Public Health Initiative Report

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NURS 1018: Academic
Writing
A C K N O W L E D G E M E N T O F C O U N T R Y
The University of Notre Dame Australia is proud to acknowledge the traditional owners and custodians of this
land upon which our University sits. The University acknowledges that the Fremantle Campus is located on
Wadjuk Country, the Broome Campus on Yawuru Country and the Sydney Campus on Cadigal Country.
LEARNING OUTCOMES
1. Overview of assessments 1 & 2
2. How to unpack the assignment topic
3. How to recognise the characteristics of
a report
4. How to structure a report
To see a short video from Student Success about
successful university writing, use this QR code:
Or this url: https://tinyurl.com/successfuluniversitywriting
For assessments 1 & 2, you are going to research and write
about ONE of these topics:
1. Free breast screening in Australia
2. Needle exchange programs in Australia
3.The introduction of the Human Papillomavirus vaccine to the
Australian Immunisation Schedule
You need to focus on the SAME topic for BOTH assessments
TASK 1: Tell your partners which one you’ve chosen & why.

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KEY DETAILS OF ASSESSMENTS 1 & 2
ASSESSMENT DUE DATE % OF
OVERALL
GRADE
TYPE OF
WRITING
NUMBER OF
WORDS
NUMBER OF
REFERENCES
1
WEEK 3
AUG 11
11.59 pm
20 ANNOTATED
BIBLIOGRAPHY
400 2
2
WEEK 7
SEPT 8
11.59 pm
40 REPORT 1500 5 +
See Course Outline 8 – 14 for details
TASK 2
For Assignment 1, you need to find and write about 2
peer-reviewed journal articles about your chosen
topic:
What are peer-reviewed journal
articles?
Where can you find them?
TASK 3
If you did a search in the UNDA library for this topic:
Bowel screening in New Zealand
How many peer-reviewed journal articles do you think
you would find?
To go to the UNDA library advanced search, use this
QR code
Or this url: https://tinyurl.com/UNDAlibrarysearch

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ASSESSMENT 1: STRUCTURE
PARAGRAPH 1: Definition of & key info about the chosen topic / what type of
sources were included / how were these sources found & selected (100 / 4 – 5
sentences)
reference for article 1
PARAGRAPH 2: SUMMARY OF ARTICLE 1 (100 words / 4 – 5 sentences)
PARAGRAPH 3: REFLECTION ON ARTICLE 1 (50 words / 2 - 3 sentences)
reference for article 2
PARAGRAPH 4: SUMMARY OF ARTICLE 1 (100 words / 4 – 5 sentences)
PARAGRAPH 5: REFLECTION ON ARTICLE 1 (100 words / 4 – 5 sentences)
For the summary of the article, follow this guide:
Monash University. (2022). Writing the annotation: Summary.
https://www.monash.edu/learnhq/write-like-a-pro/how-to-write.../annotated-bibliography/writing-the-annotation
Example reference
Bartholomew, K., Zhou, L., Crengle, S., Buswell, E., Buckley, A., & Sandiford, P.
(2019). A targeted promotional DVD fails to improve Māori and Pacific
participation rates in the New Zealand bowel screening pilot: Results from a
pseudo-randomised controlled trial. BMC Public Health, 19(1), 1245–1245.
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-019-7582-7
This study was conducted by researchers from Waitemata District
Health Board and the University of Auckland in New Zealand over 12
months in 2014. It aimed to measure the effectiveness of sending
Māori and Pacific men promotional DVDs featuring community leaders
to encourage them to correctly use and return bowel screening kits
which they had been sent. It was a parallel-groups pseudo-
randomized trial. The study found that men who received the DVD
had lower rates of test return, which outweighed the slightly higher
rate of correct use. The researchers concluded that the DVDs were
ineffective in this public health initiative. (100 words)
Example summary
For the reflection on the article, write two sentences on
how useful the article is for your report with a brief
explanation of why or why not.
Example reflection
This article was useful for my report because it evaluated an initiative
designed to increase bowel screening rates among a demographic
group with historically low participation, despite their relatively high
rates of bowel cancer. Moreover, the large sample size and robust
method and analysis make it a reliable source of evidence. (51 words)

