D and Allott,A. Biology CourseCompanion. Oxford :OxfordUniversityPress,2007. 978-
099151240.
3. Clegg,CJ. Biology for theIB Diploma. London : HodderMurray, 2007. 978-0340926529.
4. Campbell N., Reece J., Taylor M., Simon.E. Biology Conceptsand Connections. SanFransisco :
PearsonBenjaminCummings,2006. 0-8053-7160-5.
5. Taylor, Stephen.ScienceVideo Resources. [Online] Wordpress,2010.
http://sciencevideos.wordpress.com.
6. Burrell, John.Click4Biology. [Online]2010. http://click4biology.info/.
7. IBO. Biology SubjectGuide. [Online] 2007. http://xmltwo.ibo.org/publications/migrated/production-
app2.ibo.org/publication/7/part/2/chapter/1.html.
SelfAssessment:
Essential Biology Assessment
Criterion Complete (2) Partially complete (1) Self MrT
Presentation &
Organisation
NA Complete and neat. All command terms
highlighted,tables and diagrams well presented.
Academic
Honesty
NA
Sources cited using theCSE(ISO 690numerical)
method, with Works Cited section completeand
correct.
Objective 1
understanding
All answers for the following command terms
correct:
Most answers for the following command terms
correct:
Define Draw Label List Measure State
Objective 2
understanding
All answers for the following commandterms correct:
Most answers for the following command terms
correct:
Annotate Apply Calculate Describe Distinguish Estimate Identify Outline
Objective3
understanding
All answers for the following commandterms correct:
Most answers for the following command terms
correct:
Analyse Comment Compare Construct Deduce Derive Design Determine Discuss
Evaluate Explain Predict Show Solve Sketch Suggest
Logic, notation,
mathematical
working
NA
Answers are presented in a logical and concise
manner. SI units used most times, with correct
unit symbols and definitions ofterms. All
mathematical working shown.
Further research NA
Evidence is apparent ofresearch and reading
beyond the textbook and presentations to find
correct answers to challenging questions. Ifany
questionsare unanswered, thiscriterion scores
zero.
Total (max 10):