This experiment studied the effect of step change input on the concentration in a continuous stirred tank reactor (CSTR) system consisting of three reactors in series. Sodium chloride solution was introduced to the first reactor and deionized water was pumped through the system. Conductivity readings were taken from each reactor every 3 minutes. The results showed that the conductivity increased over time as the salt solution spread through the reactors. After 84 minutes, the conductivity values equalized across the three reactors, indicating the input had achieved steady state distribution. Issues with data recording affected the smoothness of the plotted results graph.
Design of Methanol Water Distillation Column Rita EL Khoury
Methanol is an essential feed stock for the manufacture of many industrial products such as adhesives and paints and it is widely used as a solvent in many chemical reactions. Crude methanol is obtained from steam reforming of natural gas and then a purification process is needed since it contains smaller and larger degree of impurities.
The purification process consists of two steps: a topping column used to remove the low boiling impurity called the light ends; and the remaining water methanol mixture is transferred to another column called the refining column where it is constantly boiled until separation occurs. Methanol rises to the top while the water accumulates in the bottom.
This document focuses on methanol water separation. A detailed design study for the distillation column is conducted where the separation occurs at atmospheric pressure with a total condenser and a partial reboiler.
Design of Methanol Water Distillation Column Rita EL Khoury
Methanol is an essential feed stock for the manufacture of many industrial products such as adhesives and paints and it is widely used as a solvent in many chemical reactions. Crude methanol is obtained from steam reforming of natural gas and then a purification process is needed since it contains smaller and larger degree of impurities.
The purification process consists of two steps: a topping column used to remove the low boiling impurity called the light ends; and the remaining water methanol mixture is transferred to another column called the refining column where it is constantly boiled until separation occurs. Methanol rises to the top while the water accumulates in the bottom.
This document focuses on methanol water separation. A detailed design study for the distillation column is conducted where the separation occurs at atmospheric pressure with a total condenser and a partial reboiler.
FULL COURSE:
https://courses.chemicalengineeringguy.com/p/flash-distillation-in-chemical-process-engineering/
Introduction:
Binary Distillation is one of the most important Mass Transfer Operations used extensively in the Chemical industry.
Understanding the concept behind Gas-Gas, Liquid-Liquid and the Gas-Liquid mass transfer interaction will allow you to understand and model Distillation Columns, Flashes, Batch Distillator, Tray Columns and Packed column, etc...
We will cover:
REVIEW: Of Mass Transfer Basics (Equilibrium VLE Diagrams, Volatility, Raoult's Law, Azeotropes, etc..)
Distillation Theory - Concepts and Principles
Application of Distillation in the Industry
Equipment for Flashing Systems such as Flash Drums
Design & Operation of Flash Drums
Material and Energy Balances for flash systems
Adiabatic and Isothermal Operation
Animations and Software Simulation for Flash Distillation Systems (ASPEN PLUS/HYSYS)
Theory + Solved Problem Approach:
All theory is taught and backed with exercises, solved problems, and proposed problems for homework/individual study.
At the end of the course:
You will be able to understand mass transfer mechanism and processes behind Flash Distillation.
You will be able to continue with Batch Distillation, Fractional Distillation, Continuous Distillation and further courses such as Multi-Component Distillation, Reactive Distillation and Azeotropic Distillation.
About your instructor:
I majored in Chemical Engineering with a minor in Industrial Engineering back in 2012.
I worked as a Process Design/Operation Engineer in INEOS Koln, mostly on the petrochemical area relating to naphtha treating.
There I designed and modeled several processes relating separation of isopentane/pentane mixtures, catalytic reactors and separation processes such as distillation columns, flash separation devices and transportation of tank-trucks of product.
Municipal wastewater treatment plant. Consider a municipal water treatment plant for a small community (Fig. P1.1). Wastewater, 32000 m3/day, flows through the treatment plant with a mean residence time of 8hr, air is bubbled through the tanks, and microbes in the tank attack and break down the organic material.
Coal burning electrical power station. Large central power stations (about 1000 MW electrical) using fluidized bed combustors may be built some day (see Fig.P1.2). These giants would be fed 240 tons of coal/hr (90% C, 10% H,), 50% of which would burn within the battery of primary fluidized beds, the other 50% elsewhere in the system.
