Lufthansa purchased $500 million worth of Boeing jets in 1985 payable in 1986. The head of treasury, Herr Ruhnau, was concerned about exchange rate risk as the dollar had been rising against the Deutschemark. He decided to hedge half the payment using forwards at the current exchange rate of DM3.2/$ and leave half unhedged. When payments were due in 1986, the dollar had weakened to DM2.3/$, exposing Lufthansa to a loss. Ruhnau was called before the board to explain his decision, though he argued the purchase was mandated and a mixed hedging approach reduced risk and cost compared to full hedging. The board ultimately did not