This presentation is intended for students taking the SLT and the Treaty of Waitangi paper at Massey University, New Zealand. It focuses on the essay question and deals specifically with researching, referencing, summarising, quoting, planning and paragraph flow.
These slides were prepared for the Writing workshop given during the 2017 contact workshop for the Introduction to Professional and Ethical Practice course at Massey University, New Zealand.
This presentation was prepared for the Study Up Online workshops provided by the National Centre for Teaching and Learning at Massey University, New Zealand.
Here is a new interview on the topic of design and compliance. Thanks to Roy Snell, editor Reba Kieke, and the Journal of Health Care Compliance for the interview on why applying design to the compliance field is useful, as well as a little about compliance during an expedition. http://andrampopa.co/news/
Sir Isaac Newton Essay.pdfSir Isaac Newton Essay. Sir Isaac Newton Biography ...Amanda Harris
Sir Isaac Newton. - A-Level Science - Marked by Teachers.com. Sir Isaac Newton and the scientific revolution: 653 Words. Read Sir Isaac Newton Essay Sample for Free at SupremeEssays.com. Calaméo - Isaac Newton Essays: Excellent Tips to Make Them Effective. PDF Newton, Sir Isaac. Sir Isaac Newton. Essay On Isaac Newton Telegraph. Interpreting Newton: Critical Essays English Paperback Book Free .... Sir Isaac Newtons Papers amp; Annotated Principia Go Digital Open Culture. Sir Isaac Newton Essay - 490 Words Free Essay Example on GraduateWay. Free essay on sir isaac newton. Research paper: Sir isaac newton essay. Isaac newton essay - writinggroups319.web.fc2.com. Sir Isaac Newton Worksheet - Promotiontablecovers. Isaac Newton Research Paper Example Topics and Well Written Essays .... Isaac Newton Essay Example - PHDessay.com. Essay websites: Sir isaac newton essay. Free Sir Isaac Newton Essay. An Essay on Isaac Newton and His Contributions to Science. Newton, Sir Isaac. Short essay on sir isaac newton. FREE Sir Isaac Newton Essay. 2022-10-09. Sir Isaac Newton and His View of the Universe Essay Example Topics .... Calaméo - Sir Isaac Newton Essays: Useful Guidelines for Students. Life and Ideas of Isaac Newton Free Essay Sample on Samploon.com. Issaac newton biography essay. Sir Isaac Newton Biography and questions. Paragraph essay on isaac newton egagycyni. Реферат: Isaac Newton Essay Research Paper Sir Isaac Хелп Диплом .... Sir Isaac Newton / Essays / Physics / ID: 575225. Sir Isaac Newton - GCSE Science - Marked by Teachers.com. Research Narrative Sir Isaac Newton Essay Example Topics and Well .... FREE Sir Isaac Newton Reading Passage by The Techie Teacher TpT. Grade 7 Reading Lesson 13 Biographies - Isaac Newton 1 English .... The Strange, Secret History of Isaac Newtons Papers WIRED Sir Isaac Newton Essay Sir Isaac Newton Essay. Sir Isaac Newton Biography and questions
These slides were prepared for the Writing workshop given during the 2017 contact workshop for the Introduction to Professional and Ethical Practice course at Massey University, New Zealand.
This presentation was prepared for the Study Up Online workshops provided by the National Centre for Teaching and Learning at Massey University, New Zealand.
