Effect of force feeding on some productive and physiological traits on Muscovy ducks under hot climate

1. 1
FORCE FEEDING
of
MUSCOVY DUCKS
By:
Dr. Mohammed Abo Gabal

2. Effect of force feeding on some
productive and physiological traits
on Muscovy ducks under hot climate
2

3. 1. INTRODUCTION
3

4. 4
Waterfowl have over 5000 years
been used by human for meat, fattened
livers and eggs (Stani-slaw, 1999).
Waterfowl as one of the poultry kind
which could by used in solving the lack
of animal protein in human nutrition.
Water fowl is more convenient for
regions with hot and humid climate than
chickens.

5. Waterfowl
5

6. Waterfowl
6

7. Waterfowl
7

8. One of the large table birds is the
Muscovy duck. Muscovy ducks are
very large bird, have a better
adaptability to hot climate and suitable
for small scale rural farmers in Africa
especially in Egypt, and could
contribute to food security.
8

9. Muscovy duck
9

10. Muscovy duck
10

11. Muscovy duck
11

12. As reported in FAO STATE,
(2009). Egypt is the leading
producer of duck meat production
in Africa with 39,000 tons meat.
This indicated that waterfowl
production in general is getting
more attention in Egypt as a source
of animal protein.
12

13. Force-feeding is an ancient
practice, first recorded in ancient
Egypt, but until the 1950’s fatty liver
production remained somewhat limited
in volume. Foie gras is currently
produced in various countries but
approximately 80% of world
production and consumption takes
place in France,(CIFOG 2002).
13

14. Force feeding
14

15. Force feeding
15

16. Force feeding
16

17. The tradition of force-feeding
is very old, originating from Egypt
2500 BC, (Guemene and Guy,
2004). However, although force
feeding is an ancient practice in
Egypt and only few species of
waterfowl are nowadays used for
fatty liver production.
17

18. Unfortunately, very few data
are available on the metabolic
response to force feeding,
especially the information about the
overfeeding of Muscovy duck on
some productive and physiological
traits of this breed is not reported
till now.
18

19. Also, the investigation will
include some factors affecting on
force feeding period. Thus, the
present study was designed to
evaluate the performance of force
fed duck under Egyptian condition
(hot Climate).
19

20. 2. MATERIALS
AND
METHODS
20

21. 21
This present study was carried
out at the poultry research station,
Animal Production Department,
Faculty of Agriculture, Al-Azhar
University, Nasr City, Cairo, Egypt.

22.  Birds and diets.
 Growth and force feeding performance.
 Chemical analysis.
 Blood analysis.
 Statistical analysis.
22

23. Birds and diets.
 One day – 14
day.
 Unsexed.
 Starter diet:
22% C.P
2900 K.Cal
23

24. Growing period
 From 2 – 12
weeks.
 Sexing.
 Growing diet:
18 % C.P
3000 K.Cal
24

25. Force feeding period
 From 12 - 14
weeks (14 days)
 Sex & BW groups
 Force feeding
applied
twice/day
 Force feeding
diets (H.D.E.)
8.20 % C.P
3350 K.Cal
25

26. * Growth performance during
growing period:
Live body weight (LBW).
Body weight gain (BWG).
Feed consumption (FC).
Feed conversion ratio (FCR).
Every 2 weeks from 2 -12 Wks of age.
26

27. * Growth performance during
force feeding period:
Live body weight (LBW).
Body weight gain (BWG).
Feed consumption (FC).
Feed conversion ratio (FCR).
Before & After
27

28. Slaughter test:
Was done
Before & After
force feeding
By:
3 birds/BWG/Sex
Chosen randomly
28

29. * Chemical analysis:
(meat & liver)
Moisture
Crude protein
Ether extract
Ash
Association of Official Analytic Chemists
(A.O.A.C, 2000).
29

30. * Blood analysis:
Total Protein (TP)
Albumin (Alb.)
Globulin (Glob.)
A/G ratio
Total lipids (TL)
Triglycerides (Tri-G)
Using suitable kits.
Cho.
HDL
LDL
ALT
AST
30

