Ergonomics Literature Review Paper

Ergonomics Literature Review Paper
CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.0 INTRODUCTION
Employee satisfaction were based on some aspects which is supervision, ergonomics, the safety policies of the workplace, the condition of the
workplace , the employee salary and interpersonal relation that exist in the workplace. These results have been helpful for anticipating representative
turnover and hierarchical adequacy.
2.1 HISTORY OFERGONOMICS
The International Ergonomics Association (IEA, 2017) reported, Ergonomics is the scientific discipline worried about the comprehension of
connections among people and other components of a system, and the calling that applies hypothesis, standards, information and techniques to design
in order to upgrade human prosperity and general framework performance. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In industries sector, the employee frequently do extreme task which is lifting, carrying or pushing or pulling the loads and the task is done without
any help from anyone. Next, when employee is focusing on a specific task they have to move the body only on one direction for a long period of
time and day after day. The assembly line speeds is a problem for an employee because the task must finish according to the time given and the
employee must finish it faster and the grip while using the tools or equipment. (Jazani, R. K., & Mousavi, S.
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Research Paper On Ergonomics
1. Introduction
Ergonomics is an interdisciplinary field of study that seeks to design tools and equipment for optimizing the interface between humans and systems [1].
Ergonomics is also known as the process of understanding and improving human communications with types of products, equipment, environments, and
systems. Ergonomics principles are used to improve the "fit" between the worker and the workplace. Targets for ergonomics improvement are divided
into two broad categories which are physical issues, such as reaches and exertion, and cognitive issues, such as mental overload and confusing displays
[2].
Many theories, principles, methods, and data relevant to the workstation design have been generated through ergonomics research over the years. Poor
workstation design can lead to fatigued, frustrated, and hurting workers [3]. As a result, the productivity of the product and quality will decrease [4].
Often in an industry, the workstation is designed in an arbitrary manner [1], giving little consideration to the anthropometric measurements of the
anticipated user. Small changes in workstation dimension can have a considerable impact on worker productivity, and occupational health and safety.
Inadequate posture from an improperly designed workstation causes static muscle efforts and then eventually resulting in acute ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
VMI refers to the simple examination of a component for detects using the human eyes and is aided by artificial tools. VMI is usually used because it
is simple, easy to apply and quickly carried out, but good eyesight, concentration and also illumination. However, TT Electronic Sdn Bhd, which
located in Kuantan, Malaysia has some problem with VMI. At VMI, the major problem that occurred is an inappropriate workspace that can increase
fatigue to the workers, especially on the chin

Thesis Statement Of Ergonomics
PREVENTING MUSCULOSKELETAL DISORDERS AMONG SEWING MACHINE OPERATORS IN THE PHIL. NURIAN GARMENT INC.:
BASIS FOR DEVELOPING AN ERGONOMICALLY
DESIGNED SEWING WORKSTATION
A Thesis presented to the
College of Engineering and Computer Studies
In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree
Bachelor of Science in Industrial Engineering
Cortez, Gino Nigel G.
Danao, John Deryl J.
Torres, Paul Adrian V.
May 2016
Introduction
Ergonomics, also known as the study of the design of work in relation to the physiological and psychological capabilities of people, plays a large part in
preventing musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs). For the most part, MSDs are induced slowly over a significant period of time due to deficiencies in how
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Percentage Formula
Is used to determine the percentage of the respondents based on their answers. The frequency also presented the actual response of the respondents to a
specific question or item in the questionnaire. The formula used was:
Percentage formula (%) = (F/N) x 100
Where:
% = Percentage Formula N = No. of Respondents
F = Frequency

2.Weighted mean
The researchers used the weighted mean to assess the level of physical discomfort of the sewing operator experienced. The formula for weighted mean
was:
Xw = в€‘fx / N
Where:
Xw = weighted mean
в€‘fx = the sum of all the products of f and x
N = total number of respondents
3.Pearson Chi Square
A Chi square is designed to analyze categorical data. That means that the data has been counted and divided into categories. It will work with
parametric or continuous data. For Example, if you want to test whether attending class influences how students perform on an exam, using test scores
from (0–100) as data would not be appropriate for a Chi–square test. However, arranging students into the categories "Pass" and "Fail" would.
Additionally, the data in a Chi–square grid should not be in the form of percentages, or anything other than frequency (Count)

OSA Pathogenesis Paper
Though overweight and an excess of regional adipose tissue are considered major risk factors for OSA, there are also other interacting elements in
OSA pathogenesis, such as craniofacial abnormalities and an altered UA structure. The rationale of using image and speech analysis in OSA
assessment can be found on works such as Lee et al. [3, 4] and Davidson et al. [5], where the evolutionary changes in physiological characteristics
such as craniofacial morphology or acquisition of speech are connected to the appearance of OSA from an anatomical basis.
First studies looked for abnormalities within craniofacial structures using techniques and processing common in medical imaging such as cephalometry
or computed tomography (CT). In [6] authors applied sophisticated volumetric analysis on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
In [7], authors reported differences between control and OSA subjects in craniofacial structures assessed by lateral cephalometry such as position
of mandible (P < 0.05), mandibular plane angle (P < 0.05), total face height (P < 0.01), upper face height (P < 0.05), and lower face height (P <
0.05). In addition, they also reported differences in tongue (P < 0.001), soft palate (P < 0.001), and upper airway (P < 0.01) size determined from
computed tomography. In [8], authors studied oropharyngeal soft tissues profile by means of cephalometric analysis to detect differences between
control and sleep apnea individuals. Significant differences were related to the length of the soft palate (P < 0.001), area of the soft palate (P <
0.001), and distance of close contact between the tongue and soft palate (P < 0.001). These previous works rely on advanced imaging techniques,
allowing a detailed examination of bony and soft tissue structures. However, these procedures are generally cost–expensive, time–consuming, and
invasive for patients due to radiation exposure.

