This document discusses various topics related to environmental management and waste management. It begins by defining waste and waste management. It then describes different types of wastes including radioactive, plastic, industrial, and human waste. Methods of waste disposal like landfills and incineration are explained. The concepts of waste minimization, reuse, recycling, energy recovery, and disposal are covered in relation to the waste hierarchy. Specific sections cover radioactive wastes, plastic waste, and sustainable forest management. Integrated water resources development and management concepts are also discussed.

1. Environmental
Management
Session 4

2. INTRODUCTION
 Waste is an unwanted or undesired material
or substance. It is also referred to as rubbish,
trash, garbage, or junk depending upon the
type of material and the regional
terminology. In living organisms, waste relates
to unwanted substances or toxins that are
expelled from them.
 Waste management is the human control of
the collection, treatment and disposal of
different wastes. This is in order to reduce the
negative impacts waste has on environment
and society.

3. DEFINITIONS OF WASTE AND WASTE
MANAGWMENT
 According to Waste Management Licensing
Regulations, 1994.
 Waste is defined as “a product which is no longer
used in its primary role, which the holder then
intends to, or is required to, discard.”
 Waste management is the collection, transport,
processing, recycling or disposal of waste
materials. The term usually relates to materials
produced by human activity, and is generally
undertaken to reduce their effect on health, the
environment or aesthetics.

4. Types of wastes
 RADIOACTIVE WASTE
 PLASTIC WASTE
 INDUSTRIAL WASTE
 BIO- MEDICAL WASTE
 ELECTRONIC WASTE
 RECYCLABLE WASTE
 DOMESTIC WASTE
 COMMERCIAL WASTE
 HUMAN WASTE
 TOXIC WASTE

5. Landfill
 Disposing of waste in a landfill involves burying
waste to dispose of it, and this remains a common
practice in most countries.
 A properly-designed and well-managed landfill can
be a hygienic and relatively inexpensive method of
disposing of waste materials.
 Older, poorly-designed or poorly-managed landfills
can create a number of adverse environmental
impacts such as wind-blown litter, attraction of
vermin, and generation of liquid leachate.
 Another common byproduct of landfills is gas
(mostly composed of methane and carbon
dioxide), which is produced as organic waste
breaks down anaerobically.

6. Incineration
 Incineration is a disposal method that involves
combustion of waste material.
 Incinerators convert waste materials into heat, gas,
steam, and ash.
 It is recognized as a practical method of disposing
of certain hazardous waste materials (such as
biological medical waste).
 Incineration is common in countries such as Japan
where land is more scarce, as these facilities
generally do not require as much area as landfills.
 Combustion in an incinerator is not always perfect
and there have been concerns about micro-
pollutants in gaseous emissions from incinerator
stacks.

7. WASTE MANAGEMENT CONCEPT
 There are a number of concepts
about waste management which
vary in their usage between
countries or regions.
 Diagram of the waste hierarchy.

8. Best practice in waste management
Minimization
Reuse
Recycling
Energy
recovery
Disposal

9. Minimization
 Reducing the production of waste through efficient
operational practices and use of best available
technology is a key step in any waste management plan.
 Examples
 Feed management technology. Use of correctly
proportioned feeds to minimize wastage. Optimal feeding
practices to prevent unnecessary waste.
 Best available technology
 Efficient removal of solids from effluent.
 By-product extracts through biotechnological techniques.
 Water use, Economic use of water at all times.

10. Reuse
 Reuse of materials for the same or alternative
purposes can result in high reductions in waste
output. Local initiatives can promote the reuse of
materials that might otherwise be discarded.
Examples
 Farming materials
 Reuse of oyster bags and netting.
 Reutilization of organic farm wastes.
 Recirculation technology
 Reuse of water in a culture tank through filtration,
skimming and aeration techniques.

11. Recycling
 Recycling of waste products to serve new purposes is
becoming an increasingly viable option as more
innovative ideas are developed to utilize wastes.
Organic recycling on site is highly encouraged.
Examples
 Organic Recycling
 Composting.
 Ensiling (two phase method of fermentation: aerobic
and anaerobic), Recycling of Protein Oil.
 Inorganic Recycling
 Bulk feed bags, Metals such as steel & aluminum.
 Plastics of all form, Glass of all form.

12. Energy Recovery
 Energy recovery methods such as anaerobic
digestion, oil extraction and incineration allow
for the extraction of a usable fuel source from
aquaculture organic wastes.
Examples
 Biofuel
 An efficient fuel source can be extracted from
fish waste with a high oil content.
 Biogas Methane can be extracted from the
anaerobic digestion of organic waste and used
as a fuel.

13. Disposal
 Disposal methods isolate wastes from production in
such a way that reuse or retrieval of the waste for the
foreseeable future is not considered. Conventional
disposal methods have main involved landfill
dumping.
Drawbacks
 Disposal represents poor use of materials that could
serve alternative uses. Legislation and environmental
pressures mean disposal of both organic and
inorganic waste from aquaculture is employed only
as a last resort. Strict waste management legislation,
means that inorganic material is the only aquaculture
waste accept for dumping in most EU states.

14. WASTE MANAGEMENT CONCEPT
 Waste hierarchy - the waste hierarchy refers to
the "3 Rs" reduce, reuse and recycle, which
classify waste management strategies
according to their desirability in terms of waste
minimization.
 Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) is a
strategy designed to promote the integration of
all costs associated with products throughout
their life cycle (including end-of-life disposal
costs) into the market price of the product.

15.  Extended producer responsibility is meant to
impose accountability over the entire lifecycle
of products and packaging introduced to the
market.
 Polluter pays principle - the Polluter Pays
Principle is a principle where the polluting party
pays for the impact caused to the environment.
 With respect to waste management, this
generally refers to the requirement for a waste
generator to pay for appropriate disposal of the
waste.

16. RADIOACTIVE WASTES
 Radioactive wastes are waste types containing
radioactive chemical elements that do not have a
practical purpose. They are usually the products of
nuclear processes, such as nuclear fission.
 The majority of radioactive waste is "low-level waste",
meaning it contains low levels of radioactivity per mass or
volume.
 This type of waste often consists of used protective
clothing, which is only slightly contaminated but still
dangerous in case of radioactive contamination of a
human body through ingestion, inhalation, absorption, or
injection.
 In the United States alone, the Department of Energy
states there are "millions of gallons of radioactive waste"
as well as "thousands of tons of spent nuclear fuel and
material" and also "huge quantities of contaminated soil
and water.

17. The nature and significance of
radioactive wastes
 Radioactive waste typically comprises a number of
radioisotopes: unstable configurations of elements that
decay, emitting ionizing radiation which can be harmful to
human health and to the environment.
 The radioactivity of all nuclear waste diminishes with time.
 The faster a radioisotope decays, the more radioactive it
will be. The energy and the type of the ionizing radiation
emitted by a pure radioactive substance are important
factors in deciding how dangerous it will be.
 This is further complicated by the fact that many
radioisotopes do not decay immediately to a stable state
but rather to a radioactive decay product leading to
decay chains.

18. TYPES OF RADIOACTIVE
WASTES
 Removal of very low-level waste
 Low level waste (LLW) is generated from hospitals and
industry, as well as the nuclear fuel cycle. It comprises
paper, rags, tools, clothing, filters, etc., which contain small
amounts of mostly short-lived radioactivity.
 High level waste (HLW) is produced by nuclear reactors. It
contains fission products and transuranic elements
generated in the reactor core.
 Transuranic waste (TRUW) as defined by U.S. regulations is,
without regard to form or origin, waste that is
contaminated with alpha-emitting transuranic
radionuclides with half-lives greater than 20 years, and
concentrations greater than 100 nCi/g (3.7 MBq/kg),
excluding High Level Waste.

19. ACCIDENTS INVOLVING
RADIOACTIVE WASTES
 A number of incidents have occurred when
radioactive material was disposed of improperly,
shielding during transport was defective, or when it
was simply abandoned or even stolen from a waste
store.
 At Maxey Flat, a low-level radioactive waste facility
located in Kentucky, containment trenches covered
with dirt, instead of steel or cement, collapsed under
heavy rainfall into the trenches and filled with water.
 The scavengers and those who buy the material are
almost always unaware that the material is
radioactive and it is selected for its aesthetics or
scrap value.

20. Plastic waste
 The quantum of solid waste is ever increasing due to
increase in population, developmental activities, changes
in life style, and socio-economic conditions.
 Plastics waste is a significant portion of the total municipal
solid waste (MSW).
 The plastics waste constitutes two major category of
plastics; (i) Thermoplastics and (ii) Thermoset plastics.
 Thermoplastics, constitutes 80% and thermoset constitutes
approximately 20% of total post-consumer plastics waste
generated in India.
 However, thermoset plastics contains alkyd, epoxy, ester,
melamine formaldehyde, phenolic formaldehyde, silicon,
urea formaldehyde, polyurethane, metalised and
multilayer plastics etc

21. Mangement of plastic waste
 A MARVEL of polymer chemistry, plastics have
become an indispensable part of our daily life.
 The importance of this sector to the national
economy can be gauged from the fact that the
domestic demand is expected to cross 4 million
tonnes by 2001-2002, confirming plastics as the
material of choice in numerous applications due
to depletion of already scarce natural resources.
 The Government of Himachal Pradesh was one of
the earliest to introduce legislation prohibiting the
throwing or disposing of plastic articles in public
places.
 Recycling of plastic waste is a major activity in
India through which thousands of families earn a
livelihood.

