Healthcare

1. PRESENT BY
M.MAHENDRAN., MOT (PAEDIATRIC)
FINAL YEAR
SANTOSH COLLEGE OF OCCUPATIONAL THERAPY ,
GHAZIABAD.
ERGONOMICS

2. WHAT IS ERGONOMICS?
 The science of work – understanding the
interactions among humans and other elements of a
system (International Ergonomics Association.
 The study of humans, objects, or machines and the
interaction between them (Braveman & Page, 2012).
 The study of work performance with an emphasis
on work efficiency, safety, and productivity (Jacobs,
2008).
OT purpose in Ergonomics
Optimize function and work performance through
education,
intervention, and adaptation .

3. LINKING ERGONOMICS TO OT THEORY
 Canadian Model of Occupational Performance and
Engagement (CMOP-E)
 Model of Human Occupation (MOHO)
 Person-Environment-Occupation (PEO) Model
 Biomechanical Frame of Reference

4. THE JOB/TASK BEING DONE:ERGONOMICS
■ The demands on the worker (activities, workload, work pacing,
shiftwork and fatigue).
■ The equipment used (its design in terms of size, shape, controls,
displays, and how appropriate it is for the task).
■ The information used (how it is presented, accessed, and
changed).
■ The physical environment (temperature, humidity, lighting, noise,
vibration).

5. THE ORGANISATION AND SOCIAL ENVIRONMENT:
Teamwork and team structure.
 Supervision and leadership. Health and Safety Executive Ergonomics and human
factors at work
 Supportive management
 Communications.
 Resources.
find a range of physical and psychological abilities in your workforce which you may
need to take into account in designing the plant and equipment they use, and the
tasks they perform. By assessing people’s abilities and limitations, their jobs,
equipment and working environment and the interaction between them, it is possible
to design safe, effective and productive work systems.

6. HOW CAN ERGONOMICS AND HUMAN FACTORS IMPROVE HEALTH AND SAFETY?
APPLYING ERGONOMICS TO THE WORKPLACE CAN:
Reduce the potential for accidents;
Reduce the potential for injury and ill health;
improve performance and productivity. Taking account of ergonomics and human
factors can reduce the likelihood of an accident. For example, in the design of
control panels, consider:
the location of switches and buttons – switches that could be accidentally knocked
on or off might start the wrong sequence of events that could lead to an accident;
expectations of signals and controls – most people interpret green to indicate a
safe condition. If a green light is used to indicate a ‘warning or dangerous state’ it
may be ignored or overlooked; information overload – if a worker is given too
much information they may become confused, make mistakes, or panic. In
hazardous industries, incorrect decisions or mistaken actions have had catastrophic
results

7. ERGONOMIC ;THE INDIVIDUAL’S PHYSICAL AND
PSYCHOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS
 Body size and shape.
 Fitness and strength.
Posture.
 The senses, especially vision, hearing and
touch.
Mental abilities.
 Personality.
 Knowledge.
 Training.
Experience.

8. ERGONOMIC ASSESSMENTS
Rapid Upper Limb Assessment (RULA)
Rapid Entire Body Assessment (REBA)
Rapid Office Strain Assessment (ROSA)Job Strain Index
Ergoscience Physical Work Performance Evaluation
 (PWPE)
Quick Exposure Check (QEC)

10. INTERVENTIONS IN OT PRACTICE
Conducting assessments and developing interventions for individual workers
 Providing health promotion and/or injury prevention education programs to
groups of workers
 Designing and modifying workplace tools, equipment, or behaviors to
prevent injury and increase performance
 Consulting with employers and insurance companies to reduce worker’s
compensation costs and promoting workplace wellness , Education and
demonstration on proper body mechanics when performing heavy duty
tasks
 Providing self-management education
 Helping workers successfully return to work after injuries

11. ERGO RISK FACTORS IN BIOMECHANICS

12.  These are workplace situations that cause wear and tear
on the body and can cause injury. There are many
different ways to break up the risk factors that can be
found in the workplace.
 However, here at Work Safe Occupational Therapy, we
focus on 6 key risk factors.
 These ergonomic risk factors include awkward posture,
force, repetition, static work, contact stress, and Vibration.
Each one separately presents a risk to musculoskeletal
injury but when combined the likelihood of injury goes up
even more.

13. Repetition (frequency) Forceful Exertions
Awkward or Sustained Postures Contact Stress

14. Extreme Temperatures Vibration
WORK SCHEDULE AND DURATION
 Part time versus full time
 Hours per day
 Days per week
 Overtime
 Breaks
ORGANIZATIONAL STRESSORS
 Job demands
 Interpersonal relationships
 Flexibility
 Standards
INTENSIFIERS
 Intensity or magnitude:
strength of exposure
 Duration: length of exposure
 Temporal profile: pattern of
exposure (workday, work
week, etc.)
 Cold temperatures

15. Ergonomics factor is the study of the interaction between people and
machines and the factors that affect the interaction. Its purpose is to
improve the performance of systems by improving human machine
interaction.
This can be done by ‘designing-in’ a better interface or by ‘designing-out’
factors in the work environment, in the task or in the organization of work
that degrade human–machine performance. Systems can be improved by
Designing the user-interface to make it more compatible with the task and
the user. This makes it easier to use and more resistant to errors that people
are known to make. Changing the work environment to make it safer and
more appropriate for the task. Changing the task to make it more
compatible with user characteristics. Changing the way work is organised to
accommodate people’s psychological, and social needs