Design Process And Development Lifecycle
User centred (UCD) is an approach that supports the entire development process in which a product is developed for the end users needs, not a
product that is going to force the end user to change he's actions to use the product. The users needs, wants and limitations are a focus at all stages
within the design process and development lifecycle. Using the UCD methodology optimizes the final product for the end user. Typical UCD activities
are broken down into four phases in the development lifecycle: analysis, design, implementation and launch. Four UCD principles: Focus on real
end–users Validate requirements and designs Design, prototype, and develop iteratively Understand and design for the holistic user experience Benefits
of... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
When a product is in its design stage any problems that occur to the user will be easily changed. Also when a product goes live there shouldn't be
many amendments, this will save the user/company money. Reducing user stress The product is designed for the user, so the user wants/needs the
product to be easy to used. If the product was complicated to use the user would get stressed causing the quality of work or customer service to be
hindered, but if the product is easier to use then it would be less stressful for the user. Business benefits (For the Airport) Cheaper– decreases costs of
design/development Faster – shortens development time Lower Risk – decreases the risk of project slippage, and radically improved chances of user
adoption. Higher Satisfaction – Users are more satisfied with the system and understand key system capabilities QUESTION TWO With reference to
an airport check–in desk, how might different definitions of anthropometry and RULA analyses be used to identify risk factors associated with the
workplace? In your answer please make reference to various design strategies could you implement for a range of workers in this workplace. RULA
Analysis Rapid upper limb assessment is a process where an individual workers exposure to ergonomic risk factors that come from upper extremity is
evaluated. The RULA assessment tool considers biomechanical and postural load requirements of job tasks/demands on the neck, trunk and upper

Objectives Of Ergonomics
Ergonomics (or human factors) is the scientific discipline concerned with the understanding of interactions among humans and other elements of a
system and the profession that applies theory, principles, data and methods to design in order to optimize human well being and overall system
performance (W.Karwowski,2006). It is a discipline that involves arranging the work environment to fit person in it or also known the science of
fitting the work environment to the worker. It shows the interaction of a worker and their equipment and job on how to complete the work tasks. The
name 'ergonomics' comes from Greek words 'ergon', which means work and 'nomos' which means law (R.S.Bridger, 2008). Simply put, ergonomics
defined as the design of the human ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The objectives of ergonomics are to improve the efficiency of operation and to maximize productivity. It aims to ensure that human needs for safe and
efficient working are met in the design of work system and it is focusing to find the best fit between the workers and their daily work tasks and
environment. The efficiency of operation includes the widest senses of achieving the desired results without wasteful input, without error and without
damage to the person involved or to others. It is inefficient to expend unnecessary energy or time because insufficient thought has been given to the
design of the work, the workspace, the working environment and the working conditions. It is not efficient to achieve the desired result in spite of the
situation design rather than with support from it. To ensure that the working situation is in harmony with the activities of the worker is also one of
ergonomics' aims. The human operator is flexible and adaptable and there is continuous learning but there are quite large individual differences. Some
differences such as physical size and strength are obvious but others such as cultural differences and differences in style and in level of skill are less
easy to

Muscle Strength And Physical Function
II.Muscle strength
However lower limbs more relevant than upper limbs for estimation of gait and physical function, handgrip strength has been used and well correlated
with the most relevant outcomes. But there is factors unrelated to muscle strength, e.g. motivation or cognition, may interfere the correct assessment of
muscle strength (Cruz–Jentoft et al., 2010).
1)Handgrip strength
Isometric hand grip strength is well related with lower limbs muscle strength , knee extension torque and calf cross–sectional muscle area, decrease
handgrip strength is a clinical marker of poor mobility and a predictor of clinical outcomes than low muscle mass (Laurentani et al., 2003).
In practice, there is also relationship between baseline handgrip strength and disability for activities of daily living (ADL). Handgrip strength is a
good and simple measure of muscle strength, and it is well correlated with leg strength (Fox et al., 2015)
2)knee flexion/extension
Strength can be measured either isometrically or isokinetically, the latter is closer reflection of muscle function in daily activity. Isometric strength of
maximum voluntary contractions can be measured with simple custom–made equipment. Modern, isokinetic dynamometers allow both isometric and
isokinetic measurements of strength. By concentric torque at different angular velocities (Hartmann et al., 2009). This measurement is easy in frail
older people (Callahan et al., 2007).
3)Peak expiratory flow
In people without any

Office Ergonomics : A Field Of Ergonomics
However because anthropometric measures vary among nations and ethnic groups and change over time as populations and their environmental
conditions change.
As a result, the anthropometric data used in the design of the equipment used in Turkish higher education are based on anthropometric data from other
countries and thus do not represent the average body measurements of the Turkish people (Kayis, 1988; Turgut et al., 2004).
2.1 ERGONOMICS AND BRANCHES Ergonomics permeates every aspect of human endeavor. As a result, various branches or concepts of
Ergonomics have evolved and developed over the years. Some of the branches are:
2.1.1 Office Ergonomics Office Ergonomics is defines as the branch of ergonomics dealing specifically with the office environment. This field of
ergonomic considers how key workplace elements such as workstations, computers, chairs, lighting, noise level, room temperature etc. could be tailored
to fit and enhance employee health, safety and performance. Practical Solution for a Safer Workplace (2002)"
2.1.2 Macro ergonomics
This is define as a field of ergonomics that less of person specific and concentrates more on the organizational environment including the history, culture,
goal and design of the environment.
The aim of this field of ergonomics is to improve productivity and enhance employee satisfaction, health and safety.
2.2 BENEFIT OF ERGONOMIC
Ergonomic improvements to the work environment are primarily used to create a safer and

Anthropometry Technique And Physiological Changes
Anthropometry technique and physiological changes in life stages
Anthropometry has been around since the 19th century. Scientists have developed incipient techniques such as MRI, CT scans for quantifying body
compositions. According to Jellife (1966), "Anthropometry is the measurement of the variations of physical dimensions and composition of the human
body at different age levels". Anthropometry can be used to assess the nutritional status of the individual within a population by determining
physiological factors whether an individual is well nourished or undernourished.
Anthropometric technique can be identified as a direct method and developed measurements of body weight, height, circumference, and skinfold
thickness. (1) Body mass index (BMI) is calculated weight/height and used as Weight. The body weight takes into account the age and gender of the
individual. The weight was measured using a digital scale and used to categorise both overweight or obesity and also eating disorders (Wells, 2006).
Individuals will need to remove heavier outer garments for example, jackets, coats and shoes, the scale will be balanced at zero before the individual
stands on the scale. The weight is measured in kilograms in adults. All participants should be measured except pregnant women or persons who have
difficulty standing.
Another technique is (2) the standing height measured with a wall mounted stadiometer which measures the growth of the individual. The individual
need

