This document summarizes a student project on organic farming. The student aims to show how organic farming can boost farmer incomes while promoting human and environmental health. It provides background on organic farming techniques, benefits over conventional farming, and global production statistics. A case study of organic rice farming in Cambodia shows increased yields, revenues, and soil nutrients with organic methods. The student's experiment compares soil carbon, nitrogen under organic and inorganic nutrient management for rice. Results show higher levels under organic treatments. Suggestions are made to improve organic farming weaknesses and threats. Overall, the document argues organic rice farming has potential to improