Clayton P. Alderfer's ERG theory from 1969 condenses Maslow's five human needs into three categories: Existence, Relatedness and Growth.
1. Existence Needs
Include all material and physiological desires (e.g., food, water, air, clothing, safety, physical love and affection). Maslow's first two levels.
2. Relatedness Needs
Encompass social and external esteem; relationships with significant others like family, friends, co-workers and employers . This also means to be recognized and feel secure as part of a group or family. Maslow's third and fourth levels.
3. Growth Needs
Internal esteem and self actualization; these impel a person to make creative or productive effects on himself and the environment (e.g., to progress toward one's ideal self). Maslow's fourth and fifth levels. This includes desires to be creative and productive, and to complete meaningful tasks.
Clayton Alderfer's ERG Theory of Motivation, an expansion to Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs
Read More at: https://agile-mercurial.com/2019/08/27/alderfers-erg-theory-of-motivation/
Blog: https://agile-mercurial.com
Clayton Alderfer's ERG Theory of Motivation, an expansion to Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs
Read More at: https://agile-mercurial.com/2019/08/27/alderfers-erg-theory-of-motivation/
Blog: https://agile-mercurial.com
Theories of Motivation - Overview of the Content Theories of Motivation Monica P
(MST) Advanced Administration and Supervision in Educational Practices
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We will present strategies that engage students in all levels of thinking and higher level questioning. Differentiated instruction in the math classroom will be highlighted as well. Two major topics will be an EOG review station plan and using cartoons to encourage reading and writing in the math content area.
Everybody offers a different opinion on how to write a resume for the best results. What should you believe? To make things even more complicated, there are many pervasive myths about resume writing that, if you are duped by them, could cost you the interview. This guide of the 5 most common of these myths will help you avoid them and wrote a much stronger and more effective resume.
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the theories you can use will be at the end of the question that must be answered towards the bottom
Wanda wants all of her employees to be motivated to do a good job and continue the success of Salty Pawz, but there is only so much money she can shell out and still keep the business profitable. She begins to wonder if there aren’t ways she can motivate her employees without writing yet another check.
Recently she was asked to donate dog treats to the local Humane Society for a free rabies vaccination clinic they were holding at the high school. Wanda donated 100 bags of Chicken Cuties and even stopped by the event to see how it was going. When she arrived, she was surprised to see her friend Jamie there, happily greeting and signing in owners and their dogs. On the way home Wanda begins to think that perhaps there are ways that she can motivate her employees without paying them, but she doesn’t really know all that much about motivation theory. She turns to you once again for information and guidance.
Your Task
Select one of the motivation theories you studied in this module that you believe can be applied to the employees at Salty Pawz. Briefly explain the theory to Wanda and how it applies to her staff.
Using that theory, provide Wanda with 2–3 specific ways she can motivate her employees without money. Your suggestions should be specific and detailed enough that Wanda could implement your suggestions immediately
THEORIES YOU CAN CHOOSE FROM ARE AS FOLLOWS:
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
Abraham Maslow is among the most prominent psychologists of the twentieth century, and the hierarchy of needs, accompanied by the pyramid representing how human needs are ranked (see Figure 1, below), is an idea familiar to most business students and managers. Maslow’s theory is based on a simple premise: Human beings have needs that are hierarchically ranked.
[1]
Some needs are basic to all human beings, and in their absence, nothing else matters. As we satisfy these basic needs, we start looking to satisfy higher-order needs. Once a lower-level need is satisfied, it no longer serves as a motivator.
The most basic of Maslow’s needs are physiological needs. Physiological needs refer to the need for air, food, and water. Imagine being very hungry. At that point, all your behavior will probably be directed at finding food. Once you eat, though, the search for food ceases and the promise of food no longer serves as a motivator. Once physiological needs are satisfied, people tend to become concerned about safety. Are they safe from danger, pain, or an uncertain future? One level up, social needs refer to the need to bond with other human beings, to be loved, and to form lasting attachments. In fact, having no attachments can negatively affect health and well-being.
[2]
The satisfaction of social needs makes esteem needs more salient. Esteem needs refe ...
All about motivation theory where you will found the different motivation theory with explanation . if you need this types of content please contact me.
This ppt contains details study on topic Motivation and Theories of Motivation. It will be very beneficial for the purpose of presentation as well as for the purpose of self study.
any place where persons and merchandise are allowed to pass, by water or land, into and out of a country and where customs officers are stationed to inspect or appraise imported goods.
The development of ports leads to more economic activities in the city as well as the country. It also helps in increasing the trade flow between nations, also benefiting other sectors such as logistics, etc.