22. Sustainable Agriculture
 What is it?
 Conway’s three properties are:
 Productivity
 Stability
 Resiliency
Source: Conway, G.R. and Barbier, E.B. 1990. After the Green Revolution.
Sustainable Agriculture for Development. Earthscan, London. 205 p.
22

23. 1. Productivity
23
Net increment of
valued product per
unit of resource
(kg/ha for example)

24. 2. Stability
24
Degree to which
productivity
remains constant
over time when
not faced with a
shock

25. 3. Resiliency
25
The ability of a
system to maintain or
recover productivity
when subject to
stress or shock.

26. SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE SYSTEM
A sustainable agriculture system
A farm system that mimics as closely as possible the
complexity of a healthy and natural ecosystem.
Goals include:
 Providing a more profitable farm income.
 Promoting environmental stewardship.
 Promoting stable, prosperous farm families and
communities.
26

27. SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE SYSTEM
 Reduces inputs.
 Uses ecological pest and weed management
strategies.
 Cycles nutrients back into the soil for fertility
and health.
 Strengthens rural and urban communities.
 Produces viable farm income.
 Promotes healthy family and social values.
 Brings the consumer back into agriculture.

28. Technologies for Sustainable
Agricultural Development
 Biotechnology
 Pre & post harvesting technology
 Energy saving technology
 Environment protection technology
 Information and Communication
technology
 GIS & RS technology
 Internet/Intranet Technology

29. Sustainable forest management
 Sustainable development is commonly defined
as development that meets the needs of the
present without compromising the ability of
future generations to meet their own needs.
 Sustainable forest management has been
considered as an integral component of
sustainable development since the UNCED
Conference at Rio de Janeiro in 1992, also
called the Earth Summit.
 International forest principles were formulated for
the first time by world leaders and the first global
policy on sustainable forest management was
adopted.

30. Sustainable forest management
 India has only 2.5% of the world’s geographic
area and 1.85% of the world’s forest area, we
have 17% of the world’s population and 18% of
livestock population.
 Applications to define and assess sustainable
forest management are
 Criteria and indicators
 Life cycle assessment,
 Cost–benefit analysis
 Knowledge-based systems
 Environmental impact assessment

31. Sustainable forest management
 Accordingly, the forest resources and lands
should be managed sustainably to meet the
social, economic, ecological, cultural and
spiritual functions, and for the maintenance and
enhancement of biological diversity.
 Criteria and indicators approach developed as a
potent tool for assessment, monitoring and
reporting of sustainability of forest resources.
 Currently, about 160 countries are participating in
nine regional and international processes of
sustainable forest management following the
criteria and indicator approach

32. Sustainable forest management
 Criteria define and characterize the essential
elements, as well as a set of conditions or
processes, by which sustainable forest
management may be assessed.
 Each criterion relates to a key element of
sustainability and may be described by one or
more indicators.
 While indicators are parameters that measure
specific quantitative and qualitative attributes
and help monitor trends in the sustainability of
forest management over time.

33. Sustainable forest management
 International Tropical Timber Organization (ITTO)
 Indian Institute of Forest Management (IIFM),
Bhopal
 The 1988 National Forest Policy
 A total of 8 criteria and 51 indicators specific to
Indian forestry conditions were developed.
 The Ministry of Environment and Forests,
Government of India has already created a
Sustainable Forest Management (SFM) Cell in the
Ministry in 2006.

34. Integrated Water Resources
Development and Management
 IWRDM.
 India has 2.5 % of world’s land, 4% of
freshwater, 17% of population, and 18% of
its cattle.
 WATERSHED Development

35. Concepts and Principles of IWM
Objectives:
 Water has multiples uses and must be
managed in an integrated way.
 Water should be managed at the lowest
appropriate level.
 Water allocation should take account of
the interests of all who are affected.
 Water should be recognised and treated as
an economic good.

36. Concepts and Principles of IWM
Strategies:
 A long term, viable sustainable future for
basin stake holders.
 Equitable access to water resources for water
users.
 The application of principles of demand
management for efficient utilisation.
 Prevention of further environmental
degradation (short term) and the restoration
of degraded resources (long term). .

37. 1970 1980 1990 2000
PublicParticipation
Watershed development program
Low
High
Mainlywater
conservation
Socio-economicwith
waterconservation
Socio-economic,
waterconservation,
participation
Publicparticipation
planning,design,
implementation
Project success
Integrated Watershed Approach
 IWM is the process of planning and implementing
water and natural resources an emphasis on
integrating the bio-physical, socio-economic and
institutional aspects.
 Social issues are addressed through involvement of
women and minority.
 Community led water users groups have led the
implementation efforts.

38. Integrated Watershed Approach
 The four engineering and management tools for
effective and sustainable development of water
resources in semi-arid rural India: -
 Appropriate technologies
 Decentralised development system
 Catchment based water resources planning
 Management information system
 For sustainable watershed management there is
need to integrate the social and economic
development together with soil and water
conservation

39. IWA – Advanced Technologies

40. Water Conservation & Harvesting
Total water management for sustainable
development?.

41. Water Conservation
 Important step for solutions to issues of water and
environmental conservation is to change
people's attitudes and habits
 Conserve water because it is right thing to do!.
What you can do to conserve water?
 Use only as much water as you require. Close the
taps well after use. While brushing or other use,
do not leave the tap running, open it only when
you require it. See that there are no leaking taps.
 Use a washing machine that does not consume
too much water. Do not leave the taps running
while washing dishes and clothes.

42. Water Conservation…
 Install small shower heads to reduce the flow of
the water. Water in which the vegetables & fruits
have been washed - use to water the flowers &
plants.
 At the end of the day if you have water left in
your water bottle do not throw it away, pour it
over some plants.
 Re-use water as much as possible
 Change in attitude & habits for water
conservation
 Every drop counts!!!

43. Rain Water Harvesting?.
• Rain Water Harvesting RWH- process of collecting,
conveying & storing water from rainfall in an area – for
beneficial use.
• Storage – in tanks, reservoirs, underground storage-
groundwater
• Hydrological Cycle

44. RWH – Methodologies
 Roof Rain Water Harvesting
 Land based Rain Water Harvesting
 Watershed based Rain Water harvesting
 For Urban & Industrial Environment –
 Roof & Land based RWH
 Public, Private, Office & Industrial buildings
 Pavements, Lawns, Gardens & other open
spaces

45. MUNCIPAL
WASTE
MANAGEMENT

46. Solid Waste Management
 Solid waste management includes all
activities that seek to minimise the health,
environmental and aesthetic impacts of
solid wastes.
 It can also be defined as any waste
excluding human excreta

47. Different Types of Solid Waste
 Municipal Solid Waste
 Industrial Waste
 Hazardous Waste
 Hospital Waste
 Construction and Demolition Waste
 Waste from electrical and electronic
equipment (WEEE)
 End-of-Life Vehicles (ELVs) and Tyres
 Agricultural Waste

48. Municipal Solid Waste
 Such waste comprises household waste,
construction and demolition debris,
sanitation residue and waste from the
street.
 The consumer market has grown rapidly
leading to products being packed in
cans, aluminium foils, plastics, and other
such non-biodegradable components
which cause immeasurable harm to the
environment.

49. TYPES OF MUNCIPAL WASTE
 Biodegradable waste: food and kitchen waste, green
waste, paper (can also be recycled).
 Recyclable material: paper, glass, bottles, cans, metals,
certain plastics, etc.
 Inert waste: construction and demolition waste, dirt,
rocks, debris.
 Composite wastes: waste clothing, Tetra Packs, waste
plastics such as toys.
 Domestic hazardous waste (also called "household
hazardous waste") & toxic waste: medication, e-waste,
paints, chemicals, light bulbs, fluorescent tubes, spray
cans, fertilizer and pesticide containers, batteries, shoe
polish.

50. Composition of Municipal
Waste

51. Industrial Waste
 Some of the largest waste generated by
industrial sectors include the production
of basic metals, food, beverage, tobacco
products, wood products and paper
products.
 Waste from manufacturing sector
continues to rise, despite national and
international declarations to reduce
waste from manufacturing industries.

52. Hospital Waste
 Hospital waste is generated during the
diagnosis, treatment or immunization of
human beings or animals and also in the
research activities in these fields as well as
in the production and testing of
biologicals.

53. Agricultural Waste
 It is composed of organic wastes and
wastes such as plastic, scrapped
machinery, fencing, pesticides, waste oils
and veterinary medicines.

54. Hazardous Waste
 Hazardous waste could be highly toxic to
humans, animals, and plants; are
corrosive, highly inflammable, or
explosive; and react when exposed to
certain things such as gases.
 Industrial and hospital waste is considered
hazardous.
 In addition, certain types of household
waste are also considered as hazardous.
 The main disposal route for hazardous
waste is landfill, incineration, and physical
or chemical treatment.

