This document discusses key concepts related to disease transmission including:
1. The epidemiologic triad of an agent, host, and environment being required for disease transmission.
2. Various host, agent, and environmental factors that influence transmission risk.
3. Common modes of transmission like direct contact or indirect transmission through vehicles or vectors.
4. Key epidemiological terms like outbreak, epidemic, pandemic, and the differences between clinical and subclinical disease.
Outbreak management ppt comprises the definition , history , investigations and the steps of management of outbreak. This was my seminar and UG class tpoic
Presentation made by Zsuzsanna Jakab, WHO Regional Director for Europe, at the meeting "Health in Action reforming the Greek National Health System to Improve Citizens’ Health", on 5 March 2014, Athens, Greece.
Outbreak management ppt comprises the definition , history , investigations and the steps of management of outbreak. This was my seminar and UG class tpoic
Presentation made by Zsuzsanna Jakab, WHO Regional Director for Europe, at the meeting "Health in Action reforming the Greek National Health System to Improve Citizens’ Health", on 5 March 2014, Athens, Greece.
Definition of endemic disease
the most common endemic diseases in Saudi Arabia
Scabies
diagnosis of scabies
treatment of scabies
Schistosomiasis
prevention of shidtosomiasis
MERS-VC
Corona virus
prevention of corona
Swine flu
Prevention of swine flu
AIDS
Prevention of AIDS
Primary health care
🔥HOT TOPIC🔥
Sharing my PowerPoint slides on 🐵 MONKEYPOX🐵
(a potential/sure shot question for MD exam)
This can be used for a 2 hour session of PG seminar since all the aspects of the disease are covered.
It includes a compilation of;
1. Infectious history (in detail)
2. Epidemiology (Global, local)
3. Case definitions
4. Clinical features
5. Differential diagnosis (including comparison with common DDs)
6. Complications
7. Investigations
8. Management
9. Vaccines
10. Other specific preventive measures
Share among Community Medicine residents for maximum reach and benefits...😊
meaning...classification...examples...causes....indications of endemic diseases. It provides general information as per the teaching materials for teachers
Guidelines for Management of Outbreak in Healthcare Organizationdrnahla
Guidelines for Management of Outbreak in Healthcare Organization
Dr. NAHLA ABDEL KADERوMD, PhD.
INFECTION CONTROL CONSULTANT, MOH
INFECTION CONTROL CBAHI SURVEYOR
Infection Control Director, KKH.
To understand:
The principles of detecting and controlling an
outbreak.
What is needed for outbreak investigation
Steps in disease outbreak investigations.
It gives all the important definitions used in infectious disease epidemiology and continues to elaborate on dynamics of disease transmission followed by prevention and control of infectious diseases.
Definition of endemic disease
the most common endemic diseases in Saudi Arabia
Scabies
diagnosis of scabies
treatment of scabies
Schistosomiasis
prevention of shidtosomiasis
MERS-VC
Corona virus
prevention of corona
Swine flu
Prevention of swine flu
AIDS
Prevention of AIDS
Primary health care
🔥HOT TOPIC🔥
Sharing my PowerPoint slides on 🐵 MONKEYPOX🐵
(a potential/sure shot question for MD exam)
This can be used for a 2 hour session of PG seminar since all the aspects of the disease are covered.
It includes a compilation of;
1. Infectious history (in detail)
2. Epidemiology (Global, local)
3. Case definitions
4. Clinical features
5. Differential diagnosis (including comparison with common DDs)
6. Complications
7. Investigations
8. Management
9. Vaccines
10. Other specific preventive measures
Share among Community Medicine residents for maximum reach and benefits...😊
meaning...classification...examples...causes....indications of endemic diseases. It provides general information as per the teaching materials for teachers
Guidelines for Management of Outbreak in Healthcare Organizationdrnahla
Guidelines for Management of Outbreak in Healthcare Organization
Dr. NAHLA ABDEL KADERوMD, PhD.
INFECTION CONTROL CONSULTANT, MOH
INFECTION CONTROL CBAHI SURVEYOR
Infection Control Director, KKH.
To understand:
The principles of detecting and controlling an
outbreak.
What is needed for outbreak investigation
Steps in disease outbreak investigations.
It gives all the important definitions used in infectious disease epidemiology and continues to elaborate on dynamics of disease transmission followed by prevention and control of infectious diseases.
1. 1st GNM Community H Nsg - Unit 4 Epidemiology.pptxthiru murugan
Community Health Nursing IEpidemiology
By,
Thiru murugan
UNIT-IV: Principles of Epidemiology and Epidemiological methods:
Definition and aims of epidemiology, communicable and non-communicable diseases.