Impact of taxation on cross border investment Isha Joshi
Consequent to the implemented economic liberalisation in India during the 1990s, substantial international investment activity began within the Indian capital markets and through corporate vehicles with an increasingly vibrant fervour. In fact, today, Foreign Institutional Investors (FIIs) play a crucial role in the liquidity, growth and vitality seen in Indian capital markets. Simultaneously, along with increasing FII activity, as a result of the favourable economic and political climate, India also witnessed an increasing quantum of Foreign Domestic Investment (FDI).
The regulation of these investment channels and instruments was at the front and centre of economic policy debate, a part of which revolves around taxation. There is undoubtedly a proximate and intelligible nexus between taxation and the employment of these investment tools. A taxation regime that is favourable can work in effectively attracting more international investment which in turn would enhance market liquidity, activity, and growth.1 While FIIs and FDIs may appear to be similar investment channels, for the most part, they serve entirely different objectives, and operate in substantially different manners and are subject to different regulatory regimes in terms of exchange, economic and taxation policy.
In the coming sections of this paper, the authors have attempted to analyse several aspects of FII and FDI taxation in India. The first section delineates the differences in FIIs and FDIs, their market strategy, modus operandi, and objectives, while ascertaining what exactly these investment channels imply and the various investment vehicles that may be employed by foreign actors.
The subsequent section of the paper outlines the tax regime applicable to such FDIs and FIIs, depending on the organisational scheme and objective of the business vehicle so employed for the investment.
Given that FIIs and FDIs essentially involve a foreign element, the question of double taxation is one which necessarily requires to be addressed. To that end, in the third section of this paper, the authors have looked at Double Taxation Avoidance Agreements (DTAAs) (Tax Treaties) in the context of FIIs and FDIs.
The expectancy theory was proposed by Victor Vroom of Yale School of Management in 1964. Vroom stresses and focuses on outcomes, and not on needs unlike Maslow and Herzberg. The theory states that the intensity of a tendency to perform in a particular manner is dependent on the intensity of an expectation that the performance will be followed by a definite outcome and on the appeal of the outcome to the individual.
The Expectancy theory states that employee’s motivation is an outcome of how much an individual wants a reward (Valence), the assessment that the likelihood that the effort will lead to expected performance (Expectancy) and the belief that the performance will lead to reward (Instrumentality). In short, Valence is the significance associated by an individual about the expected outcome. It is an expected and not the actual satisfaction that an employee expects to receive after achieving the goals. Expectancy is the faith that better efforts will result in better performance. Expectancy is influenced by factors such as possession of appropriate skills for performing the job, availability of right resources, availability of crucial information and getting the required support for completing the job.
Instrumentality is the faith that if you perform well, then a valid outcome will be there. Instrumentality is affected by factors such as believe in the people who decide who receives what outcome, the simplicity of the process deciding who gets what outcome, and clarity of relationship between performance and outcomes. Thus, the expectancy theory concentrates on the following three relationships:
• Effort-performance relationship: What is the likelihood that the individual’s effort be recognized in his performance appraisal?
• Performance-reward relationship: It talks about the extent to which the employee believes that getting a good performance appraisal leads to organizational rewards.
• Rewards-personal goals relationship: It is all about the attractiveness or appeal of the potential reward to the individual.
Vroom was of view that employees consciously decide whether to perform or not at the job. This decision solely depended on the employee’s motivation level which in turn depends on three factors of expectancy, valence and instrumentality.
Personality determinants & attributesIsha Joshi
The term ‘personality’ is derived from the Latin word ‘persona’ which means a mask. According to K. Young, “Personality is a …. patterned body of habits, traits, attitudes and ideas of an individual, as these are organised externally into roles and statuses, and as they relate internally to motivation, goals, and various aspects of selfhood.” G. W. Allport defined it as “a person’s pattern of habits, attitudes, and traits which determine his adjustment to his environment.”
According to Robert E. Park and Earnest W. Burgess, personality is “the sum and organisation of those traits which determine the role of the individual in the group.” Herbert A. Bloch defined it as “the characteristic organisation of the individual’s habits, attitudes, values, emotional characteristics……. which imparts consistency to the behaviour of the individual.” According to Arnold W. Green, “personality is the sum of a person’s values (the objects of his striving, such as ideas, prestige, power and sex) plus his non- physical traits (his habitual ways of acting and reacting).” According to Linton, personality embraces the total “organised aggregate of psychological processes and status pertaining to the individual.”
In 1959, Frederick Herzberg, a behavioural scientist proposed a two-factor theory or the motivator-hygiene theory. According to Herzberg, there are some job factors that result in satisfaction while there are other job factors that prevent dissatisfaction. According to Herzberg, the opposite of “Satisfaction” is “No satisfaction” and the opposite of “Dissatisfaction” is “No Dissatisfaction”.
