Union Budget 2021 announces a Vehicle Scrapping Policy to Phase out Old VehiclesAjjay Kumar Gupta
Union Budget 2021 announces a Vehicle Scrapping Policy to Phase out Old Vehicles. Automated Vehicle Scrapping and Recycling Unit. Business Ideas and Opportunities for Entrepreneurs.
What is Auto Shredding?
The scrapping of cars and large household equipment is a method where the components fed into it are grinded to fist-size bits by a hammer mill. A combination of ferrous material, non-ferrous metal (e.g. copper and aluminium alloys), and shredding scrap, called vehicle shredder remnants of automotive shredder residue, resulted in the shredding of vehicles (ASR). ASR is made up of glass, fabric, rubber, liquids for vehicles, plastics, and soil. Often ASR is divided into dust and shredder in small proportion. These leftover materials are considered 'Car-fluff' occasionally.
For More Details, Click Here:-https://www.entrepreneurindia.co/project-and-profile-details/Automated%20Vehicle%20Scrapping%20and%20Recycling%20Unit
Contact us
Niir Project Consultancy Services
An ISO 9001:2015 Company
106-E, Kamla Nagar, Opp. Mall ST,
New Delhi-110007, India.
Email: npcs.ei@gmail.com , info@entrepreneurindia.co
Tel: +91-11-23843955, 23845654, 23845886
Mobile: +91-9097075054, 8800733955
Website: www.entrepreneurindia.co , www.niir.org
Steel slag utilization — overview in indian perspective.Manoj Kumar Tiwari
Current total productions of steel slag in India, are around 12 million tonnes per annum (Indian Minerals Yearbook, May 2016), which is far behind the developed countries. Presently in India, due to limited modes of practices of utilization, huge amount of iron and steel slag dumped in yards of each production unit and engaging of important agricultural land and grave pollution to whole environment. An efficient approach to overcome these problems is the slag utilization. Physical and chemical characterization of steel slag is a deciding factor of steel slag utilization as recycled raw material as road aggregate, cement and concrete admixture, soil stabilizer and construction materials, etc. This review presents utilization trends of steel slag and possible potentials for large-scale employment of steel slag in Indian context
Concrete is one of the most versatile materials used in infrastructural development. It plays a critical role in in construction industry and making it sustainable is of paramount importance. How do we do it? Let us look here!!
Management of Electricals and Electronics Waste. E-waste is any broken or unwanted electrical or electronic appliance. E-waste includes computers, entertainment electronics, mobile phones and other items that have been discarded by their original user. Electronic appliance makes more toxic waste.
Union Budget 2021 announces a Vehicle Scrapping Policy to Phase out Old VehiclesAjjay Kumar Gupta
Union Budget 2021 announces a Vehicle Scrapping Policy to Phase out Old Vehicles. Automated Vehicle Scrapping and Recycling Unit. Business Ideas and Opportunities for Entrepreneurs.
What is Auto Shredding?
The scrapping of cars and large household equipment is a method where the components fed into it are grinded to fist-size bits by a hammer mill. A combination of ferrous material, non-ferrous metal (e.g. copper and aluminium alloys), and shredding scrap, called vehicle shredder remnants of automotive shredder residue, resulted in the shredding of vehicles (ASR). ASR is made up of glass, fabric, rubber, liquids for vehicles, plastics, and soil. Often ASR is divided into dust and shredder in small proportion. These leftover materials are considered 'Car-fluff' occasionally.
For More Details, Click Here:-https://www.entrepreneurindia.co/project-and-profile-details/Automated%20Vehicle%20Scrapping%20and%20Recycling%20Unit
Contact us
Niir Project Consultancy Services
An ISO 9001:2015 Company
106-E, Kamla Nagar, Opp. Mall ST,
New Delhi-110007, India.
Email: npcs.ei@gmail.com , info@entrepreneurindia.co
Tel: +91-11-23843955, 23845654, 23845886
Mobile: +91-9097075054, 8800733955
Website: www.entrepreneurindia.co , www.niir.org
Steel slag utilization — overview in indian perspective.Manoj Kumar Tiwari
Current total productions of steel slag in India, are around 12 million tonnes per annum (Indian Minerals Yearbook, May 2016), which is far behind the developed countries. Presently in India, due to limited modes of practices of utilization, huge amount of iron and steel slag dumped in yards of each production unit and engaging of important agricultural land and grave pollution to whole environment. An efficient approach to overcome these problems is the slag utilization. Physical and chemical characterization of steel slag is a deciding factor of steel slag utilization as recycled raw material as road aggregate, cement and concrete admixture, soil stabilizer and construction materials, etc. This review presents utilization trends of steel slag and possible potentials for large-scale employment of steel slag in Indian context
Concrete is one of the most versatile materials used in infrastructural development. It plays a critical role in in construction industry and making it sustainable is of paramount importance. How do we do it? Let us look here!!