16. Questionnaires: Here, the employee assesses the organization
ergonomic risks during work using a questionnaire with pre-
defined answers, e.g. the Dutch Musculoskeletal Questionnaire
12. This method is easy to use with large groups of workers and
enables comparisons over time and between groups. However in
workers with WRMSDS, there could be validity problems since
they experience their work with a higher perception in terms of
intensity, frequency and duration compared to those with no
WRMSDS, thus introducing a serious form of bias, i.e.
differential exposure assessment bias 13.
ERGONOMIC RISK ANALYSIS METHOD

17. Observational Methods: These methods have to be based on
concepts of an external observer (preferably an ergonomist)
who fills in a predefined scoring sheet while watching a
worker performing his/her work. These methods are more
time-consuming but their reliability and validity have been
found to be satisfactory 14. Currently, there are many
different observational methods for ergonomic risk
assessment and no consensus exists on how to choose
between them. In 2010, Takala, et al. provided an overview of
some of the existing methods 14, but we believe there is a
need for an update of this review.

18. Technical Methods: Lately, there has been a large
development of new technical methods for observing
postures, movements, and loads. For example, there are
smartpho-nes applications that can measure angles over
time 15, as well as different types of accelerometers 16-18
and inclinometers 19,20, smart clothing 21, and video-based
systems (www.vidarweb.se), etc. that could be used for
ergonomic risk assessment. These instruments are usually
very accurate, but with some disadvantages: they are more
expensive than observational methods, they need to be
handled by experts and they interfere with the
organization's work.

19. SELF-MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES
 Stretch in the opposite direction
 Exercise
 Yoga
 Taking breaks during workday
 Staying hydrated
 Eating nutritiously Awareness of conditions and symptoms
Consider the individual’s whole day

20. WRMSDs in OT Practitioners
Work-related injuries among OTs (Passier & McPhail, 2011)
 High prevalence of WRMSDs in OTs
 Many of these initially occur early in career
 High rate of reoccurrence (59%)
 Most common areas: lower back, neck, and shoulders
 Many therapists continued to work despite their injuries
Association among WRMSDs, job stress, and job attitude of OTs (Park & Park
2017)
 85% of OTs had WRMSDs involving at least site Strongly correlated with repetitive motions and
improper posture
 Body site most involved: low back, hand or wrist, and shoulder Occurrence of WRMSDs in OTs
was associated with increased job stress and negative job attitude

22.  American Occupational Therapy Association. (2017). Occupational therapy’s role with ergonomics [Fact sheet].
 https://www.aota.org/-/media/Corporate/Files/AboutOT/Professionals/WhatIsOT/WI/Facts/ergonomics.pdf
 Braveman, B, & Page, J., J. (2012). Work: Promoting participation & productivity through occupational therapy. F. A. Davis
Company
 Center for Disease Control and Prevention. (n.d.). Work-related musculoskeletal disorders and ergonomics.
 https://www.cdc.gov/workplacehealthpromotion/health-strategies/musculoskeletal-disorders/index.html#
 Chismark, A. M., Stein, M. B., Curran, A. E., Asher, G. N., & Tavoc, T. (2010). Use of complementary and alternative medicine for
work-related pain correlates with career satisfaction among dental hygienists. Journal of Dental Hygiene, (4). 273-284.
 Jacobs, K. (2008). Ergonomics for therapists (3rd ed.). Elsevier Mosby.
 Koneru, S., & Tanikonda, R. (2015). Role of yoga and physical activity in work-related musculoskeletal disorders among dentists.
Journal of International Society of Preventive and Community Dentistry, 5(3), 199-204. https://doi.org/10.4103/22310762.159957
 Park, J. H., & Park, J. H. (2017). Association among Work-Related Musculoskeletal Disorders, Job Stress, and Job Attitude of
 Occupational Therapists. Occupational therapy in health care, 31(1), 34–43. https://doi.org/10.1080/07380577.2016.1270482
 Passier, L., & McPhail, S. (2011). Work-related injuries amongst occupational therapists: A preliminary investigation. The
 British Journal of Occupational Therapy, 74(3), 143-147. https://doi.org/10.4276/030802211X12996065859328
 Roll, S. C., Tung, K. D., Chang, H., Sehremelis, T. A., Fukumura, Y. E., Randolph, S., & Forrest, J. L. (2019). Prevention and
rehabilitation of musculoskeletal disorders in oral health care professionals A systematic review. The Journal of the American Dental
Association (1939), 150(6), 489-502. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adaj.2019.01.031
 Sanders, M. J. (2004). Ergonomics and the management of musculoskeletal disorders (2nd ed.). Butterworth-Heinemann.
 Scaffa, M. E., Reitz, S. M., & Pizzi, M. (2010). Occupational therapy in the promotion of health and wellness. F.A. Davis Co.

23. Occupational Therapy is not to
'Explain' things, but to change the
Configure person's life, and to relieve
suffering, such as health High risk
infants care problems.
Mahendran M