Chemical reaction engineering is that engineering activity which is concerned with the exploitation of chemical reactions on commercial scale.
The areas of different fields of science like:
Oil Refining
Pharmaceuticals
Biotechnology
Chemical Industries
Sustainable Development
Difference between batch,mixed flow & plug-flow reactorUsman Shah
This slide completely describes you about the stuff include in it and also everything about chemical engineering. Fluid Mechanics. Thermodynamics. Mass Transfer Chemical Engineering. Energy Engineering, Mass Transfer 2, Heat Transfer,
This slide completely describes you about the stuff include in it and also everything about chemical engineering. Fluid Mechanics. Thermodynamics. Mass Transfer Chemical Engineering. Energy Engineering, Mass Transfer 2, Heat Transfer,
Aim:
The aim of this experiment is to determine the conversion of our reactants by using conductivity meter in the reactor which the reaction takes place which is a CSTR reactor.
Introduction:
In our experiment a reaction takes place between two reactants in a CSTR reactor, first reactant is the strong base (NaOH) and second reactant is the weak Acid which is (CH3CO2CH2CH3) to produce (CH3COONa) and (CH3CH2OH) and water.
But since one of reactant is weak (CH3CO2CH2CH3) this means our reactants won't fully react and convert into our product which means we don't have a 100% conversion like we have between two strong reactants.
So, in order to find conversion, we have to divide the concentration of the reactants reacted by the concentration of the reactant in our reactor as the term of conversion suggests.
In order to find concentration, we use conductivity meter which measures the amount of free ions in our reactor.
This way can find conductivity to find concentration which gives us the key to find conversion.
4
Tools:
o CSTR reactor:
Our CSTR reactor is continuous and we add the reactants together continuously. Before the reactants run out, we read the (λ) ،And we read the (T) . Our reactor has a capacity of one liter ، and has a thermometer ، and has a vent valve.
5
o Conductivity meter:
Is a tool to measure the amount of free ions in a liquid or solution which uses a small amount of electricity to use how much ions will carry the charge.
6
o service unit:
Our service unit for this experience holds the both of the tanks of both reactants, and the pumps which is needed for each tank to the inlet of the reactor.
7
o Control unit:
For this experiment the control unit provides power and electricity to our reactor But not the conductivity meter because it works on its own.
o Tank:
The tank provide store service to our reactant before being added to our reactor, which is located in unit service.
8
o Pumps:
The pumps are our helpful tool which add our reactants to the reactor, which is located in unit service but is controlled in and turned on and off in control unit.
9
Procedure:
1.Temperature sensor Ts.4/on T=18: reaction Dane isothermally.
2. stirrer A A1 on
3. Flow rate: on both reactants should inter in The reactor at The same Flow rate Conversion is not Function of Flow rate in This experiment
4. vent valve: It is opened when the reactants. reach The level needs to be closed.
5. The level adjust into another tank over Flow draining it.
6. when continuously adjusting level occurred Conductivity is read when It becomes constant in The conductivity meter.
FULL COURSE:
https://courses.chemicalengineeringguy.com/p/flash-distillation-in-chemical-process-engineering/
Introduction:
Binary Distillation is one of the most important Mass Transfer Operations used extensively in the Chemical industry.
Understanding the concept behind Gas-Gas, Liquid-Liquid and the Gas-Liquid mass transfer interaction will allow you to understand and model Distillation Columns, Flashes, Batch Distillator, Tray Columns and Packed column, etc...
We will cover:
REVIEW: Of Mass Transfer Basics (Equilibrium VLE Diagrams, Volatility, Raoult's Law, Azeotropes, etc..)
Distillation Theory - Concepts and Principles
Application of Distillation in the Industry
Equipment for Flashing Systems such as Flash Drums
Design & Operation of Flash Drums
Material and Energy Balances for flash systems
Adiabatic and Isothermal Operation
Animations and Software Simulation for Flash Distillation Systems (ASPEN PLUS/HYSYS)
Theory + Solved Problem Approach:
All theory is taught and backed with exercises, solved problems, and proposed problems for homework/individual study.