Management of Electricals and Electronics Waste. E-waste is any broken or unwanted electrical or electronic appliance. E-waste includes computers, entertainment electronics, mobile phones and other items that have been discarded by their original user. Electronic appliance makes more toxic waste.
MSW combustion accounts for a small portion of American waste management for multiple reasons. Generally speaking, regions of the world where populations are dense and land is limited (e.g. many European countries, Japan), have greater adoption of combustion with energy recovery due to space constraints. As the United States encompasses a large amount of land, space limitations have not been as important a factor in the adoption of combustion with energy recovery. Landfilling in the United States is often considered a more viable option, especially in the short term, due to the low economic cost of building an MSW landfill verses an MSW combustion facility.
Another factor in the slow growth rate of MSW combustion in the United States is public opposition to the facilities. These facilities have not always had air emission control equipment, thus gaining a reputation as high polluting. In addition, many communities do not want the increased traffic from trucks or to be adjacent to any facility handling municipal waste.
Additionally, the upfront money needed to build an MSW combustion facility can be significant and economic benefits may take several years to be fully realized. A new plant typically requires at least 100 million dollars to finance the construction; larger plants may require double to triple that amount. MSW Combustion facilities typically collect a tipping fee from the independent contractors that drop the waste off on a daily basis to recover costs. The facilities also receive income from utilities after the electricity generated from the waste is sold to the grid. A possible third stream of revenue for the facilities comes from the sale of both ferrous (iron) and non-ferrous scrap metal collected from the post-combusted ash stream.
a complete review on Green Manufacturing, Methods,Literature review,global and Indian scenario, Case study on FORD Field,Implementation of Green Manufacturing...
Students must refer the ppt.....
bricks made from recycled plastic
recycle plastic bottles into bricks
plastic brick edging
plastic bricks for walls
plastic bricks for construction
american plastic bricks toy
plastic brick wall covering
american plastic bricks by elgo
A low cost environmental friendly project to convert waste scrap tyres into useful fuel oil and Light Diesel Oil, which are very precious energy resources. Solves alarmingly rising pollution problem caused due to dumping of scrap tyres and at the same time creates much needed energy source - a classical recycling of waste into energy by using a pyrolysis process, which uses its own generated fuel. On the basis of prevalent prices in India, a 10 TPD project yields a huge earning of appx. Rs. 30,000 per day and is a real music to the investing entrepreneurs of small and medium category.
MSW combustion accounts for a small portion of American waste management for multiple reasons. Generally speaking, regions of the world where populations are dense and land is limited (e.g. many European countries, Japan), have greater adoption of combustion with energy recovery due to space constraints. As the United States encompasses a large amount of land, space limitations have not been as important a factor in the adoption of combustion with energy recovery. Landfilling in the United States is often considered a more viable option, especially in the short term, due to the low economic cost of building an MSW landfill verses an MSW combustion facility.
Another factor in the slow growth rate of MSW combustion in the United States is public opposition to the facilities. These facilities have not always had air emission control equipment, thus gaining a reputation as high polluting. In addition, many communities do not want the increased traffic from trucks or to be adjacent to any facility handling municipal waste.
Additionally, the upfront money needed to build an MSW combustion facility can be significant and economic benefits may take several years to be fully realized. A new plant typically requires at least 100 million dollars to finance the construction; larger plants may require double to triple that amount. MSW Combustion facilities typically collect a tipping fee from the independent contractors that drop the waste off on a daily basis to recover costs. The facilities also receive income from utilities after the electricity generated from the waste is sold to the grid. A possible third stream of revenue for the facilities comes from the sale of both ferrous (iron) and non-ferrous scrap metal collected from the post-combusted ash stream.
a complete review on Green Manufacturing, Methods,Literature review,global and Indian scenario, Case study on FORD Field,Implementation of Green Manufacturing...
Students must refer the ppt.....
bricks made from recycled plastic
recycle plastic bottles into bricks
plastic brick edging
plastic bricks for walls
plastic bricks for construction
american plastic bricks toy
plastic brick wall covering
american plastic bricks by elgo
A low cost environmental friendly project to convert waste scrap tyres into useful fuel oil and Light Diesel Oil, which are very precious energy resources. Solves alarmingly rising pollution problem caused due to dumping of scrap tyres and at the same time creates much needed energy source - a classical recycling of waste into energy by using a pyrolysis process, which uses its own generated fuel. On the basis of prevalent prices in India, a 10 TPD project yields a huge earning of appx. Rs. 30,000 per day and is a real music to the investing entrepreneurs of small and medium category.
Scrap Tyres to oil production - A project profile by SMB Environmental Projec...burhaan taskeen azad
A low cost environmental friendly project with very high returns of more than IRs 30,000 per day - repeat per day. Solves a n alarmingly rising problem of scrap tyre disposal on one hand and creates precious energy source in the process. A project not only good in Environmental management but also helps saving foreign exchange and in reducing import oil bill.