Here is a new interview on the topic of design and compliance. Thanks to Roy Snell, editor Reba Kieke, and the Journal of Health Care Compliance for the interview on why applying design to the compliance field is useful, as well as a little about compliance during an expedition. http://andrampopa.co/news/
Sir Isaac Newton Essay.pdfSir Isaac Newton Essay. Sir Isaac Newton Biography ...Amanda Harris
Sir Isaac Newton. - A-Level Science - Marked by Teachers.com. Sir Isaac Newton and the scientific revolution: 653 Words. Read Sir Isaac Newton Essay Sample for Free at SupremeEssays.com. Calaméo - Isaac Newton Essays: Excellent Tips to Make Them Effective. PDF Newton, Sir Isaac. Sir Isaac Newton. Essay On Isaac Newton Telegraph. Interpreting Newton: Critical Essays English Paperback Book Free .... Sir Isaac Newtons Papers amp; Annotated Principia Go Digital Open Culture. Sir Isaac Newton Essay - 490 Words Free Essay Example on GraduateWay. Free essay on sir isaac newton. Research paper: Sir isaac newton essay. Isaac newton essay - writinggroups319.web.fc2.com. Sir Isaac Newton Worksheet - Promotiontablecovers. Isaac Newton Research Paper Example Topics and Well Written Essays .... Isaac Newton Essay Example - PHDessay.com. Essay websites: Sir isaac newton essay. Free Sir Isaac Newton Essay. An Essay on Isaac Newton and His Contributions to Science. Newton, Sir Isaac. Short essay on sir isaac newton. FREE Sir Isaac Newton Essay. 2022-10-09. Sir Isaac Newton and His View of the Universe Essay Example Topics .... Calaméo - Sir Isaac Newton Essays: Useful Guidelines for Students. Life and Ideas of Isaac Newton Free Essay Sample on Samploon.com. Issaac newton biography essay. Sir Isaac Newton Biography and questions. Paragraph essay on isaac newton egagycyni. Реферат: Isaac Newton Essay Research Paper Sir Isaac Хелп Диплом .... Sir Isaac Newton / Essays / Physics / ID: 575225. Sir Isaac Newton - GCSE Science - Marked by Teachers.com. Research Narrative Sir Isaac Newton Essay Example Topics and Well .... FREE Sir Isaac Newton Reading Passage by The Techie Teacher TpT. Grade 7 Reading Lesson 13 Biographies - Isaac Newton 1 English .... The Strange, Secret History of Isaac Newtons Papers WIRED Sir Isaac Newton Essay Sir Isaac Newton Essay. Sir Isaac Newton Biography and questions
Writing A Classification Essay. 81_Classification Sample Essay Lecture Teac...Michelle Kennelty
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37 Outstanding Essay Outline Templates (Argumentative, Narrative .... 015 Paragraph Essay Outline Example Writing Worksheet ~ Thatsnotus. 6+ Basic Outline Templates - PDF | Free & Premium Templates. Impressive Five Paragraph Essay Outline ~ Thatsnotus. Template for 5-Paragraph Essay Outline (Academic Writing). How to Write a 5 Paragraph Essay: Guide for Students. Definition essay: English essay outline example. 002 Essay Example Paragraph Template For Elementary Students Printables .... how to write 5 paragraph essay outline - Guide to Grammar and Writing .... 5 paragraph essay outline. 18 Best Images of Sample Outline Worksheet - Example Essay Outline .... the five stages of english writing worksheet. 6 page argumentative essay.
Připravujete svůj první vědecký článek v anglickém jazyce? Umíte si poradit s abstraktem? Rádi byste získali lepší kompetence v tom, jak by měl být článek strukturován? Potřebujete vědět, které části odborného textu jsou klíčové pro čtenáře, které pro recenzenty? Chcete se vyvarovat chyb, které se opakovaně v cizojazyčných vědeckých článcích vyskytují? Pak byl právě pro vás určen seminář, který vedl zkušený lektor akademického psaní v angličtině z Centra jazykové přípravy MU PhDr. Robert Helán, Ph.D.