At the end of the course:
You will be able to understand mass transfer mechanism and processes behind Flash Distillation.
You will be able to continue with Batch Distillation, Fractional Distillation, Continuous Distillation and further courses such as Multi-Component Distillation, Reactive Distillation and Azeotropic Distillation.
About your instructor:
I majored in Chemical Engineering with a minor in Industrial Engineering back in 2012.
I worked as a Process Design/Operation Engineer in INEOS Koln, mostly on the petrochemical area relating to naphtha treating.
There I designed and modeled several processes relating separation of isopentane/pentane mixtures, catalytic reactors and separation processes such as distillation columns, flash separation devices and transportation of tank-trucks of product.
Municipal wastewater treatment plant. Consider a municipal water treatment plant for a small community (Fig. P1.1). Wastewater, 32000 m3/day, flows through the treatment plant with a mean residence time of 8hr, air is bubbled through the tanks, and microbes in the tank attack and break down the organic material.
Coal burning electrical power station. Large central power stations (about 1000 MW electrical) using fluidized bed combustors may be built some day (see Fig.P1.2). These giants would be fed 240 tons of coal/hr (90% C, 10% H,), 50% of which would burn within the battery of primary fluidized beds, the other 50% elsewhere in the system.
Chemical reaction engineering is that engineering activity which is concerned with the exploitation of chemical reactions on commercial scale.
The areas of different fields of science like:
Oil Refining
Pharmaceuticals
Biotechnology
Chemical Industries
Sustainable Development
Difference between batch,mixed flow & plug-flow reactorUsman Shah
This slide completely describes you about the stuff include in it and also everything about chemical engineering. Fluid Mechanics. Thermodynamics. Mass Transfer Chemical Engineering. Energy Engineering, Mass Transfer 2, Heat Transfer,
This slide completely describes you about the stuff include in it and also everything about chemical engineering. Fluid Mechanics. Thermodynamics. Mass Transfer Chemical Engineering. Energy Engineering, Mass Transfer 2, Heat Transfer,
Aim:
The aim of this experiment is to determine the conversion of our reactants by using conductivity meter in the reactor which the reaction takes place which is a CSTR reactor.
Introduction:
In our experiment a reaction takes place between two reactants in a CSTR reactor, first reactant is the strong base (NaOH) and second reactant is the weak Acid which is (CH3CO2CH2CH3) to produce (CH3COONa) and (CH3CH2OH) and water.
But since one of reactant is weak (CH3CO2CH2CH3) this means our reactants won't fully react and convert into our product which means we don't have a 100% conversion like we have between two strong reactants.
So, in order to find conversion, we have to divide the concentration of the reactants reacted by the concentration of the reactant in our reactor as the term of conversion suggests.
In order to find concentration, we use conductivity meter which measures the amount of free ions in our reactor.
This way can find conductivity to find concentration which gives us the key to find conversion.
4
Tools:
o CSTR reactor:
Our CSTR reactor is continuous and we add the reactants together continuously. Before the reactants run out, we read the (λ) ،And we read the (T) . Our reactor has a capacity of one liter ، and has a thermometer ، and has a vent valve.
5
o Conductivity meter:
Is a tool to measure the amount of free ions in a liquid or solution which uses a small amount of electricity to use how much ions will carry the charge.
6
o service unit:
Our service unit for this experience holds the both of the tanks of both reactants, and the pumps which is needed for each tank to the inlet of the reactor.
7
o Control unit:
For this experiment the control unit provides power and electricity to our reactor But not the conductivity meter because it works on its own.
o Tank:
The tank provide store service to our reactant before being added to our reactor, which is located in unit service.
8
o Pumps:
The pumps are our helpful tool which add our reactants to the reactor, which is located in unit service but is controlled in and turned on and off in control unit.
9
Procedure:
1.Temperature sensor Ts.4/on T=18: reaction Dane isothermally.
2. stirrer A A1 on
3. Flow rate: on both reactants should inter in The reactor at The same Flow rate Conversion is not Function of Flow rate in This experiment
4. vent valve: It is opened when the reactants. reach The level needs to be closed.