Air pollution: its causes,effects and pollutantsMaliha Eesha
This presentation gives the complete detail of air, air pollution, air pollutants and their types, each pollutant in detail and its causes and effects, acid rain, methods of prevention,smog,acidification,indoor pollution and so on. It is a complete package and I hope it'll be helpful in school! :)
What is Recycling: 7 Benefits of RecyclingPacebutler
This presentation defines recycling as a process, a choice, and as a way of life. It also outlines the 7 basic benefits of recycling to individuals, society, and the environment.
If you want to buy tyres Reading online, just type your car’s reg.-number in the tyre finder tool. You will see budget, mid-range or premium tyres for your vehicle. Make a choice and place an order. When checking out, you can also book a fitting appointment.
Modifications of construction materials have an important bearing on the building sector. Several attempts have been therefore made in the building material industry to put to use waste material products, e.g., worn out tyres, into useful and cost effective items. Success in this regard will contribute to the reduction of waste material dumping problems by utilizing the waste materials as raw material for other products. The present proposal involves a comprehensive laboratory study for the newer application of this waste material in the preparation of fibrous concrete. The primary objective of investigation is to study the strength behavior i.e. compressive strength, impact resistance of rubberized concrete with rubber chips. Volume variation of rubber chips with replacement to course aggregate. The proposed work is aimed to study the effect of volume of rubber chips on the compressive strength. Chetak A. Waghmare | Dr. P. P. Saklecha | Prof. M. M. Lohe "Experimental Study on Rubberized Concrete" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-4 , June 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.compapers/ijtsrd43718.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.comengineering/structural-engineering/43718/experimental-study-on-rubberized-concrete/chetak-a-waghmare
We are leading names in the industry, engaged in manufacturing, supplying and providing services for a wide array of Discharging Systems, Oil Storage Tanks, Chemical Reactors, Tyre Pyrolysis Plant and different others. We also offer Erection & Commissioning Services at most reasonable rates. Our entire products and services are in adherence with set quality standards and guidelines.
Originally, plastic is made from petroleum or natural
gas in a chemical process that combines smaller molecules into
a large chainlike molecule, often with other substances added
to give it particular qualities. Processes like gasification of
granulated plastic and catalytic pyrolysis can be used to
convert plastic, the long hydro-carbon chain back into smaller
hydra-carbon chains of naphtha, diesel, heavy diesel, kerosene
etc. These fuels can then be used anywhere from boiler fuel in
power generation to use in automobiles. This paper aims to
provide the best possible review of this much needed
conversion with the hope of visiting lowered fuel prices in the
near future by improvements in the design
A literature review on life cycle analysis of tyre retreadingijsrd.com
This paper describes the literature review of a Life Cycle Analysis (LCA) of Tyre Retreading study. Over the last 20 years there has been an exponential rise in the number of reports in the area of Tyre Retreading. In a recent publication, the authors surveyed the major findings and conclusions on this subject. The present paper is a summary of that publication. It is designed to assist one in quickly becoming acquainted with the significant findings and landmark publications on the many different aspects of Tyre Retreading. Also LCA study covered two different retreading options of used tyres. The review was conducted by three-member review panel. It should be noted that the preliminary administrative tasks took more time than expected. Many questions or comments were answered, which contributed to the improvement of the LCA report concerning methodology, data quality and clarity aspects, and to highlighting some research directions.
Analogy of Some Physicomechanical Properties for Rubber Cementijtsrd
The research is aimed to characterize and apply the rubber cement. The physicomechanical properties of rubber cement such as tensile strength, elongation at break, waste uptake and compression percent were determined by standard rubber testing. Tensile strength of 28 to 32 kg cm2, elongation at break of 580 to 630 , water uptake 24 hours of 8 to 10 and compression percent of 80 to 85 were obtained. Determination of swelling parameters of rubber cements was carried out with respect to selected oil gasoline . The manufacture of products from recycled materials has technologic, economic, and environmental advantages that have become attractive in recent years. The ever increasing amount of waste rubber from disposal of used tires has grown into a serious environmental problem around the world. Dr. Htoon Nay Oo ""Analogy of Some Physicomechanical Properties for Rubber Cement"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-4 , June 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd25103.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/chemistry/polymer-chemistry/25103/analogy-of-some-physicomechanical-properties-for-rubber-cement/dr-htoon-nay-oo
Willie Nelson Net Worth: A Journey Through Music, Movies, and Business Venturesgreendigital
Willie Nelson is a name that resonates within the world of music and entertainment. Known for his unique voice, and masterful guitar skills. and an extraordinary career spanning several decades. Nelson has become a legend in the country music scene. But, his influence extends far beyond the realm of music. with ventures in acting, writing, activism, and business. This comprehensive article delves into Willie Nelson net worth. exploring the various facets of his career that have contributed to his large fortune.
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Introduction
Willie Nelson net worth is a testament to his enduring influence and success in many fields. Born on April 29, 1933, in Abbott, Texas. Nelson's journey from a humble beginning to becoming one of the most iconic figures in American music is nothing short of inspirational. His net worth, which estimated to be around $25 million as of 2024. reflects a career that is as diverse as it is prolific.
Early Life and Musical Beginnings
Humble Origins
Willie Hugh Nelson was born during the Great Depression. a time of significant economic hardship in the United States. Raised by his grandparents. Nelson found solace and inspiration in music from an early age. His grandmother taught him to play the guitar. setting the stage for what would become an illustrious career.
First Steps in Music
Nelson's initial foray into the music industry was fraught with challenges. He moved to Nashville, Tennessee, to pursue his dreams, but success did not come . Working as a songwriter, Nelson penned hits for other artists. which helped him gain a foothold in the competitive music scene. His songwriting skills contributed to his early earnings. laying the foundation for his net worth.
Rise to Stardom
Breakthrough Albums
The 1970s marked a turning point in Willie Nelson's career. His albums "Shotgun Willie" (1973), "Red Headed Stranger" (1975). and "Stardust" (1978) received critical acclaim and commercial success. These albums not only solidified his position in the country music genre. but also introduced his music to a broader audience. The success of these albums played a crucial role in boosting Willie Nelson net worth.
Iconic Songs
Willie Nelson net worth is also attributed to his extensive catalog of hit songs. Tracks like "Blue Eyes Crying in the Rain," "On the Road Again," and "Always on My Mind" have become timeless classics. These songs have not only earned Nelson large royalties but have also ensured his continued relevance in the music industry.
Acting and Film Career
Hollywood Ventures
In addition to his music career, Willie Nelson has also made a mark in Hollywood. His distinctive personality and on-screen presence have landed him roles in several films and television shows. Notable appearances include roles in "The Electric Horseman" (1979), "Honeysuckle Rose" (1980), and "Barbarosa" (1982). These acting gigs have added a significant amount to Willie Nelson net worth.
Television Appearances
Nelson's char
Natural farming @ Dr. Siddhartha S. Jena.pptxsidjena70
A brief about organic farming/ Natural farming/ Zero budget natural farming/ Subash Palekar Natural farming which keeps us and environment safe and healthy. Next gen Agricultural practices of chemical free farming.
Characterization and the Kinetics of drying at the drying oven and with micro...Open Access Research Paper
The objective of this work is to contribute to valorization de Nephelium lappaceum by the characterization of kinetics of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum. The seeds were dehydrated until a constant mass respectively in a drying oven and a microwawe oven. The temperatures and the powers of drying are respectively: 50, 60 and 70°C and 140, 280 and 420 W. The results show that the curves of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum do not present a phase of constant kinetics. The coefficients of diffusion vary between 2.09.10-8 to 2.98. 10-8m-2/s in the interval of 50°C at 70°C and between 4.83×10-07 at 9.04×10-07 m-8/s for the powers going of 140 W with 420 W the relation between Arrhenius and a value of energy of activation of 16.49 kJ. mol-1 expressed the effect of the temperature on effective diffusivity.
UNDERSTANDING WHAT GREEN WASHING IS!.pdfJulietMogola
Many companies today use green washing to lure the public into thinking they are conserving the environment but in real sense they are doing more harm. There have been such several cases from very big companies here in Kenya and also globally. This ranges from various sectors from manufacturing and goes to consumer products. Educating people on greenwashing will enable people to make better choices based on their analysis and not on what they see on marketing sites.
WRI’s brand new “Food Service Playbook for Promoting Sustainable Food Choices” gives food service operators the very latest strategies for creating dining environments that empower consumers to choose sustainable, plant-rich dishes. This research builds off our first guide for food service, now with industry experience and insights from nearly 350 academic trials.
1. " To stride into the future >
W a s t e T i r e D i s p o s a l
M e t h o d s
T e c h n o l o g y W a t c h C e n t r e
N a t i o n a l S c i e n c e F o u n d a t i o n
N o . 4 7 / 5 , M a i t l a n d p l a c e ,
C o l o m bo 7,
S R I L A N K A .
TWC is funded by ADB
onnel Development project,
before it arrives I
( T W C )
r -t£ Qte' 7y i n
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b/o&cTe'fice & Technology.
'£71 January 2003
2. It was identified that waste tire disposal can become a huge problem in the rubber
industry in time to come. We, at the TWC are trying to help the industry by intro
ducing the available technologies related to waste tire disposal, so that the indus
try can adopt whichever is approprite.