31. Statistical analysis:
Data were analyzed
by using
SPSS program for Win.
( SPSS 2007 )
31

32. 3. RESULTS
32

33. Effect of sex
on
LBW (g)
of
Muscovy ducks
during growing period33

34. Table (1): Effect of sex on live body weight (g) of Muscovy
.ducks during growing period
34
Where:
(M ± S.E) = Mean ± Standard error.
a , b = Significant difference between sex in the same age.
Age (weeks) Males Females
Initial body weight
At: 14 days
335.93 a ± 4.03 307.17 b ± 3.37
4 Week 1196.21 a ± 11.44 930.00 b ± 11.22
6 Week 1996.38 a ± 12.96 1650.33 b ± 18.05
8 Week 2798.88 a ± 30.33 2290.00 b ± 30.07
10 Week 3796.64 a ± 35.88 2600.83 b ± 28.93
12 Week 4774.02 a ± 39.82 3090.08 b ± 32.13

35. Live body weight during fattening period
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
2 wks 4 wks 6 wks 8 wks 10 wks 12 wks
Males
Females
35

36. Effect of sex
on
BWG, FC and FCR
of
Muscovy ducks
during growing period36

37. Measurements
Periods
(Wks)
Males Females
Weight gain (g)
2-6
1940.38a
± 9.69 1594.33b
± 6.47
Feed consumption (g) 4240.00a
± 31.20 3955.00b
± 36.35
Feed conversion 2.18b
± 0.12 2.48a
± .011
Weight gain (g) 6-12 2777.84a
± 38.85 1439.75b
± 9.09
Feed consumption (g) 8270.00a
± 30.27 7056.00b
± 37.01
Feed conversion 2.97b
± 0.16 4.72a
± 0.22
Weight gain (g)
2-12
4718.22a
± 48.54 3034.08b
± 15.56
Feed consumption (g) 12510.00a
± 52.21 11011.00b
± 78.26
Feed conversion 2.65b
± 0.18 3.62a
± 0.16
Table ( 2 ): Effect of sex on growth performance of
Muscovy ducks during growing period.
37
Where:
(M ± S.E) = Mean ± Standard error.
a , b = Significant difference between sex in the same parameter

38. Body Weight Gain (g).
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
4500
5000
2 --- 6 6 --- 12 2 ---12
Males
Females
38

39. Feed Consumption (kg).
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
2 ---- 6 6 ----- 12 2 -----12
Males
Females
39

40. Feed Conversion Ratio
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5
5
2 ---- 6 6 ----- 12 2 ----- 12
Males
Females
40

41. Effect of force feeding
on
LBW and BWG
of
Muscovy ducks
during fattening period41

42. Table ( 3 ): Effect of force feeding, sex and body weight
on body weight and body weight gain of Muscovy ducks.
42
Where: (M ± S.E)= Mean ± Standard error.
P = Probability level for the effect of sex during force feeding.
*,**, NS = Significant (P ≤ 0.05), high significant (P < 0.01),non significant (P > 0.05).
a,b,c = Significant difference between body weight groups for the same parameter.
Parameters
Groups
Sex
P
Males Females
Body weight
before force feeding
(g)
1 5222.78 a ± 42.19 3313.33 a ± 44.14 *
2 4761.36 b ± 77.46 2884.38 c± 52.89 *
3 4316.15 c ± 60.36 -----
Body weight after
force feeding
(g)
1 6510.00 a ± 88.30 3851.67 a ± 40.15 *
2 6033.64 b ± 71.34 3447.50 b ± 53.71 *
3 5808.53 b ± 90.45 -----
Body weight
gain
(g)
1 1287.22 a ± 0.23 538.33 a ± 87.07 *
2 1272.27 a ± 0.39 563.13 a ± 24.87 *
3 1493.15 a ± 75.36 -----
Body weight
gain
(%)
1 24.65 b ± 1.88 16.31 b ± 1.77 *
2 26.78 b ± 1.84 19.62 a ± 0.87 *
3 34.58 a ± 1.86 -----

