This conclusion summarizes the key points analyzed in the document, highlights two factors that were argued to underpin new analytic lenses on business leadership strategies, advocates for a crossvergence approach as offering a definitive way forward, and states that business success in the next 20 years will depend on leaders with an in-depth understanding of the complexities discussed.
How to write a research proposal in 6 important steps — www.quickessaywriters...Quick Essay Writers
Essay Writing Service. Write my essay. Order your dissertation writing, term paper, research paper, thesis writing and essay paper from https://www.quickessaywriters.co.uk Quick Essay Writers. Professional essay writing service accepting Paypal. College essay help. Find an essay writer to write my essay.
This is a presentation on how to build your problem statement given in the course AR3U012 Methods for Urbanism of the TU Delft (Delft University of Technology). This is prepared for students of urbanism, urban planning and urban design.
,ffid; ,ffiffit#.$ObjectivesnL. Describe the three basic.docxgertrudebellgrove
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Objectives
nL. Describe the three basic
goals of research reports.
; Identify unique problems
that must be overcome in
writing student papers,
theses, applied research
reports, and journal articles.
J" List the major sections of a
research article.
,- Describe the eiements that
should be considered in
writing research reports to
ensure adherence to the
ethical standard of honesty.
') Discuss the motivations
for plagiarism and the
ways to avoid suspicions of
plagiarism.
i- Identify major steps in the
review of research reports.
7" Understand the need to
display results without
redundant information
using compressed displays.
Vo, learned in Chapter 2 thatresearch is a circular process, so it is appropri-
I ate that we end this book where we began. The stage of reporting research
results is also the point at which the need for new research is identified. It is the
time when, so to speak, the rubber hits the road-when we have to make our
research make sense to others. To whom will our research be addressed? How
should we present our results to them? Should we seek to influence how our
research report is used?
The primary goals of this chapter are to guide you in writing worthwhile
reports of your own, displaying findings, and communicating with the public
about research. This chapter gives particular attention to the writing process
itself and points out how that process can differ when writing qualitative ver-
sus quantitative research reports. We highlight the goals of research reports,
including expanding the discussion of participatory action research (PAR),
which we introduced in Chapter 1. We will conclude by considering some of
the ethical issues unique to the reporting process, with special attention to the
problem of plagiarism.
The goal of research is not only to discover something but to communi-
cate that discovery to a larger audience-other social scientists, government
officials, your teachers, the general public-perhaps several of these audiences.
Whatever the study's particular outcome, if the research report enables the
intended audience to comprehend the results and learn from them, the research
can be judged a success. If the intended audience is not able to learn about the
study's results, the research should be judged a failure no matter how much it
cost to conduct it, how sophisticated its design, or how much of yourself you
invested in it.
This conclusion may seem obvious and perhaps a bit unnecessary. After
all, you may think that all researchers write up their results for other people
to read. But the fact is that many research projects fail to produce a research
report. Sometimes the problem is that the research is poorly designed to begin
with and cannot be carried out in a satisfactory manner; sometimes unantici-
pated difficulties derail a viable project. But too often, the researcher just never
gets around to writing a report. And then there are many research reports
that are very incom ...
123 Easy Essay. How to Write a Great Essay Quickly! ESL Buzz. Final essay 123 - Grade: B - StuDocu. 1 123 essay help. Homework Help Sites.. Wonderful 123 Essay Thatsnotus. What You need to know About 123 Essay Alder Creek Kennel. How to Write an Essay in 9 Simple Steps 7ESL. 10 Easy Essay Writing Tips and Strategies for Beginners - Tips to .... Write My Essay 123, 123 free essays. Fresh Essays Help 123 Essay easy college research essay topics Good .... Help essay 123 - College Homework Help and Online Tutoring.. Essay help 123-How To Improve My Essay Writing. 123 essay help me review my - autravanastenerifees.x.fc2.com. Easy essay 123 song - behavioressays.x.fc2.com. Singular 123 Free Essays Thatsnotus. Addictionary. 123 essay for me; 123helpme com Review. Essay 123 help - 24/7 Homework Help.. 123helpme essay - Write My Custom Paper.. 123 Essay Help Com, 123 essay help me. What to write in a discussion essay Easy essay, Essay, College .... Calaméo - 5 Easy Steps for Essay Writing. Essay 123 help - The Writing Center.. English easy essay. C
How to write a research proposal in 6 important steps — www.quickessaywriters...Quick Essay Writers
Essay Writing Service. Write my essay. Order your dissertation writing, term paper, research paper, thesis writing and essay paper from https://www.quickessaywriters.co.uk Quick Essay Writers. Professional essay writing service accepting Paypal. College essay help. Find an essay writer to write my essay.