A s a rule of t h u m b , t h e s c r a p tire g e n e r a t i o n in industrialized countries is a p
p r o x i m a t e l y o n e p a s s e n g e r c a r tire equivalent ( P T E , 2 0 lbs., 9 kg) p e r p o p u l a
tion a n d year. T h e m o s t o b v i o u s h a z a r d a s s o c i a t e d with t h e u n c o n t r o l l e d d i s
posal a n d a c c u m u l a t i o n of large a m o u n t s of tires o u t d o o r s is t h e potential for
large fires that a r e e x t r e m e l y d e t r i m e n t a l to the e n v i r o n m e n t . It is c o m m o n l y
believed t h a t recycling h a s g a i n e d m o m e n t u m , especially in the c a s e of r u b b e r
r e c y c l i n g . T h e t e c h n o l o g y to t u r n a potentially h a z a r d o u s w a s t e p r o d u c t (i.e.,
s c r a p tires) into a valuable r e s o u r c e is now available .The s c r a p tire p r o c e s s i n g
industry is g r o w i n g rapidly, a s the n u m b e r of d i s c a r d e d tires i n c r e a s e s , landfill
c a p a c i t y d i m i n i s h e s a n d e n v i r o n m e n t a l p r e s s u r e s m o u n t .
Potential Uses
Waste tires can be ground and used:
In asphalt for paving streets and highways
As a low weight, high volume fill for septic systems
A s playground cover
As drainage and fill materials in highway applications
Waste Tires can be shredded and used as:
Mulch in flower .beds
Landfill liners and daily covers
Whole waste tires can be used:
In retaining walls
As artificial reefs and breakwaters
Rank Processing Method Examples
1
Use PRODUCT for Its originally
Intended purpose as long as
possible.
Design rubber compound and tire geometry for maximum
durability. Keep tire properly Inflated at all times to ensure
maximum service life. Reuse partly world tires. Regroove
or retread tire casings.
2 Use MATERIAL for Its originally
Intended purpose.
Grind scrap tires Into crumb rubber, separate steel and
fiber. Sell rubber as raw material.
3 Use whole scrap tires for energy
recovery.
Bum whole soap tires as fuel supplement In cement kilns.
4 Use mechanically processed
tires for energy recovery.
Tire chips added to coal as fuel supplement in power
plants, paper mills, cement kilns, etc
5
Alter the chemical structure of
scrap tlres'and use the products
for energy recovery.
Pyrdysls, Supercritical Extraction.
6 Storage for possible recovery at
a later time.
Monofilling.
7 Disposal without any current or
future use.
Landfllllng.
Table 3: Scrap tire disposal methods, ranked by environmental preference.
3. 3
• Microwave Technique - only for polar rubbers
• Ultrasonic Technique
Rubber Recycling
A concise definition of recycling would be the re-use of a material for Its originally
Intended purpose, e.g. old aluminum cans are used to make new ones. In the
case of scrap tires, recycling would mean the use of recycled tire rubber as a
compounding ingredient for new tires. In a broader sense, recycling is referred
to as grinding scrap tires Into crumb rubber while removing steel, fiber and
other contaminants. In North America, the markets and applications for re
cycled tire rubber ("crumb rubber") have developed tremendously in the past
decade.
Rubber Recycling Methods
Chemical Methods
• Reclaiming • Chemical probes
• Catalysis • Grafting
• Dissolution by o-dlchlorobenzene
Advantages: low cost compared to virgin rubber
Disadvantages: _ time consuming, contaminated with some hazardous com
pounds, additional sludge disposal problem, poor mechanical properties such
as green strength, toughness and tensile strength
Mechanical Methods
• Ambient grinding (up to 10 phr)
Thermo mechanical grinding ( up to 20 phr)
Cryogenic grinding (up to 40 phr)
Disadvantages : relatively large particle size and hence poor mechanical prop
erties, high cost of grinding with improving fineness
Wave Methods
4. 4
The tire recovery technology -"Redox"
Rodex Is an integrated approach that involves separating tires into their com-
:;
p6'nent'parts,1
modifying and recovering the material and re-lntergrating the
Output into parts manufacturing. The flexible system separates the crumb rub
ber, ste'ei and fibre, all of which can be reused or sold in the market. A propri-
j.efcary technology modifies granulated rubber into a new higher value material,
that is partially depolymerized rubber, for use in place of virgin rubber. The
environmentally friendly walls buffer the noise and no emissions are released
into the^ atmosphere., Rodex^has also developed technology to fabricate rub-
^ casinciSvfor..maintenance holes and catch basins from recycled tyres. The
^rubber frame Js precast to a steel reinforced concrete ring and the entire as
sembly Is mounted directly on. the maintenance hole structure. Each frame uti
lizes rubber from about seven used tires. It is a longer lasting alternative to
the conventional concrete frame and also helps reduce stockpiling of used tires.
' New rubber devulcanization process
Leygum Ltd. has developed a means of recycling rubber tires and rubber waste
using a new chemical modifier which produces a dry chemical reaction and does
not emit dangerous chemicals into the atmosphere, cause hazardous sewage
nor is toxic to the environment. With Levgum's new rubber devulcanization
process, the price of one ton of non-subsidized, recycled rubber is significantly
Jess, expensive than one ton of virgin rubber, thus encouraging rubber produc
ing companies to use a larger quantity of recycled rubber in their products.