43. Live Body Weight (g)
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
HM MM LM HF LF
Before
After
43

44. Body Weight Gain (g)
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
HM MM LM HF LF
BWG (g)
44

45. Body Weight Gain (%)
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
HM MM LM HF LF
BWG (%)
45

46. Effect of force feeding
on
FC and FCR
of
Muscovy ducks
during fattening period46

47. Table ( 4 ): Effect of force feeding, sex and body weight on
feed consumption and feed conversion of Muscovy ducks.
47
Parameters
Groups
Sex
P
Males Females
Feed consumption
(kg)
1 9.100 a
± 0.00 9.100 a
± 0.00 NS
2 9.100 a
± 0.00 9.100 a
± 0.00 NS
3 9.100 a
± 0.00 ----
Feed Conversion
1 7.31 a
± 0.44 17.21 a
± 0.40 **
2 7.47 a
± 0.30 16.45 a
± 0.76 **
3 6.14 a
± 0.37 ----
Where:
(M ± S.E)= Mean ± Standard error.
P = Probability level for the effect of sex during force feeding.
*,**, NS = Significant (P ≤ 0.05), high significant (P < 0.01),non significant (P > 0.05).
a,b,c = Significant difference between body weight groups for the same parameter.

48. Feed Conversion
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
HM MM LM HF LF
FCR
48

49. Effect of force feeding
on
Slaughter test
of
Muscovy ducks
during fattening period49

50. Absolute
weights of body parts
&
organs
of
Muscovy ducks.
50

51. Table ( 5 ): Effect of force feeding, sex and body weight on live body weight,
absolute weights of body parts and organs of Muscovy ducks.
Parameters
Groups Males Females
P3 P4
Before After P1 Before After P2
Live body
weight
(g)
1 5348.75a ± 45.65 6510.00a ± 88.91 ** 3230.00a ± 89.54 3847.17a ± 53.90 ** ** **
2 4720.00b ± 55.23 6030.97b ± 88.34 ** 2818.33b± 60.98 3451.67b± 40.36 ** ** **
3 4226.67c ± 60.36 5782.62b ± 75.83 ** ---- ----
Liver Weight
(g)
1 75.00a ± 0.82 293.54a ± 14.92 ** 52.33a ± 1.03 107.50a ± 1.86 ** ** **
2 63.33b ± 1.81 287.50a ± 10.03 ** 49.00a ± 2.68 100.00a ± 3.23 ** ** **
3 57.00c ± 1.08 284.29a ± 11.77 ---- ----
Giblets
Weight
(g)
1 235.67a ± 2.25 472.77a ± 16.49 ** 168.00a ± 3.49 209.40a ± 3.51 ** ** **
2 179.00b ± 2.48 474.72a ± 11.13 ** 138.00b ± 4.08 197.78b ± 3.95 ** ** **
3 159.6c ± 2.25 472.29a ± 14.94 ** ---- ----
Carcass
Weight
(g)
1 3256.67a ± 20.72 3942.22a ± 88.23 ** 1991.67a ± 55.24 2423.00a ± 56.18 ** ** **
2 2850.00b ± 33.73 3565.14b ± 70.15 ** 1676.67b ± 36.65 2023.52b ± 40.59 ** ** **
3 2551.67c ± 36.82 3403.81b ± 73.73 ** ---- ----
Edible parts
Weight
(g)
1 3484.20a ± 29.96 4415.89a ±163.89 ** 2159.63a ± 83.03 2633.78a ± 108.89 ** ** **
2 3029.01b ± 50.97 4041.91b ± 165.89 ** 1814.67b ± 57.33 2220.38b ± 78.83 ** ** **
3 2711.33c ± 55.23 3895.50c ± 100.50 ** ------ -----
Inedible
parts Weight
(g)
1 1816.67a ± 23.51 1974.44a ± 39.55 ** 1033.43a ± 38.25 1139.67a ± 24.45 ** ** **
2 1518.62b ± 27.74 1889.09b ± 26.70 ** 932.76b ± 24.59 1135.01a ± 28.70 ** ** **
3 1421.97b ± 27.44 1851.67b ± 49.32 ** ------ -------
51

52. Live Body Weight (g)
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
HM MM LM HF LF
Before
After
52

53. Liver Weight (g)
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
HM MM LM HF LF
Before
After
53

54. Giblets weight (g)
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
HM MM LM HF LF
Before
After
54

55. Carcass weight (g)
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
4500
HM MM LM HF LF
Before
After
55

56. Edible parts weight (g)
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
4500
5000
HM MM LM HF LF
Before
After
56

57. Inedible Parts Weight (g)
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
HM MM LM HF LF
Before
After
57

58. Relative
weights of body parts
&
organs
of
Muscovy ducks.
58

59. Table ( 6 ): Effect of force feeding, sex and body weight on live body
weight, relative weights of body parts and organs of Muscovy ducks.
Parameters
Groups
Males Females
P3 P4
Before After P1 Before After P2
Live body
weight
(g)
1 5348.75a ± 45.65 6510.00a ± 88.91 ** 3230.00a ± 89.54 3847.17a ± 53.90 ** ** **
2 4720.00b ± 55.23 6030.97b ± 88.34 ** 2818.33b± 60.98 3451.67b± 40.36 ** ** **
3 4226.67c ± 60.36 5782.62b ± 75.83 ** ---- ----
Liver
Weight
(%)
1 1.42 a ± 0.02 4.38 a ± 0.23 ** 1.62 a ± 0.02 2.80 a ± 0.06 ** ** **
2 1.34 a ± 0.02 4.74 a ± 0.14 ** 1.74 a ± 0.09 2.90 a ± 0.11 ** ** **
3 1.35a ± 0.01 4.87 a ± 0.27 **
Giblets
Weight
(%)
1 4.45 a ± 0.02 7.14 b ± 0.26 ** 5.20 a ± 0.05 5.67 a ± 0.11 ** ** **
2 3.79 b ± 0.03 7.85 ab ± 0.11 ** 4.90 a ± 0.07 5.54 a ± 0.11 ** ** **
3 3.78 b ± 0.01 8.10 a ± 0.37 ** ---- ----
Carcass
Weight
(%)
1 60.04 a ± 0.18 60.56 a ± 0.86 NS 61.66 a ± 0.01 61.85 a ± 0.74 NS ** **
2 60.38 a ± 0.02 59.09 a ± 0.42 NS 59.49 b ± 0.05 58.62 b ± 0.76 NS ** **
3 60.37 a ± 0.01 58.96 a ± 0.86 NS ---- ----
Edible parts
Weight
(%)
1 64.94 a ± 0.17 67.69 a ± 0.97 ** 64.86 a ± 0.05 67.52 a ± 0.86 ** ** **
2 64.17 a ± 0.01 66.94 a ± 0.49 ** 64.39 a ± 0.07 64.61 b ± 0.84 ** ** **
3 64.15 a ± 0.04 67.06 a ± 1.00 ** ---- ----
Inedible
parts Weight
(%)
1 34.02 a ± 0.23 30.34 a ± 1.29 * 34.10 a ± 0.57 32.38 a ± 1.22 * ** **
2 33.51 a ± 0.06 31.38 a ± 0.90 * 33.09 a ± 0.38 32.65 a ± 1.08 * ** **
3 33.64 a ± 0.18 31.88 a ± 1.15 * ---- ----
59

