Waste can be solid, liquid, or gaseous materials that are discarded after use. Solid wastes include domestic, commercial, and industrial trash like plastics, paper, and metal. Liquid wastes include sewage and wastewater from industrial processes. Wastes are also classified as biodegradable, non-biodegradable, hazardous, or non-hazardous. Improper waste disposal pollutes the environment and harms human health, causing issues like cancer, mercury poisoning, and increased greenhouse gases. The 3R approach of reduce, reuse, and recycle can help mitigate waste and promote more sustainable practices.

1. GENERATION OF WASTE
&
THEIR TYPES.

2. What is WASTE ?
-unwanted or unusable materials.
-any substance which is discarded after
primary use, or it is worthless, defective
and of no use.
-the United Nations environment
program defines waste as “substance or
objects, which are disposed of or are
intended to be disposed of or are required
to be disposed of by the provisions of
national law”.

3. KINDS OF WASTES
 Solid wastes: wastes in solid forms,
domestic, commercial and industrial wastes
Examples: plastics, styrofoam containers, bottles,
cans, papers, scrap iron, and other trash
 Liquid Wastes: wastes in liquid form
Examples: domestic washings, chemicals, oils, waste
water from ponds, manufacturing industries
and other sources

4. SOLID WASTE
 Any garbage or refuse (Municipal Solid
Waste)
 Sludge from a wastewater treatment plant,
water supply treatment plant, or air pollution
control facility
 Other discarded material
 Solid, liquid, semi-solid, or contained
gaseous material from industrial,
commercial, mining, and agricultural
operations, and from community activities

5. LIQUID WASTE
 Liquid waste includes sewage as well
as wastewater from industrial processes
such as food and agricultural processing,
and manufacturing.
 Liquid waste can be subdivided into other
waste types based on the nature of the
liquid waste and the risks it poses.
 For example, wastewater may contain
organic substances and nutrients that are
of value to agriculture, or may be
hazardous due to the chemicals or
pathogens it contains.

6. Classification of waste
 Biodegradable waste- can be
degraded(paper,wood,fruits and
others)
 Non-biodegradable waste-cannot be
degraded(plastics, bottles,old
machines,cans etc.)

7.  Hazardous wastes
Substances unsafe to use commercially,
industrially, agriculturally, or economically and
have any of the following properties-
ignitability, corrosivity, reactivity & toxicity.
 Non-hazardous
Substances safe to use commercially,
industrially, agriculturally, or economically and
do not have any of those properties
mentioned above. These substances usually
create disposal problems.

9.  Classification of waste occording
to their origin(generation) and
type
 Municipal Solid wastes: Solid wastes that include
household garbage, rubbish, construction & demolition
debris, sanitation residues, packaging materials, trade
refuges etc. are managed by any municipality.
 Industrial wastes: Liquid and solid wastes that are
generated by manufacturing & processing units of
various industries like chemical, petroleum, coal, metal
gas, sanitary & paper etc.
 Agricultural wastes:Wastes generated from farming
activities. These substances are mostly biodegradable.

10.  Fishery wastes: Wastes generated due to fishery activities.
These are extensively found in coastal & estuarine areas.
 Radioactive wastes: Waste containing radioactive materials.
Usually these are byproducts of nuclear processes. Sometimes
industries that are not directly involved in nuclear activities, may
also produce some radioactive wastes, e.g. radio-isotopes,
chemical sludge etc.
 E-wastes: Electronic wastes generated from any modern
establishments. They may be described as discarded electrical
or electronic devices. Some electronic scrap components, such
as CRTs, may contain contaminants such as Pb, Cd, Be or
brominated flame retardants.
 Bio-medical wastes: Solid or liquid wastes including containers,
intermediate or end products generated during diagnosis,
treatment & research activities of medical sciences.

12.  WASTE DISPOSAL
Dilute and disperse(Attenuation): throw it
in the river/sea/burn it.
 Basically this involves spreading trash thinly
over a large area to minimize its impact.
 Works for sewage, some waste
chemicals, when land-disposal is not
available
Concentrate and contain(isolation):waste
dumps/landfills.
 This is how mostly of the solid waste
gets treated.

13. USEFUL OPTIONS
 Vermicomposting-the use of earthworms to convert
organic waste into fertilizer.
 Composting-nature's process of recycling decomposed
organic materials into a rich soil known as compost
 Resource recovery
 Incineration-the destruction of waste material by
burning.
 Pyrolysis-decomposition brought about by high
temperatures.
 Gasification
 Energy recovery
 Bio methanation-process to convert waste into biogas
with the help of anaerobic microorganism like bacteria.

15.  Impacts of waste on health
 Chemical poisoning through chemical
inhalation
 Uncollected waste can obstruct the storm
water runoff resulting in flood
 Low birth weight
 Cancer
 Congenital malformations
 Neurological disease
 Nausea and vomiting
 Increase in hospitalization of diabetic
residents living near hazard waste sites.
 Mercury toxicity from eating fish with high
levels of mercury.

16.  Effects of waste on animals
and aquatics life
 Increase in mercury level in fish due to disposal of
mercury in the rivers.
 Plastic found in oceans is ingested by birds.
 Resulted in high algal population in rivers and sea.
 Degrades water and soil quality.

17.  Impacts of waste on
Environment
 Waste breaks down in landfills to form methane, a
potent greenhouse gas.
 Change in climate and destruction of ozone layer
due to waste biodegradable.
 Incinerating waste also causes problems, because
plastics tend to produce toxic substances, such as
dioxins, when they are burn.
 Gases from incineration may cause air pollution and
contribute to acid rain, while the ash from
incinerators may contain heavy metals and other
toxins.

18.  THE 3 R’s OF WASTE
MANAGEMENT
REDUCE
The best way to manage waste is to not
produce it.
• Avoid disposable goods, such as paper plates, cups,
napkins, razors, and lighters.
• Avoid over-packaged goods, especially ones packed
with several materials such as foil, paper, and plastic.
They are difficult to recycle
• Use cloth napkins instead of paper napkins.
• Use a dish cloth instead of paper towels.

19.  RE-USE
It makes economic and environmental
sense to reuse products.
 Reuse products for the same purpose. Save paper
and plastic bags, and repair broken appliances,
furniture and toys.
 Sell old clothes, appliances, toys, and furniture in
garage sales or ads, or donate them to charities.
 Use resealable containers rather than plastic wrap.
 Use a ceramic coffee mug instead of paper cups.
 Reuse grocery bags or bring your own cloth bags
to the store. Do not take a bag from the store
unless you need one.

20.  RE-CYCLE
Recycling is a series of steps that takes
a used material and processes,
remanufactures, and sells it as a new
product.
• Buy products made from recycled material. Look for
the recycling symbol or ask store managers or
salesmen
• Use recycled paper for letterhead, copier paper and
newsletters.
• Check collection centers and curbside pickup services
to see what they accept, and begin collecting those
materials. These can include metal cans, newspapers,
paper products, glass, plastics and oil.
• Buy products made from material that is collected for

21.  Few other things that can be
done
 Donate/exchange old
books,clothes,computers,excess building
material,old quipment to local
organizations
 Employee education-education
campaign on waste management that
includes an extensive internal web site,
quarterly newsletters, daily bulletins,
promotional signs and helpful reference
labels within the campus of an institution.

22.  Conduct outreach program adopting an
ecologically sound waste management
system which includes:
waste reduction
segregation at source
composting
recycling and re-use
more efficient collection
more environmentally sound disposal

23. REFERENCES
 www.wikipedia.com
 Environmental Science-G Tyler Miller
 Environmental Studies-Erach
Bharucha
 www.google.com/images