This is a presentation on how to build your problem statement given in the course AR3U012 Methods for Urbanism of the TU Delft (Delft University of Technology). This is prepared for students of urbanism, urban planning and urban design.
,ffid; ,ffiffit#.$ObjectivesnL. Describe the three basic.docxgertrudebellgrove
,ffid; ,ffiffit#.$
Objectives
nL. Describe the three basic
goals of research reports.
; Identify unique problems
that must be overcome in
writing student papers,
theses, applied research
reports, and journal articles.
J" List the major sections of a
research article.
,- Describe the eiements that
should be considered in
writing research reports to
ensure adherence to the
ethical standard of honesty.
') Discuss the motivations
for plagiarism and the
ways to avoid suspicions of
plagiarism.
i- Identify major steps in the
review of research reports.
7" Understand the need to
display results without
redundant information
using compressed displays.
Vo, learned in Chapter 2 thatresearch is a circular process, so it is appropri-
I ate that we end this book where we began. The stage of reporting research
results is also the point at which the need for new research is identified. It is the
time when, so to speak, the rubber hits the road-when we have to make our
research make sense to others. To whom will our research be addressed? How
should we present our results to them? Should we seek to influence how our
research report is used?
The primary goals of this chapter are to guide you in writing worthwhile
reports of your own, displaying findings, and communicating with the public
about research. This chapter gives particular attention to the writing process
itself and points out how that process can differ when writing qualitative ver-
sus quantitative research reports. We highlight the goals of research reports,
including expanding the discussion of participatory action research (PAR),
which we introduced in Chapter 1. We will conclude by considering some of
the ethical issues unique to the reporting process, with special attention to the
problem of plagiarism.
The goal of research is not only to discover something but to communi-
cate that discovery to a larger audience-other social scientists, government
officials, your teachers, the general public-perhaps several of these audiences.
Whatever the study's particular outcome, if the research report enables the
intended audience to comprehend the results and learn from them, the research
can be judged a success. If the intended audience is not able to learn about the
study's results, the research should be judged a failure no matter how much it
cost to conduct it, how sophisticated its design, or how much of yourself you
invested in it.
This conclusion may seem obvious and perhaps a bit unnecessary. After
all, you may think that all researchers write up their results for other people
to read. But the fact is that many research projects fail to produce a research
report. Sometimes the problem is that the research is poorly designed to begin
with and cannot be carried out in a satisfactory manner; sometimes unantici-
pated difficulties derail a viable project. But too often, the researcher just never
gets around to writing a report. And then there are many research reports
that are very incom ...