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ASSESSMENT 2: Report
Type of assessment: individual
Length: 1500 words
Rationale: Academic writing is a form of communication and necessary skill.
Assessments like this provide you with the opportunity to develop skills in
writing objectively, clearly and concisely to state your position and influence
others.
Task description: You are required to write a report on one of the following
public health initiatives:
3. The introduction of the Human Papillomavirus vaccine to the Australian
Immunisation Schedule
Discuss the chosen initiative, and analyse the impact that the initiative has had
on the health & wellbeing of the population group targeted.
Due date: Thursday, 8th September, 2359hrs.
Hairdresser: How would you like it?
• Main/overall academic topic:
• Any other requirements:
Length: 1500 words
Assessments like this provide you with the opportunity to develop skills in writing
objectively, clearly and concisely to state your position and influence others.
Task description: You are required to write a report on one of the following public
health initiatives:
Discuss the chosen initiative, and analyse the impact that the initiative has had on
the health & wellbeing of the population group targeted.
Assignment Topic with instructions
• topic/issue:
• Main/overall academic topic: Public health initiatives
• Specific focus of the assignment:
Length: 1500 words
health initiatives:

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• Specific focus of the assignment: Free breast screening in Australia or
Needle exchange programs in Australia or The introduction of the Human
Papillomavirus vaccine and the impact the initiative has had on the health &
wellbeing of the population group targeted.
• Kind of writing (genre):
Length: 1500 words
health initiatives:
• Kind of writing (genre): Report
• Instruction (also called ‘task’ or ‘operative’) words:
Length: 1500 words
health initiatives:
• Instruction words: Write, discuss, analyse
DISCUSS = explain what the initiative is, why it was introduced, who
it was for, what it was intended to achieve
ANALYSE = provide evidence of its impact, explain this evidence and
what it means for the success of the project (and its future)
• Number of words:

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Length: 1500 words
health initiatives:
• Number of words: 1500 -/= 10%
• Due date:
Length: 1500 words
Assessments like this provide you with the opportunity to develop skills in
writing objectively, clearly and concisely to state your position and influence
others.
Task description: You are required to write a report on one of the following
public health initiatives:
Discuss the chosen initiative, and analyse the impact that the initiative has had
on the health & wellbeing of the population group targeted.
• Number of words: 1500 -/= 10%
• Due date: Thursday, 8th September, 2359hrs
To see a video on ‘Getting your head around
assignments’, use this QR code:
Or this url: https://tinyurl.com/SuccessNowpart1
3. How to recognise the characteristics
of a report

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Report writing in a healthcare setting
Report writing is an essential skill in many professions
including nursing and midwifery.
• A report aims to provide information succinctly and must
be easy to read.
• The reader must be able understand the question/issue
quickly.
• Presentation and formatting are key to the reader being
able to do this.
• The reader should be able to scan the document and
gain an understanding of the issue.
37
Report writing in a healthcare setting
What are the differences between an
essay and a report?
A report
• Is a structured written presentation directed to interested
readers for a specific purpose, aim or request.
• The primary aim of the report is to:
• Provide an account of situation/something.
• Answer a specific question.
• Put forward a solution or proposal.
38
Differences between an essay and a report
Essay Report
Establish a proposition or respond to a question or
proposition.
Provide an argument.
A report presents information. The key aim is to
investigate, present and analyse information to
assist with decision making.
An essay is fluent in paragraph structure. A report has defined sections with (sub)-headings
and is numbered accordingly.
Paragraphs should be short and succinct paragraphs.
An essay uses a logical flow of discussion to express
ideas that are supported by academic literature.
An essay is an in-depth read.
A report uses lists and bullet points for clarity and
brevity.
The report is easy to read and can be scanned
quickly for information.
Supporting information is woven into the text.
Graphics are not overly recommended.
A report can include illustrations, diagrams, tables
and graphs wherever possible. However, context and
relevance needs to be discussed
An essay rarely requires appendices or final
recommendations.
All large amounts of supporting information must be
in the appendices.
39
Different report structures Overall structure of a Report
• Title page
• Abstract
• Table of contents (number each page)
• Introduction
• Discussion - body of report, tables/graphs
• Conclusion
• References
42