60. Liver Weight (%)
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
HM MM LM HF LF
Before
After
60

61. Giblets Weight (%)
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
HM MM LM HF LF
Before
After
61

62. Edible Parts Weight (%)
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
HM MM LM HF LF
Before
After
62

63. Inedible Parts Weight (%)
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
HM MM LM HF LF
Before
After
63

64. Effect of force feeding
on
Chemical composition
of
Muscovy duck meat
during fattening period64

65. Table ( 7 ): Effect of force feeding, sex and body weight on body
chemical composition of Muscovy ducks.
Parameters
Groups Males Females
P3 P4
Before After P1 Before After P2
Moisture
(%)
1 73.28a ± 0.40 51.32b ± 0.66 ** 73.99a ± 0.19 52.90 b ± 0.81 ** NS NS
2 74.00 a ±0.33 55.07 a ± 1.15 ** 74.17 a ± 0.30 55.29 a ± 0.74 ** NS NS
3 73.89 a ± 0.31 56.01 a ± 0.95 ** ---- ----
Crude Protein
(%)
1 18.73 a ± 0.23 13.57 b ± 0.26 ** 19.01 a ± 0.25 13.93 a ± 0.63 ** NS NS
2 19.00 a ± 0.26 13.47 b ± 0.37 ** 18.61 a ± 0.22 12.35 a ± 0.61 ** NS NS
3 18.65 a ± 0.14 15.20 a ± 0.72 ** ---- ----
Ether Extract
(%)
1 4.01 a ± 0.26 31.67 a ± 0.77 ** 4.03 a ± 0.42 30.09 a ± 0.38 ** NS NS
2 3.93 a ± 0.20 28.22 a ± 1.40 ** 3.97 a ± 0.25 28.81 a ± 1.12 ** NS NS
3 4.17 a ± 0.29 26.11 b ± 0.32 ** ---- ----
Ash
(%)
1 1.48 a ± 0.08 1.27 a ± 0.11 NS 1.64 a ± 0.10 1.19 a ± 0.09 ** NS NS
2 1.46 a ± 0.07 1.22 a ± 0.07 * 1.73 a ± 0.06 1.20 a ± 0.01 ** * NS
3 1.40 a ± 0.06 1.20 a ± 0.06 * ---- ----
65

66. Ether Extract (%)
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
HM MM LM HF LF
Before
After
66

67. Moisture (%)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
HM MM LM HF LF
Before
After
67

68. Crude Protein (%)
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
HM MM LM HF LF
Before
After
68

69. Ash (%)
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2
HM MM LM HF LF
Before
After
69

70. Effect of force feeding
on
Liver weight (g and %)
of
Muscovy ducks
during fattening period70

71. Liver weight
71

72. Liver weight
72

73. Liver weight
73

74. Table ( 8 ): Effect of force feeding, sex and body weight on liver
weight (g) and (%) of Muscovy ducks.
Parameters
Groups
Sex
P
Males Females
Liver weight
before force feeding
(g)
1 75.00 a ± 1.82 52.25 a ± 1.03 *
2 63.33 b ± 1.81 39.00 a ± 1.06 *
3 57.00 c ± 1.08 -----
Liver
(%)
of body weight before
force feeding
1 1.43 a ± 0.03 1.55 a ± 0.02 *
2 1.34 a ± 0.05 1.67 a ± 0.04 *
3 1.35 a ± 0.04 ------
Liver weight
after force feeding
(g)
1 293.54 a ± 10.03 107.50 a ± 1.86 *
2 287.50 a ± 10.03 100.00 a ± 1.23 *
3 284.29 a ± 11.77 -----
Liver
(%)
of body weight after
force feeding
1 4.52 c ± 0.34 3.26 b ± 0.17 *
2 4.75 a b ± 0.31 3.48 a ± 0.13 *
3 4.86 a ± 0.27 ----- 74

75. Liver Weight (g)
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
HM MM LM HF LF
Before
After
75

76. Liver Weight (%)
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
HM MM LM HF LF
Before
After
76

77. Effect of force feeding
on
Liver chemical composition
of
Muscovy ducks
during fattening period77

78. Table ( 9 ): Effect of force feeding, sex and body weight on Liver
chemical composition of Muscovy ducks.
Parameters
Groups
Males Females
P3 P4
Before After P1 Before After P2
Moisture
(%)
1 68.77a ± 0.69 45.14b ± 2.11 ** 69.15a ± 0.35 51.69a ± 1.21 ** NS *
2 68.92a ± 0.68 54.36a ± 1.72 ** 68.05b ± 0.27 54.61a ± 1.03 ** NS NS
3 69.00a ± 0.36 49.35ab ± 0.70 ** ---- ----
Crude
Protein
(%)
1 20.87a ± 0.24 12.12a ± 0.35 ** 19.52a ± 0.08 12.34a ± 0.25 ** ** NS
2 19.70a ± 0.24 12.07a ± 0.30 ** 20.32b ± 0.27 12.63a ± 0.44 ** NS NS
3 19.81a ± 0.53 12.27a ± 0.44 ** ---- ----
Ether
Extract
(%)
1 7.39a ± 0.42 40.04a ± 2.28 ** 8.18a ± 0.24 33.27a ± 1.38 ** NS *
2 8.29a ± 0.69 31.44b ± 2.13 ** 8.49a ± 0.18 30.36a ± 0.93 ** NS NS
3 8.30a ± 0.80 36.23ab ± 0.74 ** ---- ----
Ash
(%)
1 1.50a ± 0.09 0.37a ± 0.03 ** 1.48a ± 0.06 0.80a ± 0.05 ** NS NS
2 1.37a ± 0.05 0.80a ± 0.07 ** 1.32a ± 0.05 0.85a ± 0.07 ** NS NS
3 1.33a ± 0.03 0.76a ± 0.03 ** ---- ----
78