Erikson’s (1959) theory of psychosocial development has eight distinct stages. Like Freud, Erikson assumes that a crisis occurs at each stage of development. For Erikson (1963), these crises are of a psychosocial nature because they involve psychological needs of the individual (i.e. psycho) conflicting with the needs of society (i.e. social).
According to the theory, successful completion of each stage results in a healthy personality and the acquisition of basic virtues. Basic virtues are characteristic strengths which the ego can use to resolve subsequent crises.
Failure to successfully complete a stage can result in a reduced ability to complete further stages and therefore a more unhealthy personality and sense of self. These stages, however, can be resolved successfully at a later time.
Devaluation vs quantitaative restrictionsIsha Joshi
Devaluation is the official reduction in a country's currency by its government. The difference between devaluation and depreciation is that devaluation is done by the country's government whereas, depreciation happens due to market forces.
The Art Pastor's Guide to Sabbath | Steve ThomasonSteve Thomason
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The Indian economy is classified into different sectors to simplify the analysis and understanding of economic activities. For Class 10, it's essential to grasp the sectors of the Indian economy, understand their characteristics, and recognize their importance. This guide will provide detailed notes on the Sectors of the Indian Economy Class 10, using specific long-tail keywords to enhance comprehension.
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The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
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Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
1. ERG motivation theory Alderfer
Clayton P. Alderfer's ERG theory from 1969 condenses Maslow's five human needs into
three categories: Existence, Relatedness and Growth.
1. Existence Needs
Include all material and physiological desires (e.g., food, water, air, clothing, safety,
physical love and affection). Maslow's first two levels.
2. Relatedness Needs
Encompass social and external esteem; relationships with significant others like
family, friends, co-workers and employers . This also means to be recognized and feel
secure as part of a group or family. Maslow's third and fourth levels.
3. Growth Needs
Internal esteem and self actualization; these impel a person to make creative or
productive effects on himself and the environment (e.g., to progress toward one's ideal
self). Maslow's fourth and fifth levels. This includes desires to be creative and
productive, and to complete meaningful tasks.
Even though the priority of these needs differ from person to person, Alberger's ERG theory
prioritises in terms of the categories' concreteness. Existence needs are the most concrete,
and easiest to verify. Relatedness needs are less concrete than existence needs, which
depend on a relationship between two or more people. Finally, growth needs are the least
concrete in that their specific objectives depend on the uniqueness of each person.
Relationships between Alderfer's ERG theory concepts
There are three relationships among the different categories in Alderfer's ERG theory:
1. Satisfaction-progression
Moving up to higher-level needs based on satisfied needs.
With Maslow, satisfaction-progression plays an important part. Individuals move up
the need hierarchy as a result of satisfying lower order needs. In Alderfer's ERG
theory, this isn't necessarily so. The progression upward from relatedness satisfaction
to growth desires does not presume the satisfaction of a person's existence needs.
2. Frustration-regression
If a higher level need remains unfulfilled, a person may regress to lower level needs
that appear easier to satisfy.
Frustration-regression suggests that an already satisfied need can become active when
a higher need cannot be satisfied. Thus, if a person is continually frustrated in his/her
attempts to satisfy growth, relatedness needs can resurface as key motivators.
3. Satisfaction-strengthening
Iteratively strengthening a current level of satisfied needs.
Satisfaction-strengthening indicates that an already satisfied need can maintain
satisfaction or strengthen lower level needs iteratively when it fails to gratify high-
level needs.
2. Differences between ERG theory and Maslow's model
Alderfer's ERG motivation theory differs from Maslow's theory in three ways:
1. A lower level need does not have to be gratified (i.e., a person may satisfy a need at
hand, whether or not a previous need has been satisfied);
2. If a relatively more significant need is not gratified, the desire to gratify a lesser need
will be increased (i.e., the frustration in meeting high-order needs might lead a person
to regress to a more concrete need category);
3. Alderfer's ERG theory allows the order of the needs to differ for different people (e.g.,
it accounts for the "starving artist" who may place growth needs above existence
ones).
The ERG motivation theory work situations
On a work level, this means that managers must recognize his employees' multiple
simultaneous needs. In Alderfer's ERG model, focusing exclusively on one need at a time
will not motivate your people. The frustration-regression principle impacts workplace
motivation. For example, if growth opportunities are not provided to employees, they may
regress to relatedness needs, and socialize more with co-workers. If you can recognize these
conditions early, steps can be taken to satisfy the frustrated needs until the employee is able
to pursue growth again.
Implications for financial incentives in Alderfer's ERG
model
Financial incentives may satisfy the need for growth, and for recognition by others. As you
can see, in this theory financial incentives can only fulfill human needs indirectly, through
their perceived value and effect on other people. So even though you may provide financial
incentives, if your people's other needs aren't being met, according to Alderfer's ERG theory
your workers will not be motivated.