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In the title page include: Title of report, student name,
student ID, cohort, course title, submission date, tutors
name, word count.
HPV Vaccination: The impact of primary prevention on Australian public health
and the wellbeing of target populations
Student name: Jane Doe
Student ID: ************
Cohort: Semester 2 2022
Course: Introduction into Public Health (NURS1018)
Submission date: 08/09/2022
Tutor: Cathryn Josif
Word count: 1590
Abstract
• This will be the last part of the assignment you write but it is
usually the first thing a reader will look at.
• It provides a quick overview (summary) of the whole paper. Do
not include the abstract in the contents page.
• Appears before the table of contents on a page with no other
content.
• Explains the purpose and scope of your report.
• Should be a brief and accurate, outlining the background of the
topic area.
Public health initiatives such as vaccination efforts by the
National Immunisation Program to protect against human
papillomavirus (HPV) and its corresponding cancers have
improved health for men and women across Australia and the
effects are projected for many years to come. Cervical cancer
cases have significantly decreased under the Australian
Immunisation Schedule through a concentrated focus on
primary prevention and cervical cancer screenings.
Reductions in unnecessary cervical cancer cases are
possible with continued public interest and government-
funded support, dedicated programs for at risk populations,
and life-long preventive action.
Example of a student’s abstract
Public health initiatives such as vaccination efforts by the
National Immunisation Program to protect against human
papillomavirus (HPV) and its corresponding cancers have
improved health for men and women across Australia and the
effects are projected for many years to come. The primary
purpose of this report was to examine how cervical cancer
cases have significantly decreased under the Australian
Immunisation Schedule through a concentrated focus on
primary prevention and cervical cancer screenings. A review of
the literature (or “several journal articles”) demonstrated that
reductions in unnecessary cervical cancer cases are possible
with continued public interest and government-funded support,
dedicated programs for at risk populations, and life-long
preventive action.
Explain the purpose and scope of your report.
Table of contents
• Numbered
Table of contents
Table of Contents
Introduction .........................................................................................................................................4
Discussion ...........................................................................................................................................4
Target Group .............................................................................................................................4
BreastScreen Funding.................................................................................................................4
Mortality Rate ............................................................................................................................4
Morbidity Rate ...........................................................................................................................5
Benefits of Breast Cancer Screening............................................................................................6
Harmful effects of Breast Cancer Screening ................................................................................6
Breast Screening for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Women .............................................7
Breast Screening for Women with Disabilities.............................................................................8
Conclusion............................................................................................................................................8
References ...........................................................................................................................................10
Good, but it’s not numbered

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Table of Contents
1. Introduction.............................................................................................................................4
2. Discussion ...............................................................................................................................4
2.1 Target Group ................................................................................................................4
2.2 BreastScreen Funding....................................................................................................4
2.3 Mortality Rate...............................................................................................................4-5
2.4 Benefits of Breast Cancer Screening..............................................................................6
2.5 Harmful effects of Breast Cancer Screening...................................................................6
2.6 Breast Screening for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Women................................7
2.7 Breast Screening for Women with Disabilities ...............................................................8
3. Conclusion..................................................................................................................................8
References..................................................................................................................................10
The Introduction
Introduction sets the scene for the report by:
• introducing the overall topic
• providing a summary of the issue/problem
• and indicating the purpose of the report in a thesis statement
Example of a student’s introduction
The fourth leading cancer found in women
worldwide is cervical cancer with approximately
604,000 novel cases reported in 2020 alone (World
Health Organization, 2022). Evidenced by
epidemiological studies, almost 100% of women
with cervical cancer present a positive test for
human papillomavirus (HPV), however, not all those
exposed to HPV will go on to develop cancer (Kessler,
2017). HPV is an incredibly prevalent sexually
transmitted infection among both men and women,
with about 90% of the population acquiring an HPV
infection in their lifetime (see Appendix).
Approximately 90% of HPV infections are transient
and can go undetected after 1 to 2 years (Kessler,
2017). This report will discuss the introduction of the
Human Papillomavirus vaccine to the Australian
Immunisation Schedule and will analyse the impact
this initiative has had on the health and wellbeing
the targeted population group.
Introduces the overall
topic
Provides a summary of
the issue/problem
Provides a Thesis
Statement, indicating
the purpose of the
report
The body of the report/discussion
• The body of a report is a discussion or description of the
material under investigation.
• The report must logically lead the reader through the topic;
• The body uses paragraphs to separate and develop ideas
• The use of headings and subheadings will support your
structure and make the report logical for the reader.
• In the body of the report/discussion you must:
• Include at least one table/chart in your report. No more
than four charts/tables are to be included.
Tables/charts are not included in your word count.
• Include no more than one small set of dot points are
appropriate.
• Leave judgments about the content to the conclusion.
However, while breast cancer mortality rates have decreased, morbidity continues to rise.
This can be seen in Figure 2 (Australian Institute of Health and Welfare, 2021) which shows
that 9827 individuals were diagnosed with breast cancer in 1994 and nearly 20000
diagnosed in 2021 (National Breast Cancer Foundation, 2021). While radiation from breast
cancer screenings is regularly cited as a key cause of the contemporary escalation in breast
cancer cases, a recent study by Manik et al. (2021) has shown that it has not significantly
influenced the increase in mortality. According to the National Breast Cancer Foundation
(2020), several recent studies have indicated that other factors such as, the more frequent
use of hormone replacement therapy and the rise in obesity, both of which inflate estrogen
levels, have had the greatest impact on burgeoning numbers. Furthermore, the trend in
women having children at an older age, which has emerged over the last 20 years, has been
a further contributing factor (Aurin, 2020).
Use paragraphs to separate and develop ideas However, while breast cancer mortality rates have
decreased, morbidity continues to rise. This can be
seen in Figure 2 (Australian Institute of Health and
Welfare, 2021) which shows that 9827 individuals
were diagnosed with breast cancer in 1994 and
nearly 20000 diagnosed in 2021 (National Breast
Cancer Foundation, 2021). While radiation from
breast cancer screenings is regularly cited as a key
cause of the contemporary escalation in breast
cancer cases, a recent study by Manik et al. (2021)
has shown that it has not significantly influenced the
increase in mortality. According to the National
Breast Cancer Foundation (2020), several recent
studies have indicated that other factors such as, the
more frequent use of hormone replacement therapy
and the rise in obesity, both of which inflate estrogen
levels, have had the greatest impact on burgeoning
numbers. Furthermore, the trend in women having
children at an older age, which has emerged over the
last 20 years, has been a further contributing factor
(Aurin, 2020).
A TOPIC SENTENCE
introduces the
argument or topic of
the paragraph
The argument of the
topic sentence is
supported by
EVIDENCE from the
journal articles
Restated in your
own words
(paraphrased)
Arranged in a logical
sequence of
sentences
With in-text
references to
acknowledge the
sources