123 Easy Essay. How to Write a Great Essay Quickly! ESL Buzz. Final essay 123 - Grade: B - StuDocu. 1 123 essay help. Homework Help Sites.. Wonderful 123 Essay Thatsnotus. What You need to know About 123 Essay Alder Creek Kennel. How to Write an Essay in 9 Simple Steps 7ESL. 10 Easy Essay Writing Tips and Strategies for Beginners - Tips to .... Write My Essay 123, 123 free essays. Fresh Essays Help 123 Essay easy college research essay topics Good .... Help essay 123 - College Homework Help and Online Tutoring.. Essay help 123-How To Improve My Essay Writing. 123 essay help me review my - autravanastenerifees.x.fc2.com. Easy essay 123 song - behavioressays.x.fc2.com. Singular 123 Free Essays Thatsnotus. Addictionary. 123 essay for me; 123helpme com Review. Essay 123 help - 24/7 Homework Help.. 123helpme essay - Write My Custom Paper.. 123 Essay Help Com, 123 essay help me. What to write in a discussion essay Easy essay, Essay, College .... Calaméo - 5 Easy Steps for Essay Writing. Essay 123 help - The Writing Center.. English easy essay. C
37 Outstanding Essay Outline Templates (Argumentative, Narrative .... 015 Paragraph Essay Outline Example Writing Worksheet ~ Thatsnotus. 6+ Basic Outline Templates - PDF | Free & Premium Templates. Impressive Five Paragraph Essay Outline ~ Thatsnotus. Template for 5-Paragraph Essay Outline (Academic Writing). How to Write a 5 Paragraph Essay: Guide for Students. Definition essay: English essay outline example. 002 Essay Example Paragraph Template For Elementary Students Printables .... how to write 5 paragraph essay outline - Guide to Grammar and Writing .... 5 paragraph essay outline. 18 Best Images of Sample Outline Worksheet - Example Essay Outline .... the five stages of english writing worksheet. 6 page argumentative essay.
How To: Essay Types | Essay writing skills, Essay writing, Essay .... Types of Writing Styles - KyleeexTorres. Essay writing tips: How to write an essay | Essay writing skills, Essay .... How to write a good academic essay.
Within the framework of its Research Communications Capacity Building Program, GDNet produced, in collaboration with CommsConsult, a series of handouts with the aim to help southern researchers communicate their work more effectively. This series help understand policy processes and influencing policy with research; provide some tips for writing a policy brief, explains how to communicate effectively with your target audience through different communication tools, and presenting some useful online tools for data visualization.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Francesca Gottschalk - How can education support child empowerment.pptxEduSkills OECD
Francesca Gottschalk from the OECD’s Centre for Educational Research and Innovation presents at the Ask an Expert Webinar: How can education support child empowerment?
Honest Reviews of Tim Han LMA Course Program.pptxtimhan337
Personal development courses are widely available today, with each one promising life-changing outcomes. Tim Han’s Life Mastery Achievers (LMA) Course has drawn a lot of interest. In addition to offering my frank assessment of Success Insider’s LMA Course, this piece examines the course’s effects via a variety of Tim Han LMA course reviews and Success Insider comments.
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
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2. Remember writing is a process : keep making sure your that the
ideas in your introduction and main body are connected
3. Use your research to plan your essay.
These are the parts you must plan to
write.
Do you have enough information?
Every piece of coursework requires an
introduction (generally 10% of word
count) and a conclusion (generally around
5-10% of word count)
4.
5. Introductions
• What is the purpose of an introduction?
• What information might you find in an introduction?
6. About Introductions
•Planning and writing an effective introduction will help
you organise your academic writing and focus on the
aims of your assignment.
•Essay introductions do not have a sub heading –
Introduction.
•Writing an essay is not like writing a mystery novel with
an unfolding plot.
•Aim to be clear and direct. Your reader should not have
to read several pages before finding out what your
argument or thesis is; it needs to be in the introduction.
Remember:
You do not need to write the
introduction first.
• Even if you do write the introduction
first, you will probably need to go back
and re-write it
8. Features of Introductions
1. Gain the reader’s interest by offering a hook / opening statement.
2. Give background and context moving from the general to the particular.
3. Provide a rationale for researching and writing the text.
4. Define any key terms necessary to the understanding of the text.
5. Present evidence and citations to support your argument e.g. when you define
key terms
6. State limitations e.g. to previous research, to the current text.
7. State the overall purpose and aims of the text/ thesis statement
8. State how the whole text is organised.
9. Indicate the conclusions of the text.
Look at the list of nine
statements and decide which of
them are
a. Essential features of an
introduction?
b. Optional features of an
introduction?
9. Essential
2. Give background and context moving
from the general to the particular.
3. Provide a rationale for researching
and writing the text.
7. State the overall purpose and aims of
the text/ thesis statement
8. State how the whole text is
organised.
Optional
1. Gain the reader’s interest by
offering a hook or an opening
statement.
4. Defining key terms as
necessary
5. Present evidence and citations
e.g. when you define key terms
6. State limitations e.g. to
previous research, to the current
text.
10. Paragraph A : What determines
altruistic behaviour?
It has long been recognised that human
behaviour does not always have to be
focused towards the gain of the individual
and their circle of family and friends.
Many people behave in altruistic ways that
seem to help unknown people for no
obvious reason, for example, by giving
money to distant charities. Altruism may
be defined as ‘ helping behaviour that is
motivated by a selfless concern for the
welfare of another person.’ (Psychology
and Society, n.d.). This phenomenon has
been studied from a number of
perspectives. The work of Reuter,
Frenzel, Walter, Markett and Montag
(2011.pp.662-668) approaches the issue
from a genetic perspective, identifying the
neurotransmitter dopamine as a key factor
affecting human altruism. Other research
adopts an evolutionary perspective,
investigating group selection for altruistic
behaviour is the increasing influence of
the charity and non- profit sectors in
many economies. This essay aims to
Using the nine point checklist evaluate this
introduction.
Which of the nine features can you identify?
Which features are not included?
11. It has long been recognised that human
behaviour does not always have to be focused
towards the gain of the individual and their circle
of family and friends. Many people behave in
altruistic ways that seem to help unknown people
for no obvious reason, for example, by giving
money to distant charities. Altruism may be
defined as ‘ helping behaviour that is motivated
by a selfless concern for the welfare of another
person.’ (Psychology and Society, n.d.). This
phenomenon has been studied from a number of
perspectives. The work of Reuter, Frenzel,
Walter, Markett and Montag (2011.pp.662-668)
approaches the issue from a genetic perspective,
identifying the neurotransmitter dopamine as a
key factor affecting human altruism. Other
research adopts an evolutionary perspective,
investigating group selection as an explanation
for altruism. A key reason for the importance of
understanding altruistic behaviour is the
increasing influence of the charity and non-
profit sectors in many economies. This essay
General Opening
statement
Giving background
and context
Defining key
terms.
Connecting sentence
: bridge
Presenting evidence
and citations to support
your argument.
Providing a rationale for
researching and writing
the text.
Thesis Statement
Outlines the structure
and aims of the essay.
(7 & 8)
12. Paragraph B : Chocolate and Social
Class
The debate over the right of access to chocolate has developed
greatly over recent years. Whereas chocolate was formerly regarded
as the domain of the wealthy, it has now come to be more widely
seen as a right to which all are entitled. There are some, however,
who see the diversity of approaches as being ‘socially constructed’,
meaning that different groups of people are conditioned, or
expected, to want or need chocolate, even if this conflicts with their
natural inclinations (Brown & White 2007). To date, while some
research has focussed on perceptions of chocolate in the general
population, little research has been done into how chocolate is
perceived by those involved in higher education. This essay will
examine past and present attitudes to chocolate, and illustrate how
the construct of ‘chocolate’ varies between two different social
groups in Australia, namely university academic staff and students, in
order to show that all should have a right to chocolate but not all may
13. Paragraph A
The debate over the right of access to chocolate has
developed greatly over recent years. Whereas chocolate was
formerly regarded as the domain of the wealthy, it has now
come to be more widely seen as a right to which all are
entitled. There are some, however, who see the diversity of
approaches as being ‘socially constructed’, meaning that
different groups of people are conditioned, or expected, to
want or need chocolate, even if this conflicts with their
natural inclinations (Brown & White 2007). To date, while
some research has focussed on perceptions of chocolate in
the general population, little research has been done into
how chocolate is perceived by those involved in higher
education. This essay will examine past and present attitudes
to chocolate, and illustrate how the construct of ‘chocolate’
varies between two different social groups in Australia,
namely university academic staff and students, in order to
show that all should have a right to chocolate but not all may
wish to avail themselves of this right.