55. Construction and Demolition
Waste
 Such waste arises from activities such as
the construction of buildings and civil
infrastructures, total or partial demolition
of buildings and civil infrastructure, road
planning and maintenance.
 It is made up of numerous materials
including concrete, bricks, wood, glass,
asbestos and plastic, many of which can
be recycled in one way or another.

56. W.E.E.E
 It consists of end of life products and
comprises of a range of electrical and
electronic items such as:
 Refrigerators
 Telecommunication equipment
 Freezers
 Washing machines
 Medical equipment
 Hairdryers and televisions.

57. Solid Waste Treatment
 Waste Prevention and Minimisation
 Re-use
 Recycle
 Composting
 Land filling

58. LANDFILLING
 A landfill, also known as a dump, is a site for
the disposal of waste materials by burial and
is the oldest form of waste treatment
 Historically, landfills have been the most
common methods of organized waste
disposal and remain so in many places
around the world.
 Landfills may include internal waste disposal
sites (where a producer of waste carries out
their own waste disposal at the place of
production) as well as sites used by many
producers.

59. LANDFILLING
 Many landfills are also used for other waste
management purposes, such as the
temporary storage, consolidation and
transfer, or processing of waste material
(sorting, treatment, or recycling).
 A landfill also may refer to ground that has
been filled in with soil and rocks instead of
waste materials, so that it can be used for a
specific purpose, such as for building houses.
 Unless they are stabilized, these areas may
experience severe shaking or liquefaction of
the ground in a large earthquake.

60. REUSE OF WASTE
 Reuse is using an item more than once. This
includes conventional reuse where the item is
used again for the same function, and new-life
reuse where it is used for a new function.
The classic example of
conventional reuse is the
doorstep delivery of milk in
reusable bottles; other
examples include the
retreading of tires and the
use of plastic delivery trays
(transit packing) in place of
cardboard cartons.
Ways to Reuse
- Using durable coffee mugs
- Using cloth napkins or towels
- Refilling bottles
- Donating old magazines
- Reusing boxes
- Purchasing refillable pens and pencils

61. ADVANTAGES OF REUSE
 Energy and raw materials savings as replacing
many single use products with one reusable one
reduces the number that need to be
manufactured.
 Reduced disposal needs and costs.
 Refurbishment can bring sophisticated,
sustainable, well paid jobs to underdeveloped
economies.
 Cost savings for business and consumers as a
reusable product is often cheaper than the many
single use products it replaces.
 Some older items were better handcrafted and
appreciate in value.

62. DISADVANTAGES OF REUSE
 Reuse often requires cleaning or transport, which
have environmental costs.
 Some items, such as Freon appliances or infant
auto seats, could be hazardous or less energy
efficient as they continue to be used.
 Reusable products need to be more durable than
single use products, and hence require more
material per item. This is particularly significant if
only a small proportion of the reusable products
are in fact reused.
 Sorting and preparing items for reuse takes time,
which is inconvenient

63. INCINERATION
 Incineration is a disposal method that involves
combustion of waste material. Incineration and
other high temperature waste treatment systems
are sometimes described as "thermal treatment".
Incinerators convert waste materials into heat, gas,
steam, and ash.
 Incineration is carried out both on a small scale by
individuals, and on a large scale by industry. It is
used to dispose of solid, liquid and gaseous waste. It
is recognized as a practical method of disposing of
certain hazardous waste materials (such as
biological medical waste). Incineration is a
controversial method of waste disposal, due to
issues such as emission of gaseous pollutants

64. COMPOSTING
 Composting is the aerobic decomposition of
biodegradable organic matter, producing
compost. (Or in a simpler form: Composting is
the decaying of food, mostly vegetables or
manure.)
 The decomposition is performed primarily by
facultative and obligate aerobic bacteria,
yeasts and fungi, helped in the cooler initial
and ending phases by a number of larger
organisms, such as springtails, ants, nematodes
and oligochaete worms.

65. Benefits of Composting
 Keeps organic wastes out of landfills.
 Provides nutrients to the soil.
 -Increases beneficial soil organisms
(e.g., worms and centipedes).
 Suppresses certain plant diseases.
 Reduces the need for fertilizers and
pesticides.
 Protects soils from erosion.
 Assists pollution remediation

66. COLLECTION OF WASTE
 Waste collection is the component of
waste management which results in
the passage of a waste material from
the source of production to either the
point of treatment final disposal.
 Waste collection also includes the
kerbside collection of recyclable
materials that technically are not
waste, as part of a municipal landfill
diversion program.