79. Ether Extract (%)
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
HM MM LM HF LF
Before
After
79

80. Moisture (%)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
HM MM LM HF LF
Before
After
80

81. Crude Protein (%)
0
5
10
15
20
25
HM MM LM HF LF
Before
After
81

82. Ash (%)
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
1.6
HM MM LM HF LF
Before
After
82

83. Effect of force feeding
on
Blood parameters
of
Muscovy ducks
during fattening period83

84. Plasma Proteins:
Alb.,
Glub.,
&
A/G ratio.
84

85. Table ( 1 0): Effect of force feeding, sex and body weight on Plasma levels of
.Total protein, Albumin, Globulin and A/G ratio of Muscovy ducks
Parameters Groups
Males Females
P3 P4
Before After P1 Before After P2
Total protein
(g/dl)
1 4.14 a ± 0.19 4.70 a ± 0.18 NS 5.20 a ± 0.25 5.34 a ± 0.19 NS * *
2 4.66 a ± 0.39 4.85 a ± 0.31 NS 5.42 a ± 0.26 5.65 a ± 0.23 NS NS NS
3 4.36 a ± 0.26 4.61 a ± 0.31 NS ---- ----
Albumin
(g/dl)
1 2.02 a ± 0.09 2.55 a ± 0.10 ** 2.37 a ± 0.11 2.78 a ± 0.09 * * NS
2 2.15 a ± 0.17 2.59 a ± 0.16 NS 2.47 a ± 0.11 2.79 a ± 0.11 NS NS NS
3 2.02 a ± 0.13 2.45 a ± 0.17 NS ---- ----
Globulin
(g/dl)
1 2.40 a ± 0.11 2.15 a ± 0.08 NS 2.8 3 a ± 0.13 2.56 a ± 0.l0 * * **
2 2.51 a ± 0.22 2.27 a ± 0.17 NS 2.96 a ± 0.15 2.86 a ± 0.11 NS NS **
3 2.34 a ± 0.14 2.16 a ± 0.14 NS ---- ----
A/G Ratio
1 0.844 ± 0.02 1.186 ± 0.004 ** 0.839 ± 0.001 1.086 ± 0.015 ** NS **
2 0.856 ± 0.01 1.142 ± 0.007 ** 0.837 ± 0.014 0.977 ± 0.003 ** NS **
3 0.859 ± 0.01 1.130 ± 0.006 ** ---- ---- 85

