It tells about the environmental concerns of poultry manure and how to deal with it. It also gives information about the biogas and bioenergy

1. Submitted By:
Dr. Nivedita Singh
Dr. Pooja Farswan

4. Poultry has brought many benefits to
India:
• Total poultry population(Livestock census-2012)
-729.2 million in numbers
-Increased by 12.39%
• Indian poultry sector has been growing at
around 8-10% annually
• 3rd - Egg production
• 5th - Broiler production

5. • Over the past three decades, the poultry sector has
been growing at more than 5 percent per annum
and its share in world meat production increased
from 15 percent three decades ago to 30 percent
currently
(FAO, 2006a).

7. • “ ” (industrial) farming practices
• At present India produces about 6.25 to 8 million
tonnes of poultry manure annually.
(http://www.thehindu.com)
• Higher nutrient concentrations in streams
• Higher bacteria counts in streams
• Higher nitrate concentration in ground water
• Changes in fish community
• Impacts on human health
• Acidification and damage to vegetation
• Accumulation of trace elements and minerals in soil

8. -Nitrogen
-Phosphorous
-Arsenic, copper and zinc
–Antimicrobials,Coccidiostats
E. coli, Salmonella, Parasites -
Cryptosporidium and Giardia sps

9. - Poultry manure contains small
amounts of estrogen and testosterone that act
as EDCs
- Bacteria can develop resistance
to antibiotics (recently documented in
Salmonella)

10. Poultry litter analysis
Characteristic Average Range
pH 8.1 6.0 – 8.8
Electrical conductivity^
(dS/m)
6.8 2.0 – 9.8
Dry matter (%) 75 40 – 90
Nitrogen N (% of dry matter) 2.6 1.4 – 8.4
Phosphorus P (% of dry
matter)
1.8 1.2 – 2.8
Potassium K (% of dry
matter)
1.0 0.9 – 2.0
Sulphur S (% of dry matter) 0.6 0.45 – 0.75
Calcium Ca (% of dry matter) 2.5 1.7 – 3.7
Magnesium Mg (% of dry
matter)
0.5 0.35 – 0.8
Sodium Na (% of dry matter) 0.3 0.25 – 0.45
Carbon C (% of dry matter) 36 28 – 40
Weight per m3
(kg) 550 500 – 650

15. Odor
Ammonia
Germs
Dust
• Air Pollution and Toxic Hazards Associated with
Poultry Litter Incineration
• Dirtier than Coal Plants
• Largest source of sulfuric acid
• Second largest source of hydrochloric acid

16. • Organic Matter (BOD)
• Nitrogen (N) and Phosphorus (P) in surface
water
• Nitrate in ground water
• Germs
• Salts, Arsenic, Copper, Zinc
• Antibiotics and hormones

18. • Kills fish
• Consumes Oxygen (more Oxygen Demand
than organic matter)
• Is a plant nutrient
• Converts to Nitrate

19. • Nitrogen and Phosphorus (fertilizer)
• Cause excessive growth of aquatic plants
(particularly algae)
• Result: taste and odor in
drinking water, fish kills.

20. • Nutrients come into the watershed every
day as feed. Less than half goes out in the
meat.
• The rest stays behind in the litter.
• We need to keep it out of the water.

21. • Stacking litter without cover
• Runoff from fresh waste application areas
• Runoff from fertilized pastures
• Application to waterways
• Leaching to ground water

22. • Accumulation of nutrients and other elements in
soil due to continuous application of excess
quantities of manure
• Acidification of non-agricultural soils, due to nitrogen
deposition related to ammonia and nitrous oxide
emission

23. • Destruction of fish habitat
• Destruction of Riparian Areas
• Eutrophication (enrichment) of lakes, rivers,
and ponds
• Leaching of nitrate,and possible pathogen
transfers to groundwater

24. • Stacking litter outdoors
• Application too close to a stream
• Nutrient build up in soils
• Destruction of riparian vegetation
• Eutrophication
• Poor air quality
• Ecosystem destruction
• Biodiversity erosion

28. • Minimizing the surface of manure in contact with
air
• Frequent collection of litter (once a week in dry
seasons and twice a week in rainy seasons)
• Closed storage (bags or closed sheds)
• Cooling poultry manure
• Lowering litter’s water content
• Applying deodorant products
• Building wind protection structures

30. • A layer bird generates litter of around 50
grams a day
• Total poultry population -729.2 million in
numbers (Livestock census-2012)
• At present India produces about 6.25 and 8.0
million tonnes of poultry manure

31. • Soil and water pollution is controlled through
the implementation of good fertilization
practices.
• In brief: environmental risks are reduced
when manure is applied in amounts and at
times that correspond to crop or fish-pond
uptake.