Alphone Bertillon's System
Alphonse Bertillon was born in Paris on April 24, 1853. He was the son of the distinguished physician, anthropologist, and physician, Louis Adolphe
Bertillon (bookrags.com). Young Alphonse was seen as hopeless through his fathers eyes. He often suffered from migraine headaches, and nosebleeds,
and was very shy and lacked social skills. However, the young Bertillon was not a complete loss, he was an intellectual who had a thirst for knowledge
and shared his father's interest in statistics and anthropology (http://jimfisher.edinboro.edu). In the year 1875, Bertillon was conscripted into the french
army. After several years of armed service Bertillon was discharged. With no higher education or degrees Bertillon struggled with finding... Show more
He also noticed that the mug shots that were taken by indifferent commercial photographers, were of very low quality and often the offenders
intentionally distorted their faces while being photographed to disguise their appearance. Bertillon had a general understanding of the anthropological
statistics and anthropometric techniques from the work of his father (bookrags.com). This was in the most basic sense the study of human statistics
and the measurements and proportions of the human body. Bertillon was soon able to devise a system of identification of criminals which relied on
11 bodily measurements as well as the color of the eyes, hair, and skin. He also added standardized photographs of the criminals to his anthropometric
data. (http://www.nleomf.org/) Bertillon believed that if several body measurements were taken and recorded the likelihood that any two people
would have the same dimensions and measurements would be extremely rare or even nonexistent. Now that Bertillon had conceived a way to record
criminal records effectively, he had to devise a way to store all his gathered data in a way that an individual's record could be located, within minutes,
from thousands of other body measurement records. Alphonse Bertillon soon developed a unique filing system for the criminal records. He would first
subdivide the eleven body measurements into small, medium and large. Bertillon

Bertillion: The Use Of Fingerprinting In The United States
In 1879, Alphonse Bertillion invented the Bertillion method to record the measurements of a criminal's body to keep track of criminals in France's
prisons and jails. In 1887, R.W. McClaughry, Warden of the Illinois State Penitentiary, introduced the Bertillion method to the United States; however,
over time, the Bertillion method had been reduced to only taking the fingerprint. Fingerprinting turned into evidence for forensic science to reconstruct
crime scenes around the world, and in the United States, the use of fingerprinting by the government became more widespread to reconstruct crime
scenes instead of only preventing crimes.
The Bertillion method devolved into fingerprinting due to lack of standardization around the globe and its lack ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
Even more in the future, research into the underlying science under the fingerprint would prove the science behind a fingerprint's individuality. These
events proved that even though fingerprinting had little research on its development on the fingertips and how it related to individuality, the United
States government used fingerprinting widely over time for forensic

Facial Anthropology
Human identification is one of the important part in forensic medicine. It consists of a series of steps to differentiate individuals and establish their
identity. Forensic anthropology serves an important role in reconstructing the biological profile, taking into consideration its four main components:
ancestry, age, stature as well as sex and despites having the same bones, male and female skeleton exhibit a number of differences (Lima et all, 2012).
Sexual dimorphism is best describes as the difference based on phenotype characteristic between males and females of the same species. (Yesmin et all,
2011).
Measurements and evaluation of human body is done by physical anthropometry. Anthrpometry is defined as 'Anthropos' means man and 'metry' means
mesure. Thus, it is the measurement of body proportion and size of living and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The ratio of the morphological facial height to facial width and multiplied by 100 is known as facial index and the total facial index exhibits sexual
differences and different shapes of face. (K Sharma et all, 2014). There are several factors that affect the facial index of an individuals including race,
gender, age, ethnic, climate, nutritional, socio–economic as well as genetic factors (D.Jeramic et all, 2013). Based on facial index, we can determine the
types of faces that are classified into following five groups according to Banister's classification which are hypereuriproscopic (very broad face),
euriproscopic (broad face), mesoproscopic (round face), leptoproscopic (long face), hyperleptoproscopic (very long face).
The present study is carried out to determine the cephalic and facial index as well as to find out the type of head and face shape in various ages, sex
and races in students and staffs of Management and Science University and to compare them with previous studies in different

Crime Lab Investigation
The development of Crime labs allowed law enforcement to investigate, arrest, and convict individuals who have broken the lab. By creating crime
labs it allowed law enforcement agencies to learn from each other by documenting and researching similar crimes it allows them to follow similar
techniques in order to catch the suspects. According to former Chief of Forensic Science Richard Saferstein commented that the fist major scientist who
was accredited with establishing a theory for documenting body parts in order to link them to a certain individual. Alphonse Bertillon created a process
called anthropometry which was the process of documenting the measurements of human body parts. Bertillon theory consisted of measuring enough
body parts

The Fast Lane Infrared Bubble Toy Helicopter
1.Introduction
Engineers adapt engineering design process to plan as well as consider different relevant variables in different design stages in order to create a
pragmatic product. Also, according to Ertas (1996), the engineering design is defined as the decision making process in different scientific ways to
meet desired needs within stated objectives. A good designer who should take into account in different design issues and relevant factors during the
process of engineering design which can help to put concepts and ideas into products in effective ways.
In this essay, I would like to choose a toy called 'The Fast Lane Infrared Bubble Helicopter' to talk about three factors that might affect the conceptual
design, the preliminary design or the detailed design.
This essay mainly divides into five parts. They are the introduction, safety factors, economic concerns, human factors and ergonomics as well as
conclusion.
2.Safety Factors
Safety factor is one of the important factors that we should consider in engineering design process especially for toy industry. According to Ng Tyson
(2014) lecture 7, failure to meet the safety requirements, regulations and standards may cause serious result in lawsuits for damage under the product
liability laws. Also, brand names would be seriously affected by the issue. Therefore, design engineers must consider the above consequences seriously.
They must pay attention to minimize safety issues and the threat of litigation in