86. Total Protein (g/dl)
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
HM MM LM HF LF
Before
After
86

87. Albumin (g/dl)
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
HM MM LM HF LF
Before
After
87

88. Globulin (g/dl)
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
HM MM LM HF LF
Before
After
88

89. A/G ratio
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
HM MM LM HF LF
Before
After
89

90. Plasma Lipids:
T. Lipids,
Tri-G,
&
Cholesterol.
90

91. Table ( 11): Effect of force feeding, sex and body weight on Plasma levels of Total
Lipids, Triglycerides and Cholesterol of Muscovy ducks
Parameters
Groups
Males Females
P3 P4
Before After P1 Before After P2
Total
Lipids
(mg/dl )
1 922.71a ± 9.28 2837.71 a ± 56.17 ** 766.43 a ± 11.33 2029.39 a ± 81.19 ** ** **
2 877.71 b ± 15.73 2740.43 a ± 37.21 ** 698.43 b ± 19.28 1744.00 a ±115.62 ** ** **
3 822.29 c ± 14.91 2351.07 b ± 86.08 ** ---- ----
Triglyceride
(mg/dl )
1 64.18 a ± 2.22 225.27 a ± 7.81 ** 65.11 a ± 3.65 128.27 a ± 7.18 ** NS **
2 68.93 a ± 1.49 216.43 a ± 4.68 ** 67.99 a ± 1.70 132.59 a ± 3.32 ** NS **
3 66.54 a ± 1.39 221.58 a ± 4.63 ** ---- ----
Cholesterol
(mg/dl )
1 157.93 a ± 6.26 310.06 a ± 8.84 ** 167.57 a ± 6.12 231.26 a ± 3.86 ** NS **
2 151.87 a ± 4.55 271.78 b ± 6.37 ** 163.50 a ± 6.45 218.82 a ± 5.93 ** NS **
3 156.38 a ± 5.86 274.64 b ± 6.05 ** ---- ----
91

92. Total Lipids (mg/dl)
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
HM MM LM HF LF
Before
After
92

93. Triglycerides (mg/dl)
0
50
100
150
200
250
HM MM LM HF LF
Before
After
93

94. Cholesterol (mg/dl)
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
HM MM LM HF LF
Before
After
94

95. Plasma Lipoproteins:
HDL &LDL
&
Liver function enzymes:
ALT & AST
95

96. Table ( 12 ): Effect of force feeding, sex and body weight on Plasma levels of HDL,
LDL, ALT and AST of Muscovy ducks.
Parameter
Groups Males Females
P3 P4
Before After P1 Before After P2
HDL
(mg/dl )
1 61.58a ± 1.82 148.78 a ± 5.63 ** 59.10 a ± 1.41 113.71 a ± 2.50 ** NS **
2 62.40 a ± 2.61 145.92 a ± 3.10 ** 60.41 a ± 1.26 109.94 a ± 3.67 ** NS **
3 65.44 a ± 3.07 141.93 a ± 3.77 ** ---- ----
LDL
(mg/dl )
1 85.52 a ± 5.46 105.06 a ± 3.54 ** 90.40 a ± 3.86 95.18 a ± 3.48 ** * *
2 75.68 b ± 6.54 103.66 a ± 2.65 ** 89.49 a ± 7.62 94.64 a ± 2.42 ** * *
3 77.63 b ± 7.79 103.13 a ± 5.12 ** ---- ----
ALT
(U/L )
1 27.43 a ± 1.65 126.33 a ± 9.10 ** 25.29 b ± 0.68 72.71 a ± 3.84 ** NS **
2 24.86 a ± 1.08 105.87 b ± 2.34 ** 28.00 a ± 0.69 66.57 a ± 1.96 ** ** **
3 28.14 a ± 1.50 107.12 b ± 4.05 ** ---- ----
AST
(U/L )
1 162.71 a ± 7.09 5852.72 b ± 19.7 ** 140.14 a ± 7.86 483.49 a ± 27.12 ** ** **
2 158.57 a ± 5.96 576.97 b ± 17.33 ** 135.86 a ± 6.03 452.40 a ± 20.09 ** ** **
3 167.00 a ± 6.89 631.83 a ± 10.95 ** ---- ----
96

97. HDL (mg/dl)
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
HM MM LM HF LF
Before
After
97

98. LDL (mg/dl)
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
HM MM LM HF LF
Before
After
98

99. ALT (U/L)
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
HM MM LM HF LF
Before
After
99

100. AST (U/L)
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
HM MM LM HF LF
Before
After
100

101. 4. CONCLUSION
AND
RECOMMENDATIONS
101

102. 1- Muscovy duck is an
excellent meat type ducks.
Body weight reaches 5.00
kg in males and 3.10 kg in
females at 12 weeks of age..
102

103. 2- Females should be fattened
till the 10th week only then
marketing to have a good and
economical feed conversion
and males will marketing at 12
weeks.
103