After two years at GreenTech, Levgum's patent pending modifier has been suc
cessfully tested and is ready for marketing. Licensing agreements are available
fof the modifier, and Levgum has been approached by companies from the
United States, England, Canada, India and Bulgaria.
5. 5
Advances in Industrial Energy-Efficiency Technologies
Waste tires are accumulating in dumps at the rate of about 190 million pei
year, adding to the existing inventory of 2 billion to 3 billion. These huge
dumps of waste tires represent an enormous repository of lost energy,
materials, and money. Yet today's methods of recycling or reusing tires
barely put a dent in the waste tire inventory. About 20% of the energy .usee
to make a tire can be reclaimed through incineration, but the material proper
ties of the rubber are lost.
A new, cost-effective method of using scrap tire rubber would help open up a
new market for the waste, displacing energy-intensive materials such as virgin
rubber andRealizing that such a method could provide substantial energy sav
ings while reducing the waste tire inventory, industry proposed new research
ideas for funding by the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE). These proposals
have resulted in a 3-year partnership between DOE's Office of Industrial Tech
nologies (OIT) and Air Products and Chemicals, Inc. The aim of research was to
create a composite material of old rubber and new rubber or plastic that had
good mechanical properties - a feat that had not been possible because of the
poor bonding characteristics of old rubber. The cost-shared research resulted
in a novel method of treating waste rubber to allow it to be mixed with polyure-
thane and other polymers. The treatment method reduces the inertness of the
rubber, improving its bonding characteristics.
The result is a polyurethane-rubber composite that can contain up to 40%
recycled rubber without any significant loss in mechanical propertles.The method
works by exposing the rubber to reactive gases in a proprietary process. The
process causes the surface of the rubber to become chemically active. Air Prod
ucts' engineers tested a mixture of the treated rubber with polyurethane; the
rubber formed bonds with the plastic that were stronger than the rubber itself.
Scrap tires yield fuel
In the United States, the University of South Alabama has licensed a new tire
recycling technology, developed at the United States' College of Engineering,
that could yield more that 12 million barrels of synthetic crude oil per year .
Compared with conventional recycling precesses, the supercritical fluid tire re
cycling technique produces 20-30 per cent more oil and is 40 per cent cheaper.
6. Tire Derived Fuel (TDF)
The use of tire derived fuel (TDF) in cement kilns, paper mills or power plants
is a perfectly reasonable use for scrap tires, If recycling is not a viable option.
While uncontrolled fires cause substantial air and ground pollution, the
incineration of whole tires or tire chips in a controlled furnace is environmen
tally safe. On average, the BTU value of scrap tires or TDF exceeds that of
coal, while the sulfur content is in the same order of magnitude or even
lower. Cement kilns are by far the largest users of TDF. Some cement compa
nies have the capacity to incinerate whole tires, thus being able to omit the
comparatively expensive size reduction process.
Pyrolysis of Waste Rubber
Pyrolysls of rubber is an old concept. It has been found that the heat content of
rubber tire Is greater than that of coal. Therefore, used tires can be used as a
fuel source. However, environmental aspects need to be addressed since the
gases emitted may contain acidic compounds and heavy metals.
The "Foster Weeler pyrolysis" technology1
is a process in which, used, shred
ded tires are heated In the absence of air to produce a light fuel oil, solid fuel
and high grade steel. Hot gases (600 °C) containing no oxygen are passed
through the bed of tires causing pyrolysis to occur. Oil In the vapour phase is
condensed and collected in the quench column. Remaining gases either fuel
the process or are recycled through the reactor. Solid products are continu
ously removed from the reactor.
According to one research, limonene, the main ingredient in the oil of lemons
and other citrus fruits, can be obtained from used tires. When shredded tires
are fed into an airless reactor set at about 725 °C, a thick dark oil containing
polyisoprene seeps out. Then the polyisoprene is heated and vaporized, breaking
into individual isoprene molecules.
The vaporized Isoprenes, rather than reforming into the long, complex
polyisoprene chains, naturally tend to bond together in simple pairs to form
limonene.This tire juice may find applications in lemon-scented soaps and cleaners
and even as a flavoring in sodas.
7. 7
A waste tire pyrolysis technique has been developed for commercialization at
the Sumitomo Cement Co. Ltd., in Japan4
. In this process there is a possibility
of some zinc being discharged Into the atmosphere in vapor form. Zinc Is recov
erable at a high temperature of over 1700 °C. However, zinc removal at low
temperature of 800 °C, has been patented.