5. The level adjust into another tank over Flow draining it.
6. when continuously adjusting level occurred Conductivity is read when It becomes constant in The conductivity meter.
reactor design lab continuous stirred tank reactorDimaJawhar
Aim:
The aim of this experiment is to determine the conversion of our reactants by using conductivity meter in the reactor which the reaction takes place which is a CSTR reactor.
Introduction:
In our experiment a reaction takes place between two reactants in a CSTR reactor, first reactant is the strong base (NaOH) and second reactant is the weak Acid which is (CH3CO2CH2CH3) to produce (CH3COONa) and (CH3CH2OH) and water.
But since one of reactant is weak (CH3CO2CH2CH3) this means our reactants won't fully react and convert into our product which means we don't have a 100% conversion like we have between two strong reactants.
So, in order to find conversion, we have to divide the concentration of the reactants reacted by the concentration of the reactant in our reactor as the term of conversion suggests.
In order to find concentration, we use conductivity meter which measures the amount of free ions in our reactor.
This way can find conductivity to find concentration which gives us the key to find conversion.
4
Tools:
o CSTR reactor:
Our CSTR reactor is continuous and we add the reactants together continuously. Before the reactants run out, we read the (λ) ،And we read the (T) . Our reactor has a capacity of one liter ، and has a thermometer ، and has a vent valve.
5
o Conductivity meter:
Is a tool to measure the amount of free ions in a liquid or solution which uses a small amount of electricity to use how much ions will carry the charge.
6
o service unit:
Our service unit for this experience holds the both of the tanks of both reactants, and the pumps which is needed for each tank to the inlet of the reactor.
7
o Control unit:
For this experiment the control unit provides power and electricity to our reactor But not the conductivity meter because it works on its own.
o Tank:
The tank provide store service to our reactant before being added to our reactor, which is located in unit service.
8
o Pumps:
The pumps are our helpful tool which add our reactants to the reactor, which is located in unit service but is controlled in and turned on and off in control unit.
9
Procedure:
1.Temperature sensor Ts.4/on T=18: reaction Dane isothermally.
2. stirrer A A1 on
3. Flow rate: on both reactants should inter in The reactor at The same Flow rate Conversion is not Function of Flow rate in This experiment
4. vent valve: It is opened when the reactants. reach The level needs to be closed.
5. The level adjust into another tank over Flow draining it.
6. when continuously adjusting level occurred Conductivity is read when It becomes constant in The conductivity meter.
10
Calculation:
11
Discussion:
Sntia louay
Discussion:
What is a continuous stirred tank reactor?
(CSTR) is a type of chemical reactor that is widely used in industrial processes to produce chemicals, pharmaceuticals, and other products.
Is concentration constant in a CSTR?
The essential idea involved in the operation of a CSTR is that, after the passage of sufficient time, the concentrations of the
Effect of Operating Conditions on CSTR performance: an Experimental StudyIJERA Editor
In this work, Saponification reaction of ethyl acetate by sodium hydroxide is studied experimentally in a continuous stirred tank reactor at 1 atmospheric pressure. The aim of this study is to investigate the influence of operating conditions on the conversion and specific rate constant. The parameters considered for analysis are temperature, feed flow rate, residence time, volume of reactor and stirrer rate. The steady state conversion of 0.45 achieved after a period of 30 minutes. Conversion decreases with increase of reactant flow rate due to decrease of residence time. The stirrer rate has a positive effect on the conversion and rate constant. Specific rate constant and conversion increase with temperature within the studied temperature range. Within the range of reactor volume selected for analysis, conversion increases with increase in reactor volume. The results obtained in this study may be helpful in maximizing the conversion of ethyl acetate saponification reaction at industrial scale in a CSTR.