Anthropometry: French Criminologist Alphonse Bertillon
Anthropometry is systematic measuring's of human body parts that focuses on the dimensions of the body size, form, and functional capacities.
French criminologist Alphonse Bertillon developed and introduced the first structured attempt at personal identification in 1883 known as
anthropometry. Alphonse Bertillon appliedanthropometry to law enforcement creating a system that he knew for sure would identify physical
measurements of body parts. Anthropometry has also found use in medical sciences within the field of forensic medicine. Today there are many forms
of measurement that are used within biological anthropology but anthropometry is very unique, intricate, and one of the most reliable scientific
methods of criminal investigation.
At 26 years of age Alphonse Bertillon obtained a job as an assistant clerk in the criminal records office of the Paris Police Department. Only being on
the job for a couple of days Bertillon had been thinking of ways to identify offenders and maintain their arrest and criminal history records. Bertillon
knew that no two people body measurements would ever come out identical. So he thought it would be better to ... Show more content on
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Robert Hinton murdered Applegate by bashing her head in with a hammer then slit her throat with a knife; about a month later he set her body on
fire with her skull and eye socket remaining. Forensic anthropologist Dr. Joan Bytheway was called to the scene to assist law enforcement agencies
with the closing of this case. All anthropologist Dr. Bytherway had left of Deborah Applegate was ashes and bones that she turned into a skeletal
replica of her. While examining anthropologist found a clean bone that was dislodged before the body was burned. Dr. Bytherway knew for a fact
what happened to Applegate and her family would finally receive some closure after two years of pain and agony thanks to the father of anthropometry
Alphonse

Biological Determinism
1. Introduction
The nineteenth century saw the start of the scientific debate in which brain size was presumed to indicate intelligence. Which in turn lead some
scientists to the conclusion that men, having on average a larger brain size than women, may be more intelligent.
The industrial revolution, and the work by Darwin in biological determinism, are described by Radek (2008) as having created a significant distinction
between the nature and roles of men and women, during the nineteenth century. While women were allowed to be educated, they were discouraged, as
it was perceived to be harmful towards the family, and as a possible cause for uterine dysfunction and madness (Radek, 2008). In addition, biological
determinism and social parameters ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Studies by Broca concluded that, on average, the brain of a women is one hundred and eighty one grams lighter than that of a man, or fourteen percent
(Gould, 1978). However, not all researchers are convinced of these findings. Researcher Gould (1978) explains how Broca may not have allowed for
variations in height, body shape or degeneration when comparing his measurements. However, Rushton (1997) counters that even Gould's revision of
Broca's data indicates a difference in relative

Malnutrition, Its Impacts And Consequences Essay
Discuss and define malnutrition, its impacts and consequences in both adult and paediatric patients, reflecting on your experiences from classroom
discussions, A placement and the key evidence base. Include discussions of screening and use of the nutrition support algorithm and describe and
discuss the tools used in settings to enable effective nutrition support.
Malnutrition is the imbalance of body nutrients, energy and protein, which cause negative impacts on the body and its functions. Imbalances can mean
levels exceed bodily requirements (overnutrition), leading to conditions like obesity and vitamin overdose effects. Malnutrition also refers to
insufficient intake (undernutrition), which can cause conditions such as anaemia.
From a clinical perspective, malnutrition is "a body mass index (BMI) of less than 18.5kg/m2, unintentional weight loss greater than 10% within the
last 3–6 months, a BMI of less than 20kg/m2 and unintentional weight loss greater than 5% within the last 3–6 months" (Malnutrition Task Force,
2013, p.7).
One suggested cause of malnutrition is financial limitations, as not all families can afford nutritionally rich, balanced diets. The National Children's
Home (NCH) Poverty and Nutrition Survey 1991 found that two thirds of children and more than ВЅ of the parents (of families attending NCH Family
Centres) were eating nutritionally inadequate diets (Leather, 1996, p.20). From A Placement observation of a paediatric outpatient clinic, it is evident
that

Action Figures And Men Analysis
Whether we like it or not, pop culture is taking the young generation and even the older ones by storm. The influence that the young generation
receives on a day to day basis can range from the media, parents, friends and even their favorite stores. As interesting and glamorous pop culture is; it
does not always leave the best imprint in the long run. In this short essay we will examine if pop culture has really damaged the young generation and
has caused them to make different life choices.
As many feminists would like to argue, Barbie is taking a toll on young women's confidence by bringing up unreasonable and unachievable
expectations regarding looks, encouraging infinite consumerism, excluding any bodies out of the gender binary and a terror for aging. In the article
"Action Figures and Men" there has been a same approach about Barbie's unattainable body and lifestyle, alongside with G.I. Joe and wolverine who
have unrealistic body measurements and affect young boys' self–esteem same way as Barbie does to girls. As we read in The Anthropometry of Barbie,
she is a doll made to portray the 'good girl' image; she is sexy, smart, rich, and extremely ambitious. Barbie teaches girls more than just to be pretty and
an 'eye candy', as ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
She has been involved with many social organizations such as UNICEF, animal rescue and saving the environment(pg281). She teaches young kids to
dream, no matter how big it is. Mattel, the company

OSA Pathogenesis
Though overweight and an excess of regional adipose tissue are considered major risk factors for OSA, there are also other interacting elements in
OSA pathogenesis, such as craniofacial abnormalities and an altered UA structure. The results obtained in Lee et al. [3, 4] and Davidson et al. [5]
suggest that the appearance of OSA is connected to physiological changes in craniofacial morphology or acquisition of speech. First studies used
cephalometry and computed tomography (CT) to examine possible abnormalities within craniofacial structures. Both techniques are very common in
medical imaging procedures. In [6] authors applied sophisticated volumetric analysis on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the upper airway soft
tissue structures in

Breastfeed In Health Care
"Nutritional status is the balance between nutrient intake and nutrient requirements" (Jarvis, 2012). "Optimal nutritional status is achieved when
sufficient nutrients are consumed to support [the] body's needs and any increased metabolic demands caused by growth, pregnancy, or illness"
(Jarvis, 2012). Newborns require intense nutritional and metabolic needs as they increase 50% in their length in the first year of life and double it by 4
years of age (Jarvis, 2012). Breast milk provides "specific nutrition" that meets the infant's nutritional needs and there has been "indisputable evidence"
from research that demonstrates the health benefits of breastfeeding infants including a "lower incidence [of diseases] such as otitis media, atopic ...
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And so, these are some reasons why breastmilk and breastfeeding are actively encouraged in health care (DHHS, 2014). However, when a new
mother refuses to breastfeed it is "important for nurses to explore the positive and negative aspects of breastfeeding from the mother's perspective"
(Barrientos & Bylaska–Davies, 2015). This is because "nurses spend the most time with mothers during the pre and post–partum period, as well as care
for the infants following delivery"(Barrientos & Bylaska–Davies, 2015). Therefore with effective communication and education on different options for
feeding, and by conducting frequent nutritional assessments of the infant the nurse can ensure adequate nutrition for the infant. The Best Start 3 Step
Breastfeeding Counseling Strategy can be used: by asking the mother open–ended questions, affirming her feelings, and educating the mother on the
advantages for both the mother and the child (Lazarov & Evans, 2011). It is important to note that educating the mother with information should not be
overwhelming but should be in "small amounts of information that is relevant for the individual mother" (yellowpdf). If the new mother still is
undecided about breastfeeding the nurse should continue to encourage the use of breastmilk, expressed milk, and pumping (DHHS,