Basic tools of measurement in epidemiology
Uses of epidemiology
Disease cycle
Spectrum of disease
Levels of prevention of disease.
Disease transmission – direct and indirect.
Immunizing agents, immunization and national immunization schedule.
Control of infectious diseases.
Disinfection
Epidemiology:
Introduction: Epidemiology is derived from Greek word “epidemic”
EPI – up on,
DEMOS – people;
LOGOS – study.
Epidemiology means the study of disease in human population.
Definition: “epidemiology is defined as the study of the distribution and determinants of diseases or health problems”.
Terminologies used in epidemiology:
Infection: the entry and multiplication of an infectious agent in the body of man or animal.
Endemic: the constant presence of a disease in particular area or population. Ex- malaria, dengue, chikungunya.
Epidemic: an out break of disease from one area to other area in a community. Ex - cholera, polio, small pox
Sporadic: refers to a disease that occurs infrequently and irregularly. Ex - Tetanus, rabies, and plague.
Pandemic: a disease which spreads from country to country or over the whole world. Ex - swine flu, HIV, COVID – 19.
Zoonosis: diseases or infections transmitted from animals to men. Ex - rabies.
Incubation period: this is the time interval between the entry of the disease agent into the body and the appearance of first sign & symptom of the disease.
Carrier: a person who harbors or carry the disease agent with or without having any outward signs and symptoms.
Isolation: a separation of a person with infectious disease (communicable disease) from contact with other human beings to avoid spread of disease.
Quarantine: a quarantine is a restriction on the movement of people, animals and goods which is intended to prevent the spread of disease
Pathogenicity: ability to cause the disease.
Contagious: a disease that is transmitted through contact.
Reservoir: the habitat ( place for living) where an infectious agent living, grows and multiplies.
Virulence: measure the severity of disease.
Fomites: inanimate articles other than food or water contaminated by the infectious discharges.
Vector: usually an arthropod eg. Mosquito which transfers an infectious agent from an infected person to a healthy person.
Aims
To describe the distribution and size of disease problems in human
To identify the etiological factors.
To provide the data (information) essential to the preparation) implementation (providing) & evaluation (checking the outcome).
Communicable and non-communicable diseases:
Communicable diseases are diseases that spread from person to person. Ex - polio, typhoid, chickenpox, TB,AIDS
Non-communicable disease (NCD) are disease that is not spread from one person to another. Ex - most heart disease
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
Acute scrotum is a general term referring to an emergency condition affecting the contents or the wall of the scrotum.
There are a number of conditions that present acutely, predominantly with pain and/or swelling
A careful and detailed history and examination, and in some cases, investigations allow differentiation between these diagnoses. A prompt diagnosis is essential as the patient may require urgent surgical intervention
Testicular torsion refers to twisting of the spermatic cord, causing ischaemia of the testicle.
Testicular torsion results from inadequate fixation of the testis to the tunica vaginalis producing ischemia from reduced arterial inflow and venous outflow obstruction.
The prevalence of testicular torsion in adult patients hospitalized with acute scrotal pain is approximately 25 to 50 percent
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
New Drug Discovery and Development .....NEHA GUPTA
The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
1. The Dynamics of Disease
Transmission
Second session
Dr. Amita Kashyap
Sr. Prof. Community Medicine
S.M.S. Med. College, Jaipur
2. • I keep six honest serving-men
• (They taught me all I knew);
• Their names are What and Why and
When
• And How and Where and Who.
• —Rudyard Kipling1 (1865–1936)
3. Learning Objectives
• To introduce concepts related to disease
transmission using the epidemiologic approach
to communicable diseases as a model.
• To define important terms related to the
occurrence of disease in a population.
• To calculate an attack rate and illustrate how it
may be used to measure person-to-person
transmission of a disease.
• To describe the steps in an outbreak
investigation and introduce how cross-
tabulation may be used to identify the source.