High throughput nanoparticle synthesis and treatment with combinatorial robotTian Lin
A computer-based multi-tasking automation system, programmed in VB.NET, for liquid and wet sample handling in nanoparticle production. (Videos cannot work here but available on YouTube)
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Honest Reviews of Tim Han LMA Course Program.pptxtimhan337
Personal development courses are widely available today, with each one promising life-changing outcomes. Tim Han’s Life Mastery Achievers (LMA) Course has drawn a lot of interest. In addition to offering my frank assessment of Success Insider’s LMA Course, this piece examines the course’s effects via a variety of Tim Han LMA course reviews and Success Insider comments.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
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Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
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for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
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Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdf
Lab cstr in series
1. Abstract
This experiment involves a continuous stirred tank reactor (CSTR) in series. The reactor
system consists of three agitated, glass reactor vessels in series. The concentration is kept
uniform for each reactor and it is observed that there is a change in concentration as fluids
move from one reactor to the other reactor. This experiment is carried out to determine and
observe the effect of step change input. CSTR is one kind of chemical reactor system with
non-linear dynamics characteristics. The usage of this equipment is to study the reaction
mechanism as well as the dynamics of reactor with various types of inputs. CSTR is widely
used in water treatment and chemical and biological processes. The deionised water are filled
in both tanks with the sodium chloride are diluted in one tank. Then the deionised water from
the second tank will flow through to fill up the three reactors. The flow rate of the deionised
water is set to 159.7 ml/min to prevent from over flow. The readings are taken at the time to
after the conductivity readings showing stable enough. After that, the readings are
continuously taken for every 3 minutes until to the point where the conductivity values for
three reactors are equivalent. Based on the result obtained, the graph has been plotted
between conductivity, Q (mS/cm) against time, t (min).
2. Aim
To study the effect of step change input to the concentration.
Introduction
In the industrial chemical process, a reactor seems to be the most important equipment in
which raw materials undergo a chemical change to form a desired product. The design and
operation of chemical reactors are essential criteria responsible to the whole success of the
industrial operation. The stirred tank reactor in the form of either single tank, or more often a
series of tanks, particularly suitable for liquid phases reactions and widely used in chemical
industry, i.e pharmaceutical for medium and large scale of production. It can form a unit in a
continuous process, giving consistent product quality, easy to control automatically and low
man power requirement.
The mode of operation of reactors may be batch flow or continuous flow. In a batch flow
reactor, the reactor is charge with reactant, the content are well mixed and left to react and
then the mixture will be discharged. A continuous flow reactor, the feed to reactor and the
discharge from it are continuous. The three types of continuous flow reactor are plug flow
reactor, the dispersed plug flow reactor, and completely mixed or continuously stirred tank
reactors (CSTRs). CSTR consists of a stirred tank that has a feed stream and discharge
stream. Frequently, several CSTRs in series are operating to improve their conversion and
performance (Reynolds and Richards 1996).
Complete mixing in a CSTR reactor produces the tracer concentration throughout the reactor
to be the same as the effluent concentration. In other words, in an ideal CSTR, at any travel
time, the concentration down the reactor is identical to the composition within the CSTR
(Hoboken et al., 2005). It is also important to notice that the mixing degree in a CSTR is an
extremely important factor (Cholette, Blanchet et al. 1960), and it is assumed that the fluid in
the reactor is perfectly mixed in this case, that is, the contents are uniform throughout the
reactor volume. In practice, an ideal mixing would be obtained if the mixing is sufficient and
the liquid is not too viscous. If the mixing is inadequate, there will be a bulk streaming
between the inlet and the outlet, and the composition of the reactor contents will not be
uniform. If the liquid is too viscous, dispersion phenomena will occur and this fact will affect
the mixing extent.
3. Theory
The continuous flow stirred-tank reactor (CSTR), also known as vat- or backmix reactor, is a
common ideal reactor type in chemical engineering. A CSTR often refers to a model used to
estimate the key unit operation variables when using a continuous[†]agitated-tank reactor to
reach a specified output. The mathematical model works for all fluids: liquids, gases,
and slurries.
The behavior of a CSTR is often approximated or modeled by that of a Continuous Ideally
Stirred-Tank Reactor (CISTR). All calculations performed with CISTRs assume perfect
mixing. In a perfectly mixed reactor, the output composition is identical to composition of the
material inside the reactor, which is a function of residence time and rate of reaction. If the
residence time is 5-10 times the mixing time, this approximation is valid for engineering
purposes. The CISTR model is often used to simplify engineering calculations and can be
used to describe research reactors. In practice it can only be approached, in particular in
industrial size reactors.