67. RECYCLING OF WASTE
 Recycling involves processing used materials into
new products in order to prevent the waste of
potentially useful materials, reduce the
consumption of fresh raw materials, reduce
energy usage, reduce air (from incineration) and
water (from landfilling) pollution by reducing the
need for "conventional" waste disposal, and lower
greenhouse gas emissions as compared to virgin
production.
 Recycling is a key component of modern waste
management and is the third component of the
"Reduce, Reuse, Recycle" waste hierarchy.

68. Benefits of Recycling
 Conserves resources for our children's future.
 Prevents emissions of many greenhouse gases
and water pollutants.
 Saves energy.
 Supplies valuable raw materials to industry.
 Creates jobs.
 Stimulates the development of greener
technologies.
 Reduces the need for new landfills and
incinerators.

69. What you can do to reduce
solid waste
 Say no to all plastic bags as far as possible.
 Reduce the use of paper bags also.
 Reuse the soft drinks polybottles for storing
water.
 Segregate the waste in the house –keep two
garbage bins and see to it that the
biodegradable and the non-biodegradable is
put into separate bins and dispose off
separately.
 Dig a compost pit in your garden and put all
the biodegradables into it.

70. What you can do to reduce solid waste
 See to it that all garbage is thrown into the municipal
bin as the collection is generally done from there.
 Carry your own cloth or jute bag when you go
shopping.
 When you go out do not throw paper and other
wrappings or even leftover food here and there,
make sure that it is put in the correct place, that is
into a dustbin.
 As far as possible try to sell all the recyclable items
that are not required to the person who trades in
waste.

71. MAGNITUDE OF PROBLEM
 Per capita waste generation increasing by 1.3%
per annum
 With urban population increasing between 3 –
3.5% per annum
 Yearly increase in waste generation is around 5%
annually
 India’s Population = 1027 Million As per 2001
Census
 Urban Population = 285 Million
 Urban Areas = 5161 (Cities / Towns)

72. MAGNITUDE OF PROBLEM
 India produces 42.0 million tons of municipal solid
waste annually at present.
 Per capita generation of waste varies from 200 gm
to 600 gm per capita / day. Average generation rate
at 0.4 kg per capita per day in 0.1 million plus towns.
 Collection efficiency ranges between 50% to 90% of
the solid waste generated.
 Urban Local Bodies spend around Rs.500/- to Rs.1500/-
per ton on solid waste management of which,
 60-70% of the amount is on collection alone
 20% - 30% on transportation
 Hardly any fund is spent on treatment and disposal of
waste
 Crude dumping of waste in most of the cities

73. Characteristics of Municipal Solid
Waste
 Compostable / Bio-degradable = 30% -
55%matter(can be converted into
manure)
 Inert material = 40% - 45% (to go
to landfill)
 Recyclable materials = 5% - 10%
(Recycling)
 These percentages vary from city to city
depending on food habits

74. Present status of waste
management
 Storage of waste at source is lacking
 Domestic waste thrown on streets
 Trade waste on roads / streets
 Construction debris left unattended
 Bio-medical waste disposed in municipal waste
stream
 Industrial waste disposed of in open areas
 Segregation of recyclable waste at source not
done
 Primary collection of waste not done at place of
generation

75. Contd../
 Design & location of municipal waste storage
depots inappropriate, resulting in littering of
garbage .
 Street sweeping not done everyday
 Waste transportation done in open vehicles
 Waste processing partially practiced in 35
ULBS only
 Final disposal done through crude dumping
 Rag pickers collect recyclables from
municipal bins / dumpsites and litter the
waste causing insanitary conditions

76. REASONS FOR IMPROPER
MANAGEMENT OF WASTE
 Lack of planning for waste management while planning
townships
 Lack of proper institutional set up for waste management,
planning and designing in urban local bodies
 Lack of technically trained manpower
 Lack of community involvement
 Lack of expertise and exposure to city waste
management using modern techniques / best practices
 Lack of awareness creation mechanism
 Lack of Management Information Systems
 Lack of funds with ULBs
 Indifferent attitude of ULBs to levy user charges and
sustainability

77. RECOMMENDED APPROACHES TO WASTE
MANAGEMENT
1. Possible Waste Management Options :
(a) Waste Minimisation
(b) Material Recycling
(c) Waste Processing (Resource Recovery)
(d) Waste Transformation
(e) Sanitary Landfilling – Limited land availability is a
constraint in Metro cities.
2. Processing / Treatment should be :
(i) Technically sound
(ii) Financially viable
(iii) Eco-friendly / Environmental friendly
(iv) Easy to operate & maintain by local community
(v) Long term sustainability