104. 3- Males only are suitable
for force feeding than
females to achieve a fast
increase in body weight in a
short time & to produce
fatty liver.
104

105. 5. FUTURE WORK
105

106. Although the results
obtained, the research
needs more future work to
get the global weights of
fatty liver (Foie Gras).
106

107. By:
1. Using the specialized strains.
2. Improve the feeding system &
force feeding machine.
3. Give more attention to diets
quantities & diets qualities.
107

108. 108

109. ‫وتقدير‬ ‫شكر‬
109

110. •‫أشكر‬‫هللا‬‫العلى‬‫القدير‬‫على‬‫توفيقه‬‫وهدايته‬‫وإعا‬‫نته‬‫لي‬‫فى‬
‫إتمام‬‫هذا‬،‫البحث‬ً‫وعرفانا‬‫بالفضل‬ً‫واعترافا‬‫با‬‫لجميل‬
ً‫وعمل‬‫بقول‬‫رسول‬‫هللا‬‫صلى‬‫هللا‬‫عليه‬‫وسلم‬"‫ال‬‫ي‬‫شكر‬
‫هللا‬‫من‬‫ال‬‫يشكر‬‫الناس‬".
•‫فإنى‬‫أتوجه‬‫بخالص‬‫شكرى‬‫وتقديرى‬‫وعظيم‬‫عرفا‬‫نى‬
‫وامتنانى‬‫إلى‬‫أستاذى‬‫العظيم‬‫األستاذ‬‫الدكتور‬/‫طري‬‫ف‬
‫عبدالعزيز‬‫شما‬‫وأيضا‬‫األستاذ‬‫الدكتور‬/‫هشام‬‫حسي‬‫ن‬
‫خليفة‬‫فلهما‬‫منى‬‫جزيل‬‫الشكر‬‫وبالغ‬‫االمتنان‬‫وجز‬‫اهما‬
‫هللا‬‫تعالى‬‫عني‬‫خير‬‫الجزاء‬‫ومتعهما‬‫بموفور‬‫الصح‬‫ة‬
‫والعافية‬. 110

111. •‫كما‬‫أتوجه‬‫بأسمى‬‫آيات‬‫الشكر‬‫واالمتنان‬‫إلى‬‫األستاذ‬‫الدكت‬‫ور‬/
‫جعـفـر‬‫محمود‬‫الجـندى‬‫أستاذ‬‫رعاية‬‫الدواجن‬-‫قسم‬‫اإلنتاج‬
‫الحيوانى‬–‫كلية‬‫الزراعة‬‫بمشتهـر‬-‫جامعة‬‫بنها‬‫وكذلك‬‫األ‬‫ستاذ‬
‫الدكتور‬/‫فتحـى‬‫عــدلى‬‫محمــــد‬‫أستاذ‬‫تغذية‬‫الدواجـن‬–‫قس‬‫م‬
‫اإلنتاج‬‫الحيوانى‬–‫كلية‬‫الزراعة‬‫بالقاهرة‬–‫جامعة‬‫األزهـر‬
‫على‬‫تحملهما‬‫عناء‬‫قراءة‬‫هذه‬‫الرسالة‬‫واالشتراك‬‫في‬‫لجنة‬‫ال‬‫حكم‬
‫عليها‬‫رغم‬‫مشاغلهما‬،‫الكثيرة‬‫فكم‬‫يشرفنى‬‫أن‬‫يعطر‬‫باس‬‫ميهما‬
‫جبين‬‫رسالتى‬،‫هذه‬‫ويكسوها‬‫طيف‬‫من‬‫شخصيهما‬‫الكريمي‬‫ن‬‫بما‬
‫سيتفضلن‬‫به‬‫من‬‫توجيه‬‫وتصحيح‬‫ونقد‬،‫وتقييم‬‫فل‬‫سيادتهما‬‫مني‬
‫كل‬‫الشكر‬‫واإلحترام‬‫وجزاهما‬‫هللا‬‫عنى‬‫خير‬‫الجزاء‬‫ومتعهما‬
‫بموفور‬‫الصحة‬‫والعافية‬. 111

112. WELCOME
W I T H Y O U R
112