Assume:
perfect or ideal mixing, as stated above
Integral mass balance on number of moles Ni of species i in a reactor of volume V.
General mol balance equation.
4. Assumption
1) Steady state therefore, dNA/dt = 0
2) Well mixed therefore rA is the same throughout the reactor
∫ 𝑟𝐴 𝑑𝑉 = 𝑟𝐴
𝑣
0
∫ 𝑑
𝑣
0
𝑉 = 𝑟𝐴 𝑉
Rearranging the generation
𝑣 =
𝐹𝐴0 − 𝐹𝐴
−𝑟𝐴
In term if conversion
𝑋 =
𝐹𝐴0 − 𝐹𝐴
𝐹𝐴0
Reactors in Series
Given -rA as a function of conversion, , -rA = f(X), one can also design any sequence of
reactors in series provided there are no side streams by defining the overall conversion at any
point.
𝑋𝑖 =
𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝐴 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑢𝑝 𝑡𝑜 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑖
𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝐴 𝑓𝑒𝑑 𝑡𝑜 𝑓𝑖𝑟𝑠𝑡 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟
5. Mol balance on Reactor 1
In – out + generation = 0
FA0 – FA1 + rA1V1 = 0
𝑋1 =
𝐹𝐴0 − 𝐹𝐴1
𝐹𝐴0
FA1 = FA0 – FA0X1
𝑉1 =
𝐹𝐴0 𝑋1
−𝑟𝐴1
Mol balance on Reactor 2
In – out + generation = 0
FA1 – FA2 + rA2V2 = 0
𝑋2 =
𝐹𝐴0 − 𝐹𝐴2
𝐹𝐴0
FA2 = FA0 – FA0X2
𝑉2 =
𝐹𝐴0(𝑋2 − 𝑋1)
−𝑟𝐴2
Apparatus
1. Distillation water
2. Sodium chloride
3. Continuous reactor in series
4. Stirrer system
5. Feed tanks
6. Waste tank
7. Dead time coil
8. Computerize system
9. Stop watch
Procedure
6. Experiment 1 : The effect of step change input.
1. The general start up procedure was perfomed by following the instruction of the
manual given at the instrument.
2. Tank 1 and tank 2 was filled up with 20 L feeds deionizer water.
3. 200g of Sodium Chloride was dissolved in tank 1until the salts dissolve entirely and
the solution is homogenous.
4. Three way valve (V3) was set to position 2 so that deionizer water from tank 2 will
flow into reactor 1.
5. Pump 2 was switched on to fill up all three reactors with deionizer water.
6. The flow rate (Fl1) was set to 150 ml/min by adjusting the needles valve (V4). Do not
use too high flow rate to avoid the over flow and make sure no air bubbles trapped in
the piping.
7. The stirrers 1, 2 and 3 were switched on. The deionizer water was continued pumped
for about 10 minute until the conductivity readings for all three reactors were stable at
low values.
8. The values of conductivity were recorded at t0.
9. The pump 2 was switched off after 5 minutes. The valve (V3) was switched to
position 1 and the pump 1 was switched on. The timer was started.
10. The conductivity values for each reactor were recorded every three minutes.
11. Record the conductivity values were continued until reading for reactor 3 closed to
reactor 1.