Comparative Analysis Essays. How to write a comparative analysis essay. How ...Mari Howard
Comparative Essay - 10 Examples, Format, Pdf Examples. How to Write a Comparative Analysis Essays Argument. Scholarship essay: Comparative analysis essay example. Comparative analysis essay. Rhetorical Analysis Essay Example - Tips amp; Samples. Writing A Comparative Essay How to write a perfect comparative essay .... Narrative Essay: Comparison essay format. How to write a comparative analysis essay or report. Simple Example Of Comparative Analysis Report How To Write A Good .... Comparative analysis essay structure. Comparative Essay. 2022-10-12. Comparative Analysis Essays Thesis. Comparative Analysis Essay - 10 Examples, Format, Pdf Examples. How to Write a Comparative Essay: Step-by-Step Structure - Ca.EduBirdie.com. Comparative essay sample. Compare And Contrast Essay Examples .... How to write a comparative analysis essay. How to write a comparative .... Essay websites: Sample comparative analysis essay. Comparative Analysis Essay Help: Comparative Analysis Essay Help. Comparative essay. Essay Comparing And Contrasting Telegraph. Comparative essay writing by Absolute Essays - Issuu. Comparative Analysis Essay Example Topics and Well Written Essays .... COMPARATIVE ESSAY OUTLINE - TEMPLATE. Comparative analysis paper. How to Write a Comparative Analysis Essay .... 9 Comparative Essay Samples - Free PDF Format Download Examples. Comparing and Contrasting - The Writing Center - How to Write a Compare .... How to Write a Compare and Contrast Essay Outline Point-By-Point With .... Sk comparative analysis essay. Comparative analysis topics. How To Write A Comparative Analysis .... Comparative Literature Essay Example - Essay Writing Top Comparative Analysis Essays Comparative Analysis Essays. How to write a comparative analysis essay. How to write a comparative ...
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Writing findings & discussion chapters for qualitative theses.pdfMartin McMorrow
This presentation was designed for postgraduate students at the University of Notre Dame Australia. It provides advice on how to write findings and discussion chapters for theses based on qualitative research.
This presentation is intended for students of the Bachelor of Nursing at the University of Notre Dame Australia. It focuses on the first two assessments in NURS 1018: an annotated bibliography and a report.
These slides were prepared for a workshop for teachers at King George V & Ellaine Bernacchi School in Kiribati. The presenter was Martin McMorrow, who was an English language advisor at the school in 2019 under the auspices of VSA (Volunteer Service Abroad), New Zealand.
These slides were prepared for Masters of Management students at Massey University, New Zealand. They focus on how to write a reflective journal for assignment 3 of Leading and Organising Change (152.707).
These slides were prepared for a workshop with postgraduate Management students at Massey University, New Zealand. They focus on writing scholarly critique paragraphs, as part of the reflective journals for 152707 Leading and Organising Change.
These slides were prepared for students at Massey University, Albany in 2018. They focus on writing analytical paragraphs as part of a reflective journal.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Honest Reviews of Tim Han LMA Course Program.pptxtimhan337
Personal development courses are widely available today, with each one promising life-changing outcomes. Tim Han’s Life Mastery Achievers (LMA) Course has drawn a lot of interest. In addition to offering my frank assessment of Success Insider’s LMA Course, this piece examines the course’s effects via a variety of Tim Han LMA course reviews and Success Insider comments.
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Essay Writing Workshop for SLT and the Treaty of Waitangi (271.152)
1. 271.152 ESSAY WRITING
CENTRE FOR TEACHING AND LEARNING LIBRARY 3RD FLOOR
09 441-8143 slc-alb@massey.ac.nz
1. Analyse the question
2. Do the research
3. Organise your essay plan
4. Write the first draft
5. Get feedback
6. Revise your draft
7. Submit your completed essay
http://tinyurl.com/271152essay2014
2. QUESTION ANALYSIS
As a Speech and Language Therapist in Aotearoa/ New
Zealand you will at times need to work in a bi-cultural
setting. The Treaty of Waitangi is a founding document
that guides practice as a Speech and Language
Therapist.
Explain how a speech and language therapist may
incorporate the Treaty of Waitangi into practice when
working with whanau Maori and what cultural aspects
need to be taken into consideration. (2000 words)
3. Content
• Definition of cultural aspects
• Application to SLT practice
• Reference to the Treaty of Waitangi
Writing
• Introduction, conclusion, flow of essay
• Spelling, grammar and formatting
• Referencing
Assessment Criteria
5. Referencing Queries
1. First consider the credibility of online sources
(e.g. reputable organisation)
2. Then, if you are going to use an online source,
look for the name of the author and date of
publication somewhere on the webpage. If
there’s no named author, use the institution as
the author. If there’s no date, use (n.d.)