General
Opening /
Background
information
Key terms
Rationale for the
research : Gap in
knowledge
Thesis
statement /
conclusions
14. Paragraph C : Design and Planning in
the North East
Since August 2006, UK planning regulations have
required developers to submit a design and access
statement with most applications. A design and access
statement is intended to assist design decision-
making in the planning application process by
clarifying the design approach of the applicant from
the outset. The aim of the statement is to facilitate
greater common understanding by all concerned by
making the process and outcome of decision-making
more open, rigorous and sustainable. This paper seeks
to investigate the background of government
intervention in design decision-making through
planning. It then specifically investigates whether
design and access statements are in fact perceived as
improving decision-making from the local planning
authority perspective, as well as the developer
perspective, using primary data from north-east
England. Comparisons are made with a recent national
study by the Planning Advisory Service on design and
access statements. This reveals different viewpoints on
the extent to which the introduction of design and
access statements is helping the design decision-
making process. Developers are more critical than local
planning authorities, but all perceive some value in the
process and offer views on potential improvements.
15. Paragraph B
[BACKGROUND INFO]>>Since August 2006, UK planning regulations require developers to
submit a design and access statement with most applications. [BACKGROUND
INFORMATION)A design and access statement is intended to assist design decision making
in the planning application process by clarifying the design approach of the applicant from
the outset. The aim of the statement is to facilitate greater common understanding by all
concerned by making the process and outcome of decision making more open, rigorous and
sustainable. [AIM]>> This paper seeks to investigate the background of government
intervention in design decision making through planning. [STRUCTURE/APPROACH/]>>It
then specifically investigates whether design and access statements are in fact perceived as
improving decision making from the local planning authority perspective, as well as the
developer perspective, using primary data from north-east England. Comparisons are made
with a recent national study by the Planning Advisory Service on design and access
statements. [FINDINGS/THESIS STATEMENT] >>This reveals different viewpoints on the
extent to which the introduction of design and access statements is helping the design
decision making process. Developers are more critical than local planning authorities, but all
perceive some value in the process and offer views on potential improvements.
16. Using background information
It has long been recognised that human behaviour
does not always have to be focused towards the gain
of the individual and their circle of family and friends.
Many people behave in altruistic ways that seem to
help unknown people for no obvious reason, for
example, by giving money to distant charities.
Altruism may be defined as ‘ helping behaviour that is
motivated by a selfless concern for the welfare of
another person.’ (Psychology and Society, n.d.). This
phenomenon has been studied from a number of
perspectives. The work of Reuter, Frenzel, Walter,
Markett and Montag (2011.pp.662-668) approaches
the issue from a genetic perspective, identifying the
neurotransmitter dopamine as a key factor affecting
human altruism. Other research adopts an
evolutionary perspective, investigating group
selection for altruistic behaviour is the increasing
influence of the charity and non- profit sectors in
many economies. This essay aims to examine
altruistic behaviour from an evolutionary perspective,
leading to three possible motivating factors, which
are then evaluated.
17. Background information
“It has long been recognised that human behaviour does not always have to be
focused towards the gain of the individual and their circle of family and
friends.”
“Many people behave in altruistic ways that seem to help unknown people for
no obvious reason, for example, by giving money to distant charities. “
- Sentence 1 sets the context : “It has long been recognised…..” - setting your
topic in a historical context is a good way to begin
Then let the second sentence become more focused:
“Many people behave…..” links human behaviour to the essay focus: altruism -
18.
19. Conclusions
What is the purpose of an conclusion?
What information might you find in a conclusion?
Do you have any other comments about conclusion?
20. Conclusions
•The conclusion of an essay often summarises
the main points but it should not just repeat
them.