How Does Resistance Training Affect Golf Performance?
Golf is a sport that seems to become more popular each year. It is traditionally known as a sport that focuses on its technical and mental aspects. In
contrast to a sport like baseball or football, golf is not traditionally known for its muscular strength or power. Until about a decade ago, researchers
feared that if golfers were to engage in resistance training programs, it could alter their range of motion and ultimately hinder their overall golfing
performance. It is known that resistance training does improve both male and female golfers driving distance and club head speed upon completing
the program. Experience is another vital factor when it comes to a golfers driving distance and club head speed. Golf is a game that requires numerous
hours of practices just on the mechanics. For example, in ones' golf swing, if they were right–handed and did not keep their left arm straight during
their back–swing, their golf ball would not travel its possible maximum distance. Therefore, one would have to spend numerous hours in a driving
range perfecting their golf swing. Gordon (2009) used fifteen golfers with a minimum of three years of experience ... Show more content on
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Leary (2012), Keogh (2009), and Lephart (2007) all designed studies that utilized golfers who all had similar handicaps, either a high– or
low–handicap, to determine if handicap plays a factor into ones driving distance and club head speed. After completion of each study, it was
determined that handicap does play a great factor in a golfers driving distance and club head speed. Golfers who obtain a lower handicap, compared to
golfers who have a high handicap, showed a greater improvement in both their driving distance and club head speed. It was determined that either a
kinathropometric, anthropometry, flexibility, muscular strength, or endurance program would positively affect ones driving distance and/or club head

Influence Of The Body Features Of Barbie On The Ideal...
The Influence of The Body Features of Barbie on The Ideal Feminine Body I. Introduction: Manufactured by the American toy company Mattel,
Barbie has become the most famous and popular doll in the world. She has conquered more than 150 countries and over one billion Barbie dolls have
been sold around the world since they were launched. Barbie is a young beautiful blonde who is rich and highly–skilled. Mattel claims that she can do
more than 150 jobs and buy anything she wants, including clothes, convertible cars and houses. She works as a feminine model, telling girls that they
are not worse than boys and that they can be even more successful in their careers. However, people question the anthropometry of Barbie, raising...
Studies made by Suzanne Ive compares girls exposed to images of Barbie dolls with girls exposed to images of Emme dolls that represent a more
realistic body shape. They find that "very young girls experience heightened body dissatisfaction after exposure to Barbie doll images but not after
exposure to Emme doll (or neutral control) images (Ive, 290)." Therefore, the evidence suggests that the body shape of Barbie does affect girls '
view of their bodies. Because girls admire Barbie 's unattainable body shape, they become disappointed at their own bodies. Some people argue that
children will not be influenced if they realize that Barbie is just a toy. This is true. As they grow old, children forget those toys with which they used
to play, including Barbie dolls. Therefore, a simple toy is not going to influence a person 's mind too much. However, the anthropometry of Barbie
represents a widespread stereotyped view of beauty in our society: thinner is better. In Am I Thin Enough Yet?, Sharlene Hesse
–Biber describes a girl
who crazily lost weight by dieting, vomiting and endlessly exercising (Rothenberg, 547). The girl does so because it is commonly admitted that a
thin woman is always prettier and more attractive to men than a fat woman. This is similar to racism. "Racism is not about how you look, it is about
how people assign meaning to how you look (Kelley, 2003)." People thought that white skin was better so white people used to be considered

The System Of Science And The Law
CHAPTER 1 Justice and Science Written Assignment
Q.1 The system of science and the law have two different purpose. Summarize these in your words.
Ans. The purpose of science and law are completely different from each other. As science is responsible for making us understand the natural world.
Science is completely based on data and concepts which are together called scientific methods. Where law serves as system to find the truth via fair
trial and decision of judge or jury.
Q.2 What type of incident was the most important in driving the initial development of forensic science?
Ans. The incident that acted as a driving force in the development of forensic science was the discovery of Locard's exchange principal which was
evolved from ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Mathieu Orfila (1847–1915) Spanish, French toxicologist was a forensic specialist as he worked and mastered his skills in forensic toxicology and
solved many case of the same.
Calvin Goddard (1891–1955) American scientist who worked in the field of firearm and developed systematic examination system for identification
and classification of firearms.
Q.4 List the forensic scientists that were involved in the early development of fingerprints. What made fingerprint so important to forensic science at
the turn of the 20th century?
Ans. Fingerprints were used since 18th century as a mode of identification from one individual to another. Many famous scientists were involved in
early development of the same. Following are some of them.
1.Victor Balthazard (1852–1950), French
Showed the uniqueness of fingerprints. His probability model showed that chances of same fingerprints are 1060 in different individuals.
2.Alphonse Bertillion (1853–1914), French
He was first scientist to solve a murder case using fingerprints in Europe.
3.Sir Fancies Galton (1822–1911), English
He started collecting thumbprints in 1888. He was the person who actually developed the first classification system for fingerprints which was later
used by British government. Galton also showed the different patterns of finger prints like whorl, arch and loop. Fingerprints became important at the
turn of 20th century because of there uniqueness as discovered by

Human Factors Report
Human Factors Report CONTENTS INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................... 3 VISUAL SENSORY
SYSTEM ..................................................................................... 4 AUDITORY, TACTILE AND VESTIBULAR
SYSTEM...................................................... 6 COGNITION........................................................................................................... 8 DECISION
MAKING................................................................................................ 9 DISPLAYS AND
CONTROLS................................................................................... 10 ANTHROPOMETRY AND WORKSPACE DESIGN
..................................................... 11 By Harry Smart – 7233663 Human Factors – MEE40005 INTRODUCTION The task at hand is to analyse a
human–machine system. Topics such as; visual sensory systems, auditory, tactile and vestibular systems, cognition, decision making, displays and
controls, and anthropometry and workspace design will be explored. The aim of this project is to show understanding of human factors by applying
them to a human–machine system. For this report a human–machine system had to be chosen to analyse. The chosen product is a mobile phone, more
specifically a Nokia 6220 (as pictured below). This product is relevant to this project because it encompasses many of the different topics that will be
considered and when