In this process waste tires inserted Into cartridges are fed into the pyrolysis
furnace from the upper part with a hoist crane. First heavy oils Is combusted
- upon heating. Within 60 minutes of commencement of combustion, the furnace
temperature rises to 160 °C and a vaporized gas is generated and it is used
partly as a fuel, and combustion is continued. The waste tires are completely
decomposed in about 3 hours. One ton of waste tires provides 350-450 kg of
heavy oil with a calorific value of 10,450 kcal, 340 kg of carbon black and 150 kg
of iron scrap. About 90 kg of the generated oil Is used as fuel.
There are several pyrolysis processes available, namely
1). Molten salt pyrolysis 2). Atmospheric, Inert gas pyrolysis
3). Vacuum pyrolysis 4). Flash pyrolysis 5). Thermal plasma pyrolysis
The scarp tires can produce approximately 55% oil, 10% gas, and 35% char.
The gases emitted have been identified as a mixture of Hz , CO, C02 , CH4 , C2 H6
and C4 H6 with lower concentrations of other hydrocarbon gases.
Rubber Recycling - "Delink"
A novel process that can devulcanize rubber to a point where It regains up to
80% of Its virgin properties has been patented in Malaysia. This new recycling
technology offers a commercially viable solution by reducing production cost by
eleminating waste. The recycled rubber can be added to virgin rubber to ob
tain various rubber products without any major change in the quality of prod
ucts. In this process a compound called "Delink "is added in pellet form to the
ground waste rubber or crumb rubber, mixed in shearing machines for 10 mln-
utes at room temperature.This result in "Devulc " sheets of rubber stripped of
its latex origins. The non-toxic odorless Delink is required in small amounts-2.5
parts for every 100 parts of rubber waste. About 1 Kg of rubber waste can be
converted into reusable form at a cost of about US$ 0.66
8. 8
Waste Tires in Paving Applications
• Waste tires can be ground and used in a variety of paving applications.
• This ground tire product is also known as Crumb Rubber Modifier (CRM).
• CRM can be blended into hot liquid asphalt, resulting in what is known
as Asphalt-Rubber Binder (ASTM D8 and D6114).
• Asphalt Rubber Binder can be used in traditional Hot Mix Asphalts, crack seal
ers, Open Graded Friction Courses, Stress Absorbing Membranes, and subgrade
seals.
Production of rubber pavements
A highly versatile product that can be used for school and private playground
coverings, track runways, athletic centers and weight rooms, throughout com
mercial workshops, agricultural uses, sidewalks, hiking and walking trails as
well as golf cart paths and landscaping projects. Current tire reuse technolo
gies offer a considerable opportunity to generate valuable materials from what
is essentially worthless scrap. Considering all of potential markets for crumb
rubber as polymer filler, the one with the greatest potential is the production of
rubber pavements.
This new asphalt has improved settling characteristics, resistance to fatigue,
and resistance to thermal cracking. The asphalt also has better high-tempera
ture viscosity and the curing time reduced by half compared to traditional crumb
rubber blends.
The obvious benefit of adding rubber to asphalt is that the rubber imparts
elasticity to the binder, which helps the pavement fatigue and resistance, as
well as reducing reflective cracking. The increased flexibility decreases the
pavement's susceptibility to low-temperature cracking. Rubber-modified pave
ments have been shown to improve skid resistance even under ice conditions.
Crumb rubber also has been found to increase the tensile strength, tough
ness, ductility, and thus durability of the pavement.
9. 9
Activated carbons produced from waste tire rubber
Waste tire rubber has proven to be a suitable precursor for the production of
high quality activated carbons. The performance of these carbons in commer
cial applications such as water treatment or gas purification is highly depen
dent on their surface characteristics. This paper presents an in-depth investi
gation of how production conditions may affect the yield and characteristics of
activated carbons produced from tyre rubber.For this purpose, three tire rub
bers of different particle sizes were consecutively pyrolysed and then activated
in a steam atmosphere at 925 oC using a laboratory-scale rotary furnace. Acti
vation was conducted at different intervals over 80-640 min to achieve differ
ent degrees of carbon burn-off.The resulting carbons were analysed for their
elemental composition, ash content and nitrogen gas adsorption characteris
tics.
The BET and t-plot models were used to investigate various aspects of their
porosity and surface area characteristics. SEM analyses were also conducted
for visual examination of the carbon surface. Results show that pyrolytic chars,
essentially mesoporous materials, developed a very narrow mfcroporosity dur
ing the initial stages of the activation process (up to 15-25 wt. burn-off). Fur
ther activation resulted in the progressive enlargement of the average micro-
probe width and a gradual development of the mesoporous structure. Total
microprobe volumes and BET surface areas increased continuously with the
degree of activation to reach values up to 0.498 cm3g-l and 1070 m2g-l re
spectively, while external surface areas developed more rapidly at degrees of
activation above 45 wt. burn-off. Results presented in this work also illustrate
that carbons produced from powdered rubber developed a narrower and more
extensive porosity, both in the microprobe and mesopore range, than those
produced from rubber of a larger.particle size.