78. RECOMMENDED APPROACHES TO
WASTE PROCESSING & DISPOSAL
I) WEALTH FROM WASTE (PROCESSING OF ORGANIC WASTE)
(A) WASTE TO COMPOST
(i) AEROBIC / ANAEROBIC COMPOSTING
(ii) VERMI-COMPOSTING
(B) WASTE TO ENERGY
(i) REFUSE DERIVED FUEL (RDF) / PELLETIZATION
(ii) BIO-METHANATION
II) RECYCLING OF WASTE
III) SANITARY LANDFILLING
IV) TREATMENT OF BIO-MEDICAL WASTE SEPARATELY

79. INITIATIVES BY GOVERNMENT OF
INDIA
 Bio-medical Waste Handling Rules, 1998 - Notified
 Municipal Solid Waste Management Rules, 2000 –
Notified.
 Reforms Agenda (Fiscal, Institutional, Legal)
 Technical Manual on Municipal Solid Waste
Management
 Technology Advisory Group on Municipal Solid Waste
Management
 Inter-Ministerial Task Force on Integrated Plant Nutrient
Management from city compost.

80. INITIATIVES BY GOVERNMENT OF
INDIA
 Tax Free Bonds by ULBs permitted by Government of
India
 Income Tax relief to Waste Management agencies
 Public-Private Partnership in SWM
 Capacity Building
 Urban Reforms Incentive Fund
 Guidelines for PSP and setting up of Regulatory Authority
 Financial Assistance by Government of India - 12th
Finance Commission Grants

81. Grant
Loan
Centre State
Cities with 4 million plus
population
35% 15% 50%
Cities with one million plus
population but less than 4
million
50% 20% 30%
Other cities 80% 10% 10%
NATIONAL URBAN RENEWAL
MISSION
 Central / state grants are proposed to be
provided for solid waste management

82. Bio-medical
Waste
Management
Issues and Challenges

83. I. Environmental Legislation
 The Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution)
Act, 1981
 The Environment (Protection) Act, 1986
 The Hazardous Waste (Management &
Handling) Rules, 1989
 The National Environmental Tribunal Act, 1995
 The Biomedical Waste (Management &
Handling) Rules, 1998
 The Municipal Solid Waste (Management &
Handling) Rules, 2000
83

84. Implementation of
BIO-MEDICAL WASTE RULES 1998
 BMW Rules have been adopted and
notified with the objective to stop the
indiscriminate disposal of hospital waste/
bio-medical waste and ensure that such
waste is handled without any adverse
effect on the human health and
environment.
84

85. 85
Implementation of
BIO-MEDICAL WASTE RULES 1998
 Health care waste includes
 Waste generated by the health care
facilities
 Research facilities
 Laboratories
 Biomedical waste in hospitals
 85% are non-infectious
 10% are infectious
 5% are hazardous

86. Basic Principles
 Segregation and safe containment of waste
at the health facility level
 Processing and storage for terminal disposal
 The containers shall be labeled according to
Schedule III (BMW Rules 1998)
 Transport waste safely to pick up site
 Identify destination for each type of waste
and ensure safe disposal
 Keep track of usage
86

87. 87
Basic Principles
 Bio-medical waste shall not be mixed with
other wastes.
 Segregation at source – both at ward and
unit level
 Color coding to support segregation at
source
 Bio-medical waste shall be segregated into
containers/ bags at the point of generation in
accordance with Schedule II (BMW Rules
1998) prior to its storage, transportation,
treatment and disposal.

88. Transportation & Storage of
BMW
 Untreated biomedical waste shall be transported
only in vehicles authorized for the purpose by the
competent authority as specified by the
government.
 Untreated bio-medical waste shall not be
kept/stored beyond a period of 48 hours.
 If for any reason it becomes necessary to store the
waste beyond such period, measures must be
taken to ensure that the waste does not adversely
affect human health and the environment.
88

89. Biomedical Waste
Management - Issues
 Not considered important
 Lack of interest from senior management
 No ownership of the process
 Awareness of problems
 Appreciate the need for constant
monitoring

90. Biomedical Waste
Management - Issues
 Segregation of waste not taken seriously at
user level
 Non compliance with color coding
 Monitoring segregation at source – low
budgets allocated – costs are not always
known
 Cost of color coding, staff, transport and
disposal
 Quantification of waste generated is not
accurately done

91. Biomedical Waste
Management - Issues
 Protection of healthcare workers not
given adequate thought
 Clinical waste dumped with non
infectious waste - Risk for healthcare
workers and public
 Waste disposal not effective, often
dumped in open landfills