Difference Between Ice Vest And Controls
Results Figure 1: shows mean HR for control (WO) and Ice–vest (W) groups against time with SD bars. Related–samples Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test
show the differences between ice–vest and controls are insignificant 0.469 (P<0.05). The beginning and end HR difference for ice–vest and control
were 69.33bpm and 41.67bpm respectively. Figure 2: Shows mean Ts (В°C) of participants for ice–vest and control against Time with SD bars.
Related–Samples Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test shows no significant difference between Ice–vest and Control effects on Ts (p<0.352). Figure 3: shows
the differences in temperature between pre and post Tc (В°C) of Ice–vest and control tests with SD bars. Paired–samples T test show there was no
significant difference... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Related–Samples Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test showed no significant difference between plasma percentages for Ice–vest and control pre–test results.
Related–Samples Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test showed no significant difference between plasma percentages for ice–vest and control post–test results
(p<0.344). Discussion The significances from figures 1–5 would suggest that the Ice–vests caused no significant physiological changes (p<0.05).
However these results are inconclusive as the results are not representative of the male population with only 6 participants and no repeats which makes
it statistically unreliable and non–representative. Although Figure 1 shows no significant difference between control and ice–vest it is apparent that
there is a lower mean HR for the ice–vest testing in the first 8 minutes of the experiment. This can be explained by Figure 2 which shows the reduction
in Ts for ice–vest compared to the control during the first 5 minutes of the experiment. This reduction in Ts causes a reduction in the need for blood
flow to the skin which directly causes an increase in available blood for central circulation (Marino, 2002). The vasoconstriction as a result of the cold
stimuli of the jacket would naturally increase the stroke volume (SV) and consequently cause a reduction in HR (Marino, 2002). Increased muscle
blood flow could improve performance potentially. Figure 1 results showed that the ice–vest tests beginning and end HR difference was 69.33 bpm

The Success And Failures Of The Modern Police Operations
Introduction When it comes to issues within any organization, it is always important and critical to examine the origins, the successes and failures in
order to grow and improve. The Modern Police Operations is not excluded from that process. In this body of work, the history of law enforcement
operations as well as the key law enforcement agencies that are responsible for enforcing law, the explanation of one major change to law enforcement
operations and the reason why the change was necessary, the opinion of the author in regards to whether or not the change was an improvement to police
operations and lastly, discussing the main requirements related to training that local and federal law enforcement agencies must address.
Keywords: Police, Operations, law, changes, positive, negative
History: Summation of Criminal Investigation From the 1900's to today, criminal investigation has undergone a transformation of sorts. Within this
timeframe, the obtainment and process of evidence has not only become easier but, it has also become detailed in the results, helped with the
capturing and apprehension of suspects and provide a tracking system to Law Enforcement Officials in regards to suspects and ex–offenders. In
reference to the history of Criminal Investigation, it would be improper to not address some of the tools that help officials garner results. In the 19th
century, the potential of fingerprints was realized but, was not brought to its fullest potential until the 20

Police Enforcement And Criminal Investigation Essay
Law enforcement, in some form, has existed for centuries and since its creation there has been numerous improvements. Improvements have come
about because of community changes and the need for more effective ways of policing the people. As crimes became more fierce and complex so did
the need for the investigation and solving of these crimes. Criminal investigative techniques were not just born from thin air, some thought and
planning had to go into figuring out the proper ways to go about doing things. Pioneers of the criminal justice and criminal investigation field such as
August Vollmer, Alphonse Bertillon, Edward Henry, and Edmond Locard have made superior contributions to the development of criminal
investigative techniques. These techniques have impacted the way police operate today and set a substantial base for law enforcement to build on.
Alphonse Bertillon devised a system simply called, The Bertillon System. This was a first attempt at criminal identification and was thought to be
reliable and accurate. Bertillon developed an anthropometric system of physical measurements of body parts, especially components of the head and
face. This system was used primarily to determine if a person in custody had committed a previous crime. Archives of these records began to be
compiled. A form of this system is still used today, but we now call them "mugshots". (Bertillon System of Criminal Identification, 2011). Although
mugshots are still used today, anthropometry was

Louis Klein
The National Gallery of art in Washington D.C. is pleased to announce that they will be hosting a restaging of pieces by Yves Klein along with a
reenactment of Anthropometries, a performance piece that debuted in the International Gallery of Contemporary Art in 1947. The gallery is set to
feature a wide range of Klein's pieces including Monochrome Blue, various performance pieces, and select experimental pieces from the end of his
career. The wide array of pieces showcased guarantees enjoyment for enthusiasts of all kinds. The above is set to be unveiled on April 28th, 53 years
to date after Klein's death; we will memorialize him not only in his paintings but with his performance art as well. The exhibit is designed to walk the
spectator... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In typical fashion, some of Klein's newly gained notoriety went to his head and in turn, shined through his works of art. For example, in his article
"True Blue" featured in The New Yorker, Peter Schjeldahl mentioned that "Still, some quality of ego
–transcending devotion persists through all Klein's
work." Klein is very confident and fearless even when the work its not complex and leans toward minimalist. After several months of exhibitions
he makes a shift in his style of art that has become known as his "Blue Period" (January 1957). Blue Monochrome was his first real success. It's
notoriety came with a show based around his new color in question, "International Klein Blue". What makes his new color interesting is that he
actually created with the help of a chemist. Monochrome Blue has no trace of line or imagery, it simply surrounds the viewer in color, provoking
meditation and deep thought. This notion of meditation and deep thought may be a reference to the sky, the Holy Ghost, or even Mary's robe which
was often depicted as vibrant blue in Renaissance paintings.The idea to reference art history was a very contemporary and post modern idea showing
him ahead of the times. Klein's blue period was seen as a amazing success and to show gratitude in Paris they released 1,001