•It shows how the arguments relate to each other
and links back to your thesis statement.
•It also draws wider conclusions such as
implications of the ideas discussed, practical
applications, predictions for the future and
suggestions for further research.
•The conclusion may also acknowledge the
limitations of the essay, for example points that
were not discussed.
•Avoid adding any new information to your
conclusion
•Avoid telling the reader how you wrote your
essay (if possible):
•e.g. X “This essay has considered a, b
and c. It has shown p, q and r. It has also
been claimed that x, y and z’.”
•e.g. √ “ ‘In conclusion, a, b and c are
clearly important’; or ‘P, q and r are key
to . . . However, x, y and z are less
central to the argument.’ ”
21.
22. Conclusion A
It can be seen, then, that chocolate is a right, as well as a social construct, but
that different social groups within Australian higher education view the concept
of ‘chocolate’ differently. Lecturers tend to prefer dark chocolate, while students
indicate a preference for milk chocolate, even though both types of chocolate
are available. More research is needed, however, to investigate gender and age
differences in regard to these preferences. Worldwide, it is evident from the
literature that despite greater transportability and increased production, in
many locations chocolate is still only available to the privileged few. What is
clear, therefore, is that although all should have a right to chocolate this is not
the case in every society, and even those who have this right do not always
choose to exercise it. Only when chocolate is finally available to everyone will it
be possible to claim that chocolate is no longer restricted to the wealthy, but has
become a right for every individual throughout the world.
23. Conclusion A
It can be seen, then, that chocolate is a right, as well as a social
construct, but that different social groups within Australian higher education
view the concept of ‘chocolate’ differently. Lecturers tend to prefer dark
chocolate, while students indicate a preference for milk chocolate, even though
both types of chocolate are available. More research is needed, however, to
investigate gender and age differences in regard to these preferences.
Worldwide, it is evident from the literature that despite greater transportability
and increased production, in many locations chocolate is still only available to
the privileged few. What is clear, therefore, is that although all should have a
right to chocolate this is not the case in every society, and even those who have
this right do not always choose to exercise it. Only when chocolate is finally
available to everyone will it be possible to claim that chocolate is no longer
restricted to the wealthy, but has become a right for every individual throughout
the world.
Summary of argument
Findings
Area for future research
Remaining problems
Strong final sentences
24. Conclusion B
In conclusion, it is apparent that the most
effective element in teaching of English articles is
the reinforcement of the notion of countability.
The evidence presented here suggests that
learners do not use articles randomly, but that
they choose articles according to whether or not
the noun is countable. The concept of
definiteness in relation to articles remains,
however, more problematic, and needs further
investigation. Despite these problems, it is
possible for teachers to make a positive
contribution to learners’ knowledge in this
important area.
25. Conclusion B
In conclusion, it is apparent that the most
effective element in teaching of English articles is
the reinforcement of the notion of countability.
The evidence presented here suggests that
learners do not use articles randomly, but that
they choose articles according to whether or not
the noun is countable. The concept of
definiteness in relation to articles remains,
however, more problematic, and needs further
investigation. Despite these problems, it is
possible for teachers to make a positive
contribution to learners’ knowledge in this
important area.
What the essay found
Summary
Future areas
Repeating benefits/relevance
of outcomes
Note the language used in each part: “it is apparent”; “evidence
suggests..”; “ needs further investigation”; “ despite… it is possible”
26. Conclusion C : More detailed
[1] In the above sections, a number of recent perspectives on business leadership strategies
between Asia, Africa, and the West have been analyzed. [2] It was argued that new multifaceted,
intercultural strategies embracing difference are required to promote success in business leadership.