12. Pump 2 was switched off and the valve (V4) was closed.
13. All liquids in reactors were drained by opening valves V5 and V6.
9. Graph result based on data
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
CONDUCTIVITY,Q(mS/cm)
TIME (min)
Conductivity change in time for each reactor in
pulse change
Reactor 1 Reactor 2 Reactor 3
10. Calculation
Vi = FA0 (XAi – XAi-1)/(-rA)i
Where Vi = volume of reactor i
FAi = molal flow rate of A into the first reactor
XAi = fractional conversion of A in the reactor i
XAi+1 = fractional conversion of A in the reactor i-1
For the first order reaction, -rA = kCA1 = kCA0(1-XAi)
v = volumetric flow rate of A = 159.7 ml/min = 0.1597 liter/min
For the first reactor: (V=20 liter)
(-rA)1 = (kCA)1 = kCA1 = kCA0 (1-XA1)
CA0 = FA0/v
i.e. FA0 = vCA0
XAi+1 = XA0 = 0
Therefore,
Tank 1
Vi = FA0 (XAi - XAi-1) / (-rA)i
20 = 0.1597 (XA1 - 0) / (0.158 x (1 – XA1))
XA1 = 0.95
Tank 2
11. Vi = FA0 (XAi - XAi-1) / (-rA)i
20 = 0.1597 (XA2 – 0.95) / (0.158 x (1 – XA2))
XA2 = 0.997
Tank 3
Vi = FA0 (XAi - XAi-1) / (-rA)i
20 = 0.1597 (XA3 – 0.997) / (0.158 x (1 – XA3))
XA3 = 1
12. Discussion
In this experiment, we carried out an experimental procedure to determine the effect of step
change input on the concentration of the salt solution used in the experiment which is sodium
chloride, NaCl. The first step in the experiment was filling the reactor tanks with 20L of
deionized water. In the experiment of CSTR in series, there are two main objectives to
observe; effect of step-change input and effect of pulse input. But in this discussion, we are
only focusing on the effect of step-change input. The difference between these two methods
are that step-change input means we are continuously feeding the salt solution NaCl into the
reactor throughout the experiment and through the time the salt solution will fill all three
reactors until the first reactor and third reactor will have an equal value of conductivity. As
for the effect of pulse input, we feed the reactor with 3 minutes worth of salt solution and
then continuing the experiment feeding the reactors with deionized water spreading the salt
solution equally through all three reactors.
The feed is flowed through the reactors at roughly 150 ml/min and the system is running
isothermally with each reactor’s temperature at around 29 0C. In this experiment we took
readings of the conductivity of each reactor every 3 minutes. The experiment ends when the
conductivity of the first reactor and the third reactor are equal and constant for the few last
readings. The first reading of the reactors are as follows; QT1 is 3.5958, QT2 is 0.2606, and
QT3 is 0.0199 mS/min. The results can be observed in the results section of the report. As
observed from the results of the experiment, the conductivity of the mixture increases as time
passes on as more and more salt solution is fed into the reactors. And at the 63rd minute we
can see that the conductivity of the reactors are starting to slowly get equal and finally after
some time at the 84th minute, the value reads QT1 is 12.6945, QT2 is 12.3185, and QT3 is
12.6957 mS/min.
In a scientific research, there are always unknown variables that could disrupt us from
obtaining the best results possible. During the recording of the data, there were some
problems that occurred to the computer that recorded the data. The computer froze for a few
seconds and thus it did not record accurately every 3 minutes. Because the data was not very
accurate, the plotting of the graph was affected and not very smooth.
13. Conclusion
As a conclusion, based on the aim of the experiment, we can say that the step-change input
affected the concentration at the reactor. It can be seen from the graph plotted. If we compare
our graph with a theorized graph, the graph is almost the same. But because of the error
during recording of the data, there are some difference compared to the theory and a less
smooth graph was obtained. It is safe to say that based on the results of the experiment, the
experiment was a success as the objective was achieved.
Recommendation
It is in our biggest interest to acquire the best results off of the experimental procedures but
little do we know that most of the time the methodology is always incomplete in a sense that
precautionary steps are rarely given. There is significant amount of external disturbances that
can affect the results of the experiment. To prevent from any inaccuracy, it is advised that the
precautionary steps are to be mentioned. For example in this experiment, make sure that the
reactors are properly cleaned before starting the experiment because we don’t want any salt
residue in the reactors that could affect the readings later on. Just to be on the safe side, the
best way to have a precise outcome is to prepare the proper and complete procedures for the
experiment.
References
1. Elements of Chemical reaction Engineering, Fourth Edition H. Scott Fogler, Pearson
International Edition, 2006 Pearson Education, Inc
2. (2015). Retrieved 1 April 2015, from 2. http://www.solution.com.my/pdf/bp107(a4).pdf
3. (2015). Retrieved 26 March 2015, from http://www.formatex.info/microbiology2/15821594.pdf
4. (2015). Retrieved 1 April 2015, from 3. http://www.metal.ntua.gr/~pkousi/e-
learning/bioreactors/page_06.htm