Relationship Between Antthropometrics And Ergonomics
Human Factors, Anthropometrics, Ergonomics and
Their Relationship with Design
There are few situations in which a product is designed specifically for a single individual. For example, luxury items that are custom built for people
with a great deal of money. Moreover, there a number of individuals who rely on these "luxury" custom built items due to disabilities and unique
physical characteristics. However, the majority of the products and spaces today are designed with the whole population in mind. These products must
be designed to be adequate for a population of users. Most of the time with adjustability or a range of heights and sizing.
We all understand the need that clothing must be manufactured in a large range of sizes. Due to... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This information can contribute to the design and evaluation of tasks, jobs, spaces, and environments to make them the most compatible with the
limitations, disabilities, and needs of the general population.
In conclusion, Anthropometrics is the study of the sizes of people in relation to products and spaces manufactured. Human Factors or "Ergonomics" is
the relationship between people and the products in which they use. Moreover, Anthropometric data is used to help designers and design products meet
ergonomic needs.
Although Anthropometrics and Ergonomics are primarily scientific fields, designers should be aware of these human factors to ensure their product
and spaces are safe and socially responsible. These studies allow designers to accommodate the vast majority of the population so as many people as
possible can use and interact with the product or space. "Good designers observe these qualities first because no one wants to use or own a product
that carries out a task poorly or dangerously." In conclusion, designers should always rely on and research anthropometric and ergonomic data when
designing functional spaces and

Mann And Russel's Seckel Syndrome
Seckel Syndrome reported by Mann and Russel in 1959, this condition was extensively studied by Seckel in 1960. More precise criteria for diagnosis
have been recently been set forth. ABNORMALITIES: The abnormalities regarding growth are– Prenatal onset of marked growth deficiency. Average
birth weight at term is 1543g (1000 to 2005g) Mean postnatal growth is 1543 deficiency is –7.1 SD +/– 2.08. One adult was 104 cm. Delayed bone
age. Genitalia showing Cryptorchidism. In Craniofacies abnormalities are: Microcephaly with secondary premature synostosis. In one–half of cases,
head circumference is more retarded than height, while for the remainder it is as retarded as height. Receding forehead. Prominent nose, micrognathia,
low– set malformed

Alphonse Bertilon Essay
Alphonse Bertillon
Alphonse Bertillon was the first to truly create the scientific method of criminal identification. Born in 1853, Bertillon was from Paris France and came
from a family of scientific background. His father, Dr. Louis Adolphe Bertillon, was a distinguished physician, statistician, and the vice president of the
Anthropological society of Paris. Bertillon's grandfather was also a well known naturalist and mathematician. (Ashbaugh, 1999). Bertillon was a poor
student and lacked the talent of his father and grandfather to be successful in the science field. As a boy, Bertillon had heard his father and grandfather
and other scientists discuss statistics and the hypothesis that no two people have identical physical ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
He then sent several reports to the Prefect of Police but they turned him down. Then a new prefect police took office that was a friend of Bertillon's
father. The new prefect police finally allowed Bertillon to introduce anthropometry on an experimental basis for three months. Bertillon made his first
identification on February 20, 1883, less than two weeks before his experiment was over. Bertillon success of anthropometry spread to other countries.
Many countries set up anthropometry laboratories. However anthropometry would soon be replaced with a new identification method called
fingerprints. Sir Francis Galton was invited to Paris so Bertillon could increase his knowledge of fingerprints. Bertillon felt that in the beginning that
fingerprints were not very practical due to the lack of classification system. He eventually included fingerprints on the end of his anthropometry cards
as a final check of identifications. Anthropometry was discarded in France and replaced by fingerprint identification upon Bertillon's death in 1914.
According to Jain Anil, fingerprint–based identification is the oldest method which has been successfully used in numerous applications and though
Bertillon's anthropometry raised many valid points in forensic science, it was discarded and replaced by the fingerprint identification method after
Bertillon's death 1914.
Fingerprints, known for each person to have unique ones, are made of a series of ridges and furrows on the

What Is The Effectiveness Of Nutrinet-Health
This is the first time that the effects of relaxation practices are assessed on overweight and obesity. According to a French study Nutrinet–Health,
published in the American Journal of Preventive Medicine, the risk of obesity would be reduced by 50%.
The mind–body disciplines like yoga, relaxation therapy, meditation, are now widely known and recommended, including by physicians, for their
beneficial effects on stress, anxiety, and emotional management in general.
Numerous scientific studies in particular validate the effectiveness of mindfulness meditation, or "mindfulness" to fight against stress, inflammation
and depression. However, the impact of these practices on overweight and obesity had never been assessed.
A Nutrinet–Health study,

Hand Analysis Essay
Fingerprints are actually quite fascinating! They form on the volar pads of the embryo between the 14 and 16 weeks of gestation, several months
before birth and as we all know from CSI and other TV programs, your fingerprints never change. Also if you look carefully at your fingerprints,
they resemble energy patterns. The whorl, loop, tented arch and arch are found throughout nature. For example, The Milky Way resembles the whorl;
waves of the ocean mirror the loop etc. The second system decoded in Hand Analysis is your personality psychology reflected in the shape, lines,
fingers and mounds of the hand. They reveal your personality traits for example your preferred emotional and communication style and how you in
take in and process information, your willpower, how you get things done etc. This is the system we are most familiar with from the discipline of
psychology and what is mostly revealed in... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Psychology has taught us that some traits are inborn, we have them at birth. However, I have seen many example of how the shape, lines, fingers and
mounds can and sometimes do change. Why? Because there is more communication between your brain and your hands than any other part of our
body! So your hands can reflect the changes in your brain as you grow and develop. Archetype of the WeaverNow let's explore how cloth is woven.
On a loom there are the threads that run vertically. These threads are the "bones" of the cloth. If there is a problem with the vertical threads there is a
problem with the entire piece. And to make it even more challenging these vertical threads – often the source of the difficulty – are hidden, covered up
by the horizontal threads. For me the vertical threads represent what is predestined, things that cannot be changed. For example your Soul Agenda as
well as where and what family you are born into and other personality

