Epidermoid cyst
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Epidermoid Cyst extended into multiple basal cisterns, internal auditory meatus, Gasser fossa & cavernous sinus.
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The brachial plexus is formed from nerve roots exiting the cervical and thoracic spinal cord. It can be injured through trauma, tumors, or birth injuries. A brachial plexus injury causes weakness, numbness, pain and deformities in the arm and hand. Physical examination tests specific muscles innervated by different nerve roots to localize the level of injury. Imaging studies and electrodiagnostic tests help evaluate the severity and location of injury to guide treatment.
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The document discusses various congenital malformations of the central nervous system (CNS), including neural tube defects and cortical migrational anomalies. It describes specific conditions like anencephaly, encephalocele, spina bifida, lissencephaly, polymicrogyria, heterotopia, and focal cortical dysplasia. It provides ICD-10 codes for different CNS malformations and includes images to illustrate various normal and abnormal brain structures.
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1. Medial medullary syndrome results from lesions of the corticospinal tract, medial lemniscus, and hypoglossal nucleus, causing contralateral hemiparesis, loss of trunk/extremity sensation, and ipsilateral tongue paralysis respectively.
2. Lateral medullary syndrome results from lesions affecting structures like the vestibular nuclei, inferior cerebellar peduncle and vagal nuclei, causing nystagmus, ipsilateral cerebellar signs, and laryngeal/pharyngeal paralysis.
3. Pontine syndromes include medial inferior pontine syndrome affecting corticospinal and medial lemniscus tracts and lateral inferior pontine syndrome affecting
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Skull and brain imaging techniques such as CT and MRI are standard for investigating trauma, while ultrasound angiography is limited to detecting stenosis, aneurysms, and arteriovenous malformations. CT is useful for detecting fractures, edema, contusions, hemorrhages, and other abnormalities. MRI provides additional information on lesions and is more accurate for diagnosing conditions such as multiple sclerosis and arteriovenous malformations. Various imaging findings help characterize common brain pathologies including tumors, infarcts, hemorrhages, and infections.
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Cerebellar degeneration
Cerebellar degeneration is the degeneration of nerves in the cerebellum, the part of the brain that controls balance and muscle coordination. Symptoms include impaired balance, unsteady walking, tremors, and slurred speech. It can be caused by head trauma, stroke, tumors, infections like chickenpox, or autoimmune diseases like multiple sclerosis. The diagnosis involves testing balance, reflexes, coordination and other functions controlled by the cerebellum. Treatment depends on the underlying cause but may include surgery, antibiotics, medications to reduce inflammation, or blood thinners.
Nerve block
The document describes various nerve blocks for the upper and lower extremities, including the elbow, wrist, digits, ankle, and toes. Nerve blocks of the femoral nerve and three-in-one block are also covered. Additionally, the document discusses nerve blocks for the head and face, such as inferior alveolar, mental, greater occipital, and lesser occipital nerve blocks. Locations and techniques for administering each nerve block are illustrated with diagrams.
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The document summarizes the major arteries that supply the brain and spinal cord, including the anterior cerebral artery (ACA), middle cerebral artery (MCA), posterior cerebral artery (PCA), superior cerebellar artery (SCA), anterior inferior cerebellar artery (AICA), posterior inferior cerebellar artery (PICA), anterior spinal artery, and posterior spinal artery. It details the origin, course, and territory supplied by each artery.
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Neuroradiology is an essential tool in management of patients with neurological and neurosurgical disorders. The aim of this presentation will be to acquaint the reader to understand how images are formed on a computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) along with a review of the relevant neuroanatomy. This understanding will be helpful to the reader in interpretation of images and diagnosis of various neurological disorders.
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The document discusses various syndromes associated with lesions in different areas of the brainstem. It describes syndromes related to lesions of the posterior cerebral artery including Dejerine-Roussy syndrome and Claude's syndrome. It also summarizes syndromes caused by lesions in specific areas of the pons including the basis pontis, ventral pons, dorsal pons, and ventral medial pons. Syndromes involving the medulla are also outlined such as Wallenberg's lateral medullary syndrome and medial medullary syndrome. Finally, it provides an overview of the anatomy and blood supply of the midbrain and medulla.
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Thoracic outlet syndrome
Thoracic outlet syndrome (TOS) refers to compression of the neurovascular structures in the thoracic outlet. There are two main types - neurogenic and vascular. Neurogenic TOS is more common and involves compression of the brachial plexus nerves, while vascular TOS involves compression of the subclavian artery or vein. Symptoms vary depending on the affected structure but may include pain, numbness, cold intolerance, or vascular symptoms like swelling. Diagnosis involves physical exam maneuvers and imaging tests like ultrasound or MRI. Treatment begins with conservative measures like stretching and strengthening, but refractory cases may require injections or surgeries like scalenectomy to decompress the area.
thoracic outlet syndrome
This document provides information on thoracic outlet syndrome (TOS). It begins with a brief history and defines TOS as abnormal compression of the neurovascular bundle in the thoracic outlet. It describes the relevant anatomy and compartments of the thoracic outlet. The document discusses the causes, types, symptoms, and diagnostic approaches for the neurogenic, venous, and arterial forms of TOS. It provides details on conservative and surgical treatment options.
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Breast cancer in postmenopausal women with hormone receptor-positive (HR+) status is a common and complex condition that necessitates a multifaceted approach to management. HR+ breast cancer means that the cancer cells grow in response to hormones such as estrogen and progesterone. This subtype is prevalent among postmenopausal women and typically exhibits a more indolent course compared to other forms of breast cancer, which allows for a variety of treatment options.
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The diagnosis of HR+ breast cancer begins with clinical evaluation, imaging, and biopsy. Imaging modalities such as mammography, ultrasound, and MRI help in assessing the extent of the disease. Histopathological examination and immunohistochemical staining of the biopsy sample confirm the diagnosis and hormone receptor status by identifying the presence of estrogen receptors (ER) and progesterone receptors (PR) on the tumor cells.
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Aromatase Inhibitors (AIs): These drugs, including anastrozole, letrozole, and exemestane, lower estrogen levels by inhibiting the aromatase enzyme, which converts androgens to estrogen in peripheral tissues. AIs are generally preferred in postmenopausal women due to their efficacy and safety profile compared to tamoxifen.
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Combining endocrine therapy with other treatments enhances efficacy. Examples include:
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Among the factors that lead to the occurrence of gastrointestinal infections are the hygienic and sanitary deficiencies that characterize our markets and other places where raw or cooked food is sold, poor environmental sanitation in communities, deficiencies in water treatment (or in the process of its plumbing), risky hygienic-sanitary habits (not washing hands after major and/or minor needs), among others.
These are generally consequences (signs and symptoms) resulting from gastrointestinal infections: diarrhea, vomiting, fever and malaise, among others.
The treatment consists of replacing lost liquids and electrolytes (drinking drinking water and other recommended liquids, including consumption of juicy fruits such as papayas, apples, pears, among others that contain water in their composition).
To prevent this, it is necessary to promote health education, improve the hygienic-sanitary conditions of markets and communities in general as a way of promoting, preserving and prolonging PUBLIC HEALTH.
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