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Headings and subheadings will support your structure
Discussion
Breast cancer is defined as the abnormal growth of cells in the breasts. In Australian women, the most
prevalent cancer is breast cancer (Cancer Council, 2020). The BreastScreen Australia initiative was developed
by the Australian Government as a response to the increasing disease burden of breast cancer. This initiative
is a preventative mechanism which involves taking two X-ray images of each breast and analysing these
images for signs of breast cancer (Australian Government Department of Health, 2019).
Target Group
Breast cancer screening is available to all women over the age of 40. These women are offered free
mammogram screening biennially (Pienaar et al., 2019). However, the initiative is mainly targeted to women
between the ages of 50 and 74 as this age group is most at risk of developing breast cancer with 80% of
breast cancers occurring in women over the age of 50 (National Breast Cancer Foundation, 2021). These
women, aged between 50 and 74, are actively targeted and receive a letter in the mail when they are due for
their screening (Beauchamp et al., 2020).
BreastScreen Funding
BreastScreen Australia is funded by both the Australian federal government and the state and
territory governments (Australian Government Department of Health, 2019). In the 2021-22 budget, the
Australian Government invested $67.6 million to support BreastScreen Australia (Australian Government
Department of Health, 2019). The initiative is implemented into the community at the state and territory
level in fixed screening centres and mobile services which visit rural communities (Department of Health,
2022).
Mortality Rate
Breast cancer screening has decreased the mortality rate of breast cancer in Australian women since it
began in 1991 as shown in figure 1 (Australian Institute of Health and Welfare, 2021). The mortality rate
Figure 2
Breast cancer morbidity rate in Australian women from 1982-2021
Include at least one table/chart in your report
• The conclusion restates the main thesis of the report
• It reminds the reader of the most important points made in the report
and highlights what you consider the most crucial issues or findings.
• The conclusion should demonstrate the overall significance of report
content.
• No new material is included in the conclusion.
Conclusion
This report has discussed the breast cancer screening initiative in Australia and the impact it has had
on Australian women. This government funded initiative has decreased the mortality rate of breast cancer in
Australia, however morbidity rate is continually increasing due to other factors. Breast cancer screening has
benefited Australian women as it has increased the survival rate after breast cancer diagnosis and increased
the opportunity for use of less invasive and breast-conserving treatments due to early detection of breast
cancer. Breast cancer screening also has some harmful impacts on Australian women, however the benefits
outweigh the risk of harm. There are evident disparities in the impact of breast cancer on non-Indigenous
Australian women compared to Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander women and women with a disability
compared to women without a disability. Further interventions are required by BreastScreen Australia to
improve mammogram attendance rates for these women.
Example of a student’s conclusion
For more information on report writing, use this QR code:
Or this link: https://tinyurl.com/UNDAreportwriting
Review of learning outcomes
3. How to recognise the characteristics of
a report

03/08/22
11
To see a video of this presentation, use this QR code:
Or this link:
https://tinyurl.com/NURS1018academicwriting1
In week 4
• How to use essential academic conventions in your writing
e.g. academic signposting
• How to make your writing flow
• How to use APA (7th edition) referencing in your report
To register for workshops on writing and referencing, use
this QR code:
Or this url: https://tinyurl.com/UNDAworkshopcalendar

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