Les Demoiselles D Avignon Andre Salmon Analysis
I will be focusing on two of the readings; the Andre Salmon essay an Anecdotal History of Cubism written during Picasso's time in 1912, and the
David Lomas article In Another Frame: Les Demoiselles D'Avignon and Physical Anthropology. The Salmon essay, as the title suggests, focuses on the
Cubist movement as it was understood during his time, making sure to delineate Picassos early work as Picassisme. Salmon recognises the novel
aspect of Cubism as a way in which to depict an object holistically through geometric forms and "painting beings and things such as they are and not as
our eye recognizes them...". He describes the disjointed history of the movement and its artists, quoting Metzinger saying "Cubism is a means, not and
end." Salmon continues... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The Lomas article takes a more specific approach by looking at Picassos Les Demoiselles D'Avignon and how the form of the prostitutes could have
been shaped by the dominant physical anthropological doctrine of the day. Lomas also studies Demoiselles as Picasso's challenge and in many ways,
celebration, of the widespread belief about the degeneration of Western civilized society. Lomas provides a background on the common anthropological
beliefs of the day with a focus on anthropometry, which gave scientific backing to the racial, cultural and sexual hierarchy; a hierarchy that Picasso
rebels against through the usage of primitive sources and morally degenerate subject matter. The degeneracy of the prostitute's profession associated
them with races at the bottom of the established hierarchy. As a result of this association, Picasso depicts the prostitutes with the anthropometrically
assumed masculine body type of non–western, and more specifically, African and Oceanic people. Lomas provides examples of the preparatory
sketches for Demoiselles allowing the reader to see Picasso research and develop the prostitute's body

Early Sport Diversification Research
In regards to the development of young athletes, a controversial question exists; will the path of early sport diversification or the path of early sport
specialization ultimately lead to greater sport expertise and elite performance? Specifically, what effects can each pathway have on development of a
child's physical fitness and motor coordination as well as a young athletes career development? Stakes run high for sports with limited scholarship
availability and national team sports, so, when it comes to athletes who are identified as talented at a young age, in many cases they are pushed to
specialize in that sport early by parents with high expectations and aggressive coaches eager for success. Early sport diversification begins with the ...
al (2011) showed that significant differences existed between the two groups in the development of their physical fitness and gross motor coordination.
Initially, the data showed that boys' ages 10–12 that sampled multiple sports had significant differences in strength, speed, agility, and gross motor
coordination. There also existed a positive correlation between the number of hours spent participating in sports per week and its effect on
performance. Boys who spent more hours per week training did significantly better on the strength, flexibility, speed, agility, cardiovascular endurance,
and gross motor coordination tests among all age groups. Advantages of this study include that it's ability to gather data from a large population of
boys from multiple age groups (6–12) and focuses on the basic components of athletic development due to anthropometry, physical fitness, and gross
motor coordination. Unfortunately, the study failed to recognize if the children who participated in multiple sports have better physical fitness and
gross motor coordination solely due to sport sampling. It is possible that better athletes choose to participate in more sports. Fransen et. al (2011)
concluded his study finding that early diversification may lead to slower improvement in performance than early specialization, but spending many
hours per week in multiple sports before the age of twelve exposes children to a broad range of physical, personal, and

Design Features Of The School Furniture
and the measurements and design features of the school furniture they use (Yeats, 1997; Panagiotopoulou et al., 2004).
As we noted earlier, furniture has a significant effect on human health. Thus, it is essential to use anthropometric data to guide the design of school
desks and chairs.
However, because anthropometric measures vary among nations and ethnic groups and change over time as populations and their environmental
conditions change.
As a result, the anthropometric data used in the design of the equipment used in Turkish higher education are based on anthropometric data from other
countries and thus do not represent the average body measurements of the Turkish people (Kayis, 1988; Turgut et al., 2004).
2.1 ERGONOMICS AND BRANCHES Ergonomics permeates every aspect of human endeavor. As a result, various branches or concepts of
Ergonomics have evolved and developed over the years. Some of the branches are:
2.1.1 Office Ergonomics Office Ergonomics – Practical Solution for a Safer Workplace (2002)" Office Ergonomics and defines it as the branch of
ergonomics dealing specifically with the office environment. This field of ergonomic considers how key workplace elements such as workstations,
computers, chairs, lighting, noise level, room temperature etc. could be tailored to fit and enhance employee health, safety and performance.
2.1.2 Macro ergonomics
This field is less of person specific and concentrates more on the organizational environment including the

What Makes An Elite Athlete Become Highly Competent And...
Ever since the creation of the ancient Olympic Games, held in Olympia, Greece, in the 8th century BC, there has been athletic competition between
different nations, groups, tribes, and individuals. Today, elite athletes participate in a wide variety of athletic pursuits, competing in differing events
throughout the world. What makes an elite athlete become highly competent and possess a higher level of performance than other individuals? This is
the essential question that has driven multiple specialists to explore individual's athletic ability thru a look into the genetic disposition of those
individuals. For while training, exercising, planning, nutrition, motivation, patience, etc. all have an important role upon an individual's... Show more
The first real evidence of genetics' role upon athletic performance came with the publication of the human genome project. Once the human genome
had been completely mapped out this allowed researchers to finally have a starting point to locate and identify individual genes that could be then
attributed to an individual's success as an athlete. The Human Gene Map for Performance and Health–Related Fitness Phenotypes: The 2006–2007
Update, published and updated by Molly S. Bray, James M. Hagberg, Louis Perusse, Tuomo Rankinen, Stephen M. Roth, Bernd Wolfarth, and Claude
Bouchard was an update of the human gene map for physical performance and health–related fitness phenotypes that covers the research advances that
were reported during the years of 2006 and 2007. The genes and markers with evidence of association or linkage with a performance or a fitness
phenotype in sedentary or active people, in responses to acute exercise, or for training–induced adaptations are positioned on the map of all autosomes
and sex chromosomes. The individuals for these studies came from a wide background in order to have a better study for results on a broad spectrum.
This fitness and performance map currently includes two–hundred and fourteen autosomal gene entries and quantitative trait loci plus seven others on
the X chromosome, along with eighteen mitochondrial genes that have been shown to influence fitness and

24-Hour Dietary Analysis
The 24–hour dietary recalls were assessed with the standardized, interactive PC–guided program EPIC–Soft (11, 12). 847 participants, в‰Ґ18 years old
(only these were invited for anthropometry assessment and a blood sample), completed at least two (most of them three) 24–hour recalls. The 24–hour
recalls were assessed by trained study personnel in a telephone interview. The data from the recalls per person were weighted for weekday and
weekend day to calculate the average daily food intake. The different foods reported during the 24–hour dietary recalls were grouped into 17 food
groups (12). Nutrient intakes were calculated using food content data from the German food composition database "Bundeslebensmittelschluessel"
(version II.3) (BgVV, Berlin,

Ergonomics Literature Review Paper

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