4. The epidemiologic triad – Disease
Transmission requirements
• Agent
• Reservoir for
agent
• Portal of exit
• Suitable mode
of
transmission
• Portal of entry
• Susceptible
host
5. Host
Characteristics
Types of Agents
and Examples
Environmental
Factors
1.Age
2.Sex
3.Race
4.Religion
5.Customs
6.Occupation
7.Genetic profile
8.Marital status
9.Family
background
10.Previous
diseases
11.Immune status
1.Biologic
2.Bacteria, viruses
3.Chemical
4.Poison, alcohol,
smoke
5.Physical
6.Trauma,
radiation, fire
7.Nutritional
8.Lack, excess
1.Temperature
2.Humidity
3.Altitude
4.Crowding
5.Housing
6.Neighborhood
7.Water
8.Milk
9.Food
10.Radiation
11.Air pollution
12.Noise
Factors That May Be Associated with
Increased Risk of Human Disease
7. Body surfaces as sites of microbial infection and shedding
Infections can be acquired through more than one route
The same routes also serve as points of entry
for noninfectious disease-causing agents
8. Modes of Transmission
1. Direct
a. Person-to-person contact
2. Indirect
a. Common vehicle
(1) Single exposure
(2) Multiple exposures
(3) Continuous exposure
b. Vector
10. A classic photograph showing
droplet dispersal after a sneeze
An infected individual
can transmit influenza
or the common cold to a
score of others in the
course of an innocent
hour in a crowded room.
A venereal infection
also must spread
progressively from
person to person
if it is to maintain itself
in nature, but it would
be a formidable task
to transmit venereal
infection on such a scale!!
11.
12. Indirect
1. Through vehicles
Water
Food
Milk
Blood and plasma
Organs
Cases confined to exposed population
Large Geographic spread
Cases start disappearing with vehicle control
Common source is traceable
The Potential to spread & produce outbreak
depends on characteristics of the organism &
its route of transmission 12
1. Single Exposure
2. Multiple Exposure
3. Continuous Exposure
13. 2. Through Vectors
Mechanical – Housefly
Biological
Propogative (Multiply numbers)
e.g. Microfilaria in mosquito
Cyclo- developmental (Change in form)
e.g. Malarial parasite in mosquito
Cyclo- propogative (change in form &
number too)
e.g. Plague bacilli in Rats
13
14. Herd Immunity
• Reduced probability of an individual becoming
infected when it is part of a vaccinated population.
• Individuals who are immune to a disease act as a
barrier in the spread of disease.
• The proportion of immune individuals in a
population above which a disease may no longer
persist is the herd immunity threshold.
• This concept is important in disease elimination or
eradication programs e.g. elimination can be
achieved without necessarily vaccinating the
entire population.
16. For Herd Immunity
Necessary conditions:
–Disease agent must be restricted to a
single host species within which
transmission occurs
–Transmission must be direct from one
member of the host species to another
(No other Reservoir)
–Infections must induce solid immunity
16
17. Herd Immunity
• Works when:
–Probability of an infected person
encountering every other individual in the
population is the same (random mixing)
• Does NOT work when:
–An infected person interacts only with
people who are susceptible
17
18. Types of Herd Immunity
1. Innate (Inherent) Herd Immunity:
Genetically determined physiological changes
with respect to antibody production or other
defense mechanism in a herd.
2. Acquired Herd Immunity:
where a sufficient number of its members
have actually been exposed naturally or
artificially to infectious agents during their
lifespan.
21. Nonclinical (Inapparent) Disease
Nonclinical disease may include the following:
1. Preclinical Disease- Disease that is not yet
clinically apparent but is destined to progress
to clinical disease.
2. Subclinical Disease- Disease that is not
clinically apparent and is not destined to
become clinically apparent. This type of
disease is often diagnosed by serologic
(antibody) response or culture of the organism
22. Nonclinical (Inapparent) Disease
3. Persistent (Chronic) Disease- A person fails to “shake
off” the infection, and it persists for years, at times for
life.
Post-polio syndrome in adult life. These have thus
become cases of clinical disease, albeit somewhat
different from the initial illness.
4. Latent Disease- An infection with no active
multiplication of the agent, as when viral nucleic acid is
incorporated into the nucleus of a cell as a provirus.
In contrast to persistent infection, only the genetic
message is present in the host, not the viable
organism.
23. Carrier Status
• An individual who harbors the organism but is
not infected as measured by serologic studies (no
evidence of an antibody response) or by evidence
of clinical illness.
• This person can still infect others, although the
infectivity is often lower than with other infections.
• May be of limited duration or may be chronic,
lasting for months or years.
– Typhoid Mary, who carried Salmonella typhi and died in
1938. Over a period of many years, she worked as a cook
in the New York City area, moving from household to
household under different names. She was considered to
have caused at least 10 typhoid fever outbreaks that
included 51 cases and 3 deaths.
24. Level of Disease
• Sporadic - a disease that occurs infrequently and
irregularly.
• Endemic - the habitual presence of a disease
within a given geographic area
• Hyper endemic - to persistent, high levels of
disease occurrence.