32. • Storing manure in closed buildings or
bags
• Storing the manure for one to two
monthsbefore its application
• Composting manure
• Drying (with machine or by spreading
out)
• Timing and rate of manure application

33. • Limiting excess nutrient intake and/or improving the
nutrient utilization efficacy of the animal.
• Quantity of mineral outputs from animals and the
characteristics of manure,
• Reducing the pollution load of soil, water and air
• Feeds that closely match the nutritional
requirements of birds
• Low -protein diets supplemented with amino acids
• Low -phosphorus diets with highly digestible
inorganic phosphates;
• Improving feed digestibility and nutrient
bioavailability -phytase

34. • Highly digestible genetically modified feed-
stuffs such as low-phytate maize
• Highly digestible synthetic amino acids and
trace minerals
• Using good quality, uncontaminated feed
• Contains no more copper, zinc, and other
additives than is necessary for animal health.

36. • When properly managed, this is an effective and
beneficial option
• Environmental pollution occurs when manure or litter
is applied to the land in excess of the receiving crop’s
capacity to utilize the nutrients
• Agronomic uptake of the receiving crop
• Accurate analysis of the nutrients contained in the
manure (particularly nitrogen, phosphorus, copper and
zinc) and
• Properly calibrated application methods
-stabilizing poultry manure before land
application

37. • Natural grass buffers -10m
wide can reduce N and P
from field surface runoff
by approximately 25
percent
• Poultry litter at the
• Land- near streams or surface waters-natural
riparian buffer next to the water
resources(native grasses, shrubs or trees, or
a combination)

38. • Poultry litter, when mixed with feed grains, has
been used as a successful feed for cattle.
• Safely recycled as -feed when pathogens are
neutralized
• Three times more valuable as a feedstuff
• Caution is essential
Toxicity
Potentially pathogenic microorganisms
Ash contents should not exceed 28 percent

40. BIOENERGY PRODUCTION
• Poultry excrement managed
by water flushing (e.g., some
layer operations) is an
anaerobic digestion, which
yields biogas, a gas mixture
with varying concentrations
of combustible methane
(FAO/CMS, 1996).
• Source for heat or as a fuel
• Anaerobically digested
manure solids and liquids -
fertilizer or feed supplement

41. • Poultry dry manure can be incinerated-
generation of electricity
-central electric
power stations
• IN INDIA
Chennai -based GK Bio Energy –Namakkal-
1.5 mw
Subhashri Bio Energies (SBEL) -3.5 crore layer
birds in the district produce 1,600 tonne litter
per day. generate 3.75 mw power per hour
 Radha Sakku Agro plant ,Visakhapatnam

43. CONCLUSION
• The intensification of poultry industry has brought up
the poultry manure management as a critical part of
overall management.
• Poultry manure -nutrients; heavy metals; drug residues
& pathogens that may lead to potential hazardous
impact over air, water and soil.
• Judicious management of poultry manure reduces
environmental concerns and aid in economy generation.
• Poultry manure -used in agricultural fields as fertilizer;
as cattle feed and as fuel for generation of bioenergy.
• Technologies exist that have the potential to produce
substantial reductions in environmental impacts
associated with poultry manure.
• So ,efforts should be made to convert the hazardous
poultry manure into lucrative manure.

46. References
1. Poultry waste management in developing countries-by Charles Michael Williams,
North Carolina State University, Department of Poultry Science, Raleigh NC, United States of
America.
2. Feasibility of usage of poultry litter as manure in agriculture-by Y.Avasn Maruthi*,
G.Sandeep ,S.Hari Chandana, K.Soumyamohan,J.Chandana,Y.Karuna and D. Apta Chaitanya,
GITAM University.
3. Poultry Litter as Renewable Energy Resource Using SOFC Technology-International
Electrical Engineering Journal (IEEJ)
4. Poultry manure management: Environmentally sound options-by P.A.Moore Jr.,
T.C.Deniel, A.N.Sharpley, and C.W.Wood.
5. The Environmental Concerns of Arsenic Additives in Poultry Litter-by Extension
department, University of Maryland.
6. Poultry production and the environment-by P. Gerber, C. Opio and H. Steinfeld
,Animal Production and Health Division, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United
Nations, Viale delle Terme di Caracalla, 00153 Rome, Italy
7. Environmental issues in poultry production-by Joju Abraham and Ron Kepford.
8. Poultry litter: N.S. Bolan et al.
9. World's Poultry Science Journal- Uses and management of poultry litter-by N.S.
Bolan et al.
10. http://thepoultryguide.com
11. http://poultryhub.org