[3] Two key factors were highlighted as underpinning the new analytic lenses: globalization and the
hegemonic dominance of Western business practices around the world. [4] Together, these two
factors were often seen as central to the relegation of local knowledge and practices to positions of
secondary importance, and behind the need for crossvergence strategies. [5] In short, I strongly
advocate Guo’s (2015) and Li’s (2016) support for crossvergence as it offers a definitive way forward
for international business leaders by overcoming the limitations of two alternative lenses: cultural
universalism and coming together across cultures ( convergence), and moving in opposite cultural
directions (divergence). [6] As stated by Guo (2015), crossvergence of influences and business
ideology can bring about a new system of independent cultural values, which find representation on
multiple levels of business leadership. [7] A crossvergence perspective is not only a lens that reflects
the multipolarity of the international world of business; it is also a practical business strategy that
can help a business leader’s process of decision-making across diverse cultures. [8] In the next 20
years, business success and international cooperation will depend on leaders who have an in-depth
understanding of these complexities.
27. Conclusion C
[1] In the above sections, a number of recent perspectives on business leadership strategies
between Asia, Africa, and the West have been analyzed. [2] It was argued that new multifaceted,
intercultural strategies embracing difference are required to promote success in business leadership.
[3] Two key factors were highlighted as underpinning the new analytic lenses: globalization and the
hegemonic dominance of Western business practices around the world. [4] Together, these two
factors were often seen as central to the relegation of local knowledge and practices to positions of
secondary importance, and behind the need for crossvergence strategies. [5] In short, I strongly
advocate Guo’s (2015) and Li’s (2016) support for crossvergence as it offers a definitive way forward
for international business leaders by overcoming the limitations of two alternative lenses: cultural
universalism and coming together across cultures ( convergence), and moving in opposite cultural
directions (divergence). [6] As stated by Guo (2015), crossvergence of influences and business
ideology can bring about a new system of independent cultural values, which find representation on
multiple levels of business leadership. [7] A crossvergence perspective is not only a lens that reflects
the multipolarity of the international world of business; it is also a practical business strategy that
can help a business leader’s process of decision-making across diverse cultures. [8] In the next 20
years, business success and international cooperation will depend on leaders who have an in-depth
understanding of these complexities.
1-3 briefly summarise
findings
4 brings the
arguments together
5-7 provide final
answers / opinions
8 provides a general
closing statement
by looking forward
28. Introductions or Conclusions?
1.Despite these problems, it is possible for teachers to make a positive contribution to learners’ knowledge in this important area.
2.The essay which follows gives a brief history of prepositional theory and discusses two major teaching strategies from a
cognitive linguistic perspective.
3.The concept of definiteness in relation to articles remains, however, more problematic, and needs further investigation.
4.The evidence presented here suggests that learners do not use articles randomly, but that they choose articles according to
whether or not the noun is countable.
5.These small connecting words do not necessarily exist in other languages, or may not have exactly the same meanings.
6.The use of prepositions in English has always been problematic for language learners.
7.In conclusion, it is apparent that the most effective element in teaching of English articles is the reinforcement of the notion of
accountability.
8.This makes teaching of this area very difficult, and research (Lindstromberg 1998; Brala 2002) indicates that no single method
has yet proved successful.
29. Introductions or Conclusions?
Introduction
6. The use of prepositions in English has always been problematic for language learners.
5. These small connecting words do not necessarily exist in other languages, or may not have exactly
the same meanings.
8. This makes teaching of this area very difficult, and research (Lindstromberg 1998, Brala2002)
indicates that no single method has yet proved successful.
2. The essay which follows gives a brief history of prepositional theory and discusses twomajor teaching
strategies from a cognitive linguistic perspective.
30. See how the introduction
starts general and then
gets more focussed at the
end before the main body
The conclusion starts by
commenting on what you
have written in the main
body and so is quite
specific
It then opens up to
recommendations, future
research
32. Final Points
• Ensure your introduction reflects what your main body is about
• Introductions and conclusions can vary in structure in detail : subject specific
• Use a clear structure for your introductions and conclusions : identify the
function of each sentence
• Use appropriate language to connect the sentences together
• A long introduction will be more detailed but will usually contain the same
as a shorter one