3. Even if the website provides ‘how to reference
this’ advice, don’t rely on it; it may need to be
revised to fit APA 6th style
6. Orange, C. (2012). The Treaty of Waitangi.
Retrieved from http://www.TeAra.govt.nz/en/treaty-
of-waitangi
Example A: How would you reference a webpage,
based on this information given at the bottom of
the page:
How to cite this page:
Claudia Orange. 'Treaty of Waitangi', Te Ara - the
Encyclopedia of New Zealand, updated 9-Nov-12
URL: http://www.TeAra.govt.nz/en/treaty-of-waitangi
7. Archives New Zealand, Te Rua Mahara o te
Kāwanatanga. (2014). Treaty of Waitangi - Te
Tiriti o Waitangi. Retrieved from
http://archives.govt.nz/exhibitions/treaty
Example B: How would you reference this
webpage, based on this information collected
from different parts of the page:
Treaty of Waitangi - Te Tiriti o Waitangi
Archives New Zealand, Te Rua Mahara o te Kāwanatanga
Crown Copyright 2014
http://archives.govt.nz/exhibitions/treaty
8. Kingi, K. R. (2006). The Treaty of Waitangi and Maori mental
health. A Paper Presented at the Te Mata o te Tau Lunchtime
Lecture Series, Massey University, Wellington, New Zealand.
Retrieved from
http://www.massey.ac.nz/massey/fms/Te%20Mata%20O%20Te%20Tau/Publi
cations%20%-20Te%20Kani/T%20Kingi%20 Treaty_of_Waitangi_Maori_
Health1.pdf
Example C: How would you reference this
webpage, based on this information on the title
page of a document found on the Massey
University website?
THE TREATY OF WAITAINGI AND MĀORI HEALTH
Te K. R. Kingi, Te Pumanawa Hauora, School of Māori Studies, Massey
University, WELLINGTON
A Paper Presented at the Te Mata o te Tau Lunchtime
Lecture Series. March 2 2006
9. Example D: You’d like to use the following extract from the
Kingi article in your essay. How do you go about it?
Additionally, the Tribunal focuses on the “principles” or
“spirit” of the Treaty as opposed to the actual text.
The use of “principles” was designed to avoid the obvious
problem of having two different versions of the Treaty, but
also provided a more flexible framework for the
interpretation of Treaty related concerns and obligations.
Whereas in the past the Treaty had been applied to
physical resources, such as land, forest, and fisheries, the
principles were broader and therefore not as restrictive.
Summarising from a source
10. 1. Avoid quoting too much. Generally, only quote
definitions of key concepts. In all other cases,
summarise in your own words.
2. Summarise methodically by:
1. selecting key ideas
2. writing short notes in your own words
3. closing the original text
4. expanding notes into sentences – either
integrating the authors into the sentence or
putting them in brackets at the end
11. Step 1: Highlight key ideas
Additionally, the Tribunal focuses on the “principles” or “spirit”
of the Treaty as opposed to the actual text.
The use of “principles” was designed to avoid the obvious
problem of having two different versions of the Treaty, but also
provided a more flexible framework for the interpretation of
Treaty related concerns and obligations. Whereas in the past
the Treaty had been applied to physical resources, such as
land, forest, and fisheries, the principles were broader and
therefore not as restrictive.
Step 2: Turn these into short notes in your own words
Principles – avoid difficulties arising from discrepancies
between two versions of the Treaty
more flex. broader. not just related to physical resources
12. Step 3: Close the original document
Step 4: Expand your short notes into sentences
Principles – avoid difficulties arising from discrepancies
between two versions of the Treaty
more flex. broader. not just related to physical resources
As Kingi (2006) points out, the formulation of Treaty Principles
avoided difficulties arising from discrepancies between the
different versions of the Treaty and created broad, practical
guidelines which can be applied to a wide range of contexts
and practices.