10. 10
Granulate rubber slabs
The tires are chopped into granular fragments; metal particles are removed
and the granules are then graded for their requirements and rebonded In moulds
with a special resin to form the very strong, dry, safe and hard wearing one
metre square slab. These slabs will give years of use. The slabs have 'feet'
which form a honeycombed underside.
The honeycomb design permits air flow and drainage of fluids under the slabs;
fluids are also able to pass through the special crumb construction of the slabs,
which helps keep a dry surface. New slabs have a wax residue, which will
disperse after a few days under normal use. To see the drainage properties of
the rubber sample, the wax can be removed by washing with any water based
washing-up liquid; then pour some water over the slab and see It run through.
Example of use Includes horse stable/boxes and animal pens for this type of
applications the high quality 45mm (1_") thick honeycombed slabs are used
with these a vast reduction in bedding material can be obtained. This is unlike
other types of thinner virgin (solid) rubber mats, which still require bedding,
and are not as warm, hard wearing or dry. Reduced bedding saves on the cost
of the material, labor and disposal of the used bedding. Total cost is under
oe1.95 per week. (Based on 12 x 12 stable with 14 slabs and 5 years use).
11. 11
CONTINUOUS ULTRASONIC DEVULCANIZATION OF
VULCANIZED ELASTOMERS
This invention relates to a continuous ultrasonic method for selectively break
ing the carbon-sulfur (C-S), sulfur-sulfur (S-S), and if desired, carbon-carbon
(C-C) bonds in a vulcanized elastomer. It is well known that vulcanized elas
tomers having a three-dimensional chemical network, cannot flow under the
effect of heat and/or pressure. This creates a hugh problem In the recycling of
used tires and other elastomeric products. Through the application of certain
levels of ultrasonic amplitudes in the presence of pressure and optionally heat,
the three-dimensional network of vulcanized elastomer can be broken down.
As a most desirable consequence, ultrasonically treated cured rubber becomes
soft, thereby enabling this material to be reprocessed and shaped in a manner
similar to that employed with uncured elastomers. To date, the following mate
rials have been processed using this technology: Ground Tire Rubber (GTR),
tire buffings, EPDM, Nitrile, Butyl, SBR, Ethylene Vinyl Acetate (EVA),
fluoroelastomers, and silicon. Other materials will continually be added to the
list in the future. This experimental processing permits the requestor to evalu
ate the chemical, physical, and mechanical properties after ultrasonic treating.
Experimental processing information is held confidential and the requestor is
not required to disclose recipe details.
Civil Engineering Applications
Tire derived products, " tire chips are sometimes used to replace conventional
construction material, e.g., road fill, gravel, crushed rock or sand. The benefits
of using tire chips instead of conventional construction materials are amongst
others: reduced density, improved drainage properties and better thermal in
sulation.
The examples such as lightweight fill for embankments and retaining walls,
leachate drainage material at municipal solid waste landfills, alternative daily
cover at municipal solid waste landfills , insulating layer beneath roads and
behind retaining walls are some projects where scrap tire chips have been
successfully used in civil engineering applications. Civil engineering applications
of scrap tires are expected to become more widespread as more and more
applications can be proven to be technically and economically viable.
12. Landfilling
Most landfills accept whole scrap tires only at a hefty tipping fee because tires
are awkward to handle and difficult to compact. In some instances, scrap tires
have worked their way to the top of a closed landfill, causing costly damage to
the landfill cover. Nonetheless, a significant part of the current scrap tire gen
eration still ends up in landfills. Since a ban on landfilling whole tires was imple
mented in most States, scrap tires are usually cut into pieces or shredded
before landfilling in the U.S. A variation of landfilling is monofilling, which
means that scrap tires are not mixed with other waste materials, but stored at
a dedicated, licensed location. Once the monofill has reached its capacity, it is
covered like any other landfill to reduce the fire hazard and also prevent mos
quito breeding.
Export and Miscellaneous
From an environmental standpoint, the use of a waste material for its originally
intended purpose is the most preferential recycling method. The active interna
tional trade with used tires, mostly going from industrialized countries to lesser
developed countries, is a clear sign that this route of disposal Is economically
sensible well. It is a fair assumption that at least 10% of scrap tires generated
in industrialized countries are sold as used tires, especially to in Eastern Eu
rope, Africa & Latin America.
The Technology Watch Centre (TWC) was established in
May 2001 at the National Science Foundation (NSF)
under the Ministry of Economic Reforms, Science and
Technology, funded by the A D B Science and Technology
Personnel Development Project, with a view to acquiring
information on technology, screening for relevancy and
applicability and disseminating it to the local industry.
National Science Foundation,
No.47/5, Maitland Place, Colombo -07, Sri Lanka.
Tel/Fax-676766
Email: twclanka@nsf.ac.lk
Web site: www.nsf.ac.lk/adbmost/twc/twc.htm
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