92. 92
Biomedical Waste
Management - responsibilities
 Responsibility for waste disposal – head of
facility, but devolved to members of the
waste management team
 Each healthcare worker – segregation and
appropriate disposal
 Private companies – from collection point in
hospital to disposal
 Medical waste segregation awareness and
Information should be available in all areas of
hospital

93. Challenges: Need for protocol and
policies…
To provide protection for
 Healthcare workers
 Patients
 Community at large - from the risk of infections
 Compliance with statutory requirements
 Government of India -1998 biomedical
waste management and handling rules
under EPA
(compels hospitals, clinics, labs to ensure safe and
environmentally sound management of waste
generated at their establishments)

94. 94
Challenges
 Establishing robust waste management
policies within the organization
 Organization wide awareness about the
health hazards
 Sufficient financial and human resources
 Monitoring and control of waste disposal
 Clear responsibility for appropriate
handling and disposal of waste.

95. ADRESSING THE ISSUES
 Need to build-up of a comprehensive system,
address responsibilities, resource allocation,
handling and disposal
 This is a long-term process, sustained by gradual
improvements.
 Specific personnel need to be assigned to monitor
the bio-medical waste management in the
hospital.
 Man power needs and other resources for the
BMWM of hospital to be addressed.
 Quality assessment of bio-medical waste
management should be done from time to time.
95

96. ADRESSING THE ISSUES
 Segregated collection and transportation - The use
of color coding and labeling of hazardous waste.
 Clear directives in the form of a posters and notice to
be displayed in all concerned areas in English and
local languages.
 Safety of handlers.
 Raising Awareness about risks related to health-care
waste; training staff and HCW on safe practices.
 Selection of safe and environmentally friendly
management options, to protect people from
hazards when collecting, handling, storing,
transporting, treating or disposing of waste.
96

97. ADRESSING THE ISSUES
 Issue of all protective clothes such as, gloves,
aprons, masks etc. to all HCW.
 Regular medical check-up (half-yearly) of
staff associated with BMWM.
 Maintenance of Record registers for this
purpose.
 Containers should be robust and leak proof
 Tracking of Bio Medical Waste upto point of
Disposal.
 Proper treatment and final disposal.
97

98. 98
Option Waste Category Treatment & Disposal
Category No. 1 Human Anatomical Waste
(human tissues, organs, body parts)
incineration @/deep burial*
Category No. 2 Animal Waste
(animal tissues, organs, body parts
carcasses, bleeding parts, fluid, blood and
experimental animals used in research,
waste generated by veterinary hospitals,
colleges, discharge from hospitals, animal
houses)
incineration@/deep burial*
Category No. 3 Microbiology & Biotechnology Waste
(Wastes from laboratory cultures, stocks or
micro-organisms live or vaccines, human
and animal cell culture used in research and
infectious agents from research and
industrial laboratories, wastes from
production of biologicals, toxins, dishes and
devices used for transfer of cultures)
local autoclaving/micro-
waving/incineration@
Category No. 4 Waste Sharps
(needles, syringes, scalpels, blade, glass,
etc. that may cause punture and cuts. This
includes both used and unused sharps)
disinfection (chemical treatment
@@@/auto claving/microwaving
and mutilation/shredding##
Category No. 5 Discarded Medicines and Cytotoxic drugs
(Waste comprising of outdated,
contaminated and discarded medicines)
incineration@/destruction and
drugs disposal in secured
landfills
Schedule-I
CATEGORIES OF BIO-MEDICAL WASTE

99. 99
Category No. 6 Soiled Waste
(items contaminated with blood,
and body fluids including cotton,
dressings, soiled plaster casts,
lines, bedding, other material
contaminated with blood)
incineration@autoclaving/micro
waving
Category No. 7 Solid Waste
(Waste generated from disposal
items other than the sharps such a
tubings, catheters, intravenous
sets etc.)
disinfection by chemical
treatment@@
autoclaving/microwaving and
mutilation/shredding##
Category No. 8 Liquid Waste
(Waste generated from laboratory
and washing, cleaning,
housekeeping and disinfecting
activities)
disinfection by chemical
treatment@@ and discharge
into drains
Category No. 9 Incineration Ash
Ash from incineration of any bio-
medical waste)
disposal in municipal landfill
Category No. 10 Chemical Waste
(Chemicals used in production of
biologicals, chemicals used in
production of biologicals,
chemicals used in disinfection, as
insectricides, etc.)
chemical treatment@@ and
discharge into drains for liquids
and secured landfill for solids
Schedule-I
CATEGORIES OF BIO-MEDICAL WASTE (continued)