14. Step 1: Strip away the ‘leaves’ and ‘twigs’ leaving just the
cherry
The nurse delivering the nursing service will have undertaken a
process of reflection on his or her own cultural identity and will
recognise the impact that his or her personal culture has on his
or her professional practice. Unsafe cultural practice comprises
any action which diminishes, demeans or disempowers the
cultural identity and well being of an individual.
Step 2: Put the cherry in your bowl
In order to ensure cultural safety, practitioners need to be
aware of how their own culture may affect those in their care,
in order to avoid “any action which diminishes, demeans or
disempowers the cultural identity and well being of an
individual” (Nursing Council of New Zealand, 2011, p. 7).
15. Which source to cite?
You’ll find Treaty Principles, the Whare Tapa Wha model etc
mentioned in many different books, articles, websites etc.
So which source do you cite when you mention it in your
essay?
Generally, go for the ‘straight from the horse’s mouth’ approach –
i.e. cite the original creator of a model and one of the books or
articles it first appeared in. For instance:
Durie, M. H. (1994). Whaiora: Māori health development.
Auckland, New Zealand: Oxford University Press.
When you can’t identify that – for instance, for Treaty Principles –
use a ‘gold standard’ source – i.e. a book or article from an
academic journal by a respected academic. For instance:
Kingi, T. R. (2007). The Treaty of Waitangi: A framework for Māori
health development. New Zealand Journal of Occupational
Therapy, 54(1), 4-10
16. PARAGRAPH PLANNING
So for this essay, start off with a rough plan for:
10 - 15 paragraphs
Average words per paragraph: 120 – 200 (in other
words four to eight sentences)
Word limit: 2000 words
17. How do you create a paragraph plan?
Step 1: Set aside one paragraph each for the introduction
and conclusion. You can worry about those later!
Step 2: Identify the parts to the question.
• Reference to the Treaty of Waitangi
• Definition of cultural aspects
• Application to SLT practice
Step 3: Decide on a model, made up of different parts, that
you can use as an overall framework for most of the body of
your essay. For instance:
• Treaty Principles
• Whare Tapa Wha
• SLT Practice
18. Step 4: Allocate paragraphs to each part of the framework
you’ve chosen – for instance
Example Paragraph Plan 1
Introduction (1 paragraph)
Treaty (1 paragraph)
Treaty Principles (1 paragraph)
Whare Tapa Wha (1 paragraph)
Taha tinana (2 paragraphs)
Taha wairua (2 paragraphs)
Taha whanau (2 paragraphs)
Taha hinengaro (2 paragraphs)
Conclusion (1 paragraph)
Each of these sections
would first explain the
concept (and any related
Maori concepts) and then
apply it to a particular
aspect of SLT practice
19. Example Paragraph Plan 2
Introduction (1 paragraph)
Treaty (1 paragraph)
Treaty Principles (1 paragraph)
Protection (3 paragraphs)
Partnership (3 paragraphs)
Participation (3 paragraphs)
Conclusion (1 paragraph)
As with plan 1, each of
these sections would first
explain the concept (and
any related Maori
concepts – and then
apply it to particular
aspects of SLT practice
20. Example Paragraph Plan 3
Introduction (1 paragraph)
Treaty (1 paragraph)
Treaty Principles (1 paragraph)
Whare tapa wha (1 paragraph)
Language (1 paragraph)
Speech (1 paragraph)
Swallowing (1 paragraph)
Voice (1 paragraph)
Fluency (1 paragraph)
Multimodal Communication
(1 paragraph)
Conclusion (1 paragraph)
Each of these sections
would first summarise
what an SLT might do in
this domain of practice
and then highlight one or
more relevant Maori
cultural concepts
21. How can you make your
writing flow?
Given the frequency and importance of management decisions, it is unsurprising
that costly errors occur. Recent examples include the disastrous strategy of
Lehmann Brothers and the inadequate response to Hurricane Katrina (White,
2009). These errors may be attributed to external factors, such as time-pressures
or unpredictable changes in the environment, or internal factors, such as a lack of
expertise or tiredness. However, why do managers not identify such factors and
address them rationally? The answer appears to be that rationality itself is limited
or ‘bounded’ (Simon 1955; Kahnemann, Fredrickson, Schreiber, & Redelmeier,
1993), by a number of psychological constraints which make humans prone to
specific ‘cognitive biases’ in their decision-making. These cognitive biases are
intuitive (Kahneman, 2003) and essentially automatic tendencies which “shape
how human beings select and process information” (Krause, 2008, p. 28).
Numerous cognitive biases have been found, but this essay will focus on four
particular biases which have been identified as crucial to poor management
decision-making: reliance on past experience, self-interest, pre-judgements and
attachments (Finkelstein, Whitehead & Campbell, 2009). .....
1: Repetition and
Variation of key topic
words
Example paragraph from a Management essay
22. How can you make your
writing flow?
Given the frequency and importance of management decisions, it is unsurprising
that costly errors occur. Recent examples include the disastrous strategy of
Lehmann Brothers and the inadequate response to Hurricane Katrina (White,
2009). These errors may be attributed to external factors, such as time-pressures
or unpredictable changes in the environment, or internal factors, such as a lack of
expertise or tiredness. However, why do managers not identify such factors and
address them rationally? The answer appears to be that rationality itself is limited
or ‘bounded’ (Simon 1955; Kahnemann, Fredrickson, Schreiber, & Redelmeier,
1993), by a number of psychological constraints which make humans prone to
specific ‘cognitive biases’ in their decision-making. These cognitive biases are
intuitive (Kahneman, 2003) and essentially automatic tendencies which “shape
how human beings select and process information” (Krause, 2008, p. 28).
Numerous cognitive biases have been found, but this essay will focus on four
particular biases which have been identified as crucial to poor management
decision-making: reliance on past experience, self-interest, pre-judgements and
attachments (Finkelstein, Whitehead & Campbell, 2009). The nature of
these biases will be explored below, ....
2: Start new sentences
by referring back to topic
in previous sentences /
paragraphs
23. INTRODUCTION
PARAGRAPHS
… put the issue into a context that shows why
it’s both important and problematic
... include a brief definition / explanation
of the topic
... briefly preview the structure of the essay
... present the main argument of the essay
in a thesis statement
24. CONCLUSION
PARAGRAPHS
THE CONCLUDING PARAGRAPH typically ...
… rephrases the thesis statement
... summarises and connects the main supporting
arguments
... comments briefly on the implications for the
present or future (eg for people entering the SLT
profession)
25. STEP 6: REVISE YOUR
DRAFT
ADD?
• More use of topic words?
• More explanation in your own words?
• Clearer ‘looking back’ with ‘this’ ‘such’
‘Moreover,..’ etc?
• Additional referencing?
• Irrelevant points?
• Text ‘lifted’ from your source?
• Repetition of ideas?
• Unoriginal examples?
SUBTRACT?
26. STEP 6: REVISE YOUR
DRAFT
• Does anything in the introduction deserve
its own paragraph?
• Would my examples etc fit better with a
different point?
• Would my paragraphs flow better if they
were in a different order?
MOVE?
• Non-academic language?
• Thesis-statement (if it no longer
matches the essay)
• Do direct claims (‘it is’) need to be
hedged (‘it could be argued that ..’ ‘it
appears that that ..’)?
CHANGE?
27. STEP 7: SUBMIT YOUR
ASSIGNMENT
• Referencing
• Overuse of commas
• Monster or Mini-paragraphs
• Common spelling & grammar mistakes
PROOF-
READ
at the last
moment
Give yourself a big pat on the back!
You’ve done it!
Check submission
details!
• Date?
• Hard copy or only online?
• Only through Stream or on Turnitin?
28. KEY POINTS
•Analyse the question and plan your timeline
•Develop a paragraph plan
• Fish for definitions, expert opinions, facts & figures
from books and articles
• Ensure paragraphs and sentences flow
•Get feedback and revise your first draft!