• Epidemic - the occurrence in a community or
region of a group of illnesses of similar nature,
clearly in excess of normal expectancy
25. Level of Disease Continued
• Outbreak carries the same definition of epidemic,
but is often used for a more limited geographic
area.
• Cluster refers to an aggregation of cases grouped
in place and time that are suspected to be greater
than the number expected, even though the
expected number may not be known.
• Pandemic refers to an epidemic that has spread
over several countries or continents, usually
affecting a large number of people
28. Epidemic
• A recent increase in amount or virulence of
the agent,
• The recent introduction of the agent into a
setting where it has not been before (All
Susceptible),
• An enhanced mode of transmission,
• A change in the susceptibility of the host
• Factors that increase host exposure or involve
introduction through new portals of entry.
29. Exercise
• For each of the following situations, identify whether it reflects:
A. Sporadic disease
B. Endemic disease
C. Hyper-endemic disease
D. Pandemic disease
E. Epidemic disease
• ____ 22 cases of legionellosis occurred within 3 weeks among residents of
a particular neighborhood (usual occurrence is 0 or 1 per year)
• ____ Average annual incidence was 364 cases of pulmonary tuberculosis
per 100,000 population in one area, compared with national average of
134 cases per 100,000 population
• ____ Over 20 million people worldwide died from influenza in 1918–1919
• ____ Single case of histoplasmosis was diagnosed in a community
• ____ About 60 cases of gonorrhea are usually reported in this region per
week, slightly less than the national average
30. Types Of Epidemic
As per their manner of spread through :
1. Common-source
a) Point
b) Continuous
c) Intermittent
2. Propagated
3. Mixed
4. Other
31. 31
Common Source
Cases occur suddenly after minimum incubation time
All cases occur within one incubation period
Outbreak stops unless secondary spread
Curves have steep upslope, more gradual down slope
Common Point Source Transmission
38. Endemic, Epidemic, and Pandemic
• Endemic is defined as the habitual presence of
a disease within a given geographic area
• Epidemic is defined as the occurrence in a
community or region of a group of illnesses of
similar nature, clearly in excess of normal
expectancy, and derived from a common or
from a propagated source.
• Pandemic refers to a worldwide epidemic.
39. Daytime (10:30 am) photographs of the Great Smog’s toxic pollution
In December 1952, from 6 to 9th Dec. the fog was so thick
that at times, people could not see their own hands and feet.
More than 4,000 deaths were attributed to the fog
Led to :-
legislation,
including the
Clean Air Acts
of 1956 and
1968
40. Disease Outbreaks
• If a food becomes contaminated with a
microorganism and an outbreak occurs in the
group of people who have eaten the food, it is
called a common-vehicle exposure; it can be -
– Single Exposure or
– Multiple Exposure or
– Periodic / intermittent or
– Continuous exposure
41. 41
Point Source Outbreaks
• All exposed at one time
• Cases occur suddenly after minimum
incubation time
• All cases occur within one incubation
period
• Outbreak stops unless secondary spread
• Curves have steep upslope, more gradual
down slope
42. 42
• This is the most common form of transmission in
food-borne disease, in which a large population is
exposed for a short period of time.
Point Source Transmission
43. 43
Continuous Common Source
• May begin suddenly or gradually
• Cases do not disappear because of
secondary exposure
• Curves have gradual or steep
upslope, plateau trickling down
slope, and may repeat
44. 44
• In this case, there are several peaks, and the
incubation period cannot be identified.
Continuing Common Source or
Intermittent Exposure
46. Immunity and Susceptibility
• The amount of disease in a population depends
on a balance between the number of susceptible
people in that population and the number of
people who immune, and therefore not at risk.
• people may be immune because they have had
the disease previously or because they have been
immunized OR on a genetic basis.
• When balance moves toward susceptibility, the
likelihood of an outbreak increases.
47. Herd Immunity
• If a large percentage of the population is
immune, the entire population is likely to be
protected, not just those who are immune.
• For herd immunity to exist :-
– The disease agent must be restricted to a single host
species within which transmission occurs,
– Transmission must be relatively direct from one
member of the host species to another.
– No other means of transmission are available.
– Infections must induce solid immunity.
– If the probability of an infected person encountering
every other individual in the population (random
mixing) is the same
49. Incubation Period
• The incubation period is defined as the interval
from receipt of infection to the time of onset of
clinical illness.
• Different diseases have different incubation
periods. A precise incubation period does not
exist for a given disease; rather, a range of
incubation periods is characteristic for that
disease.
• In general, the length of the incubation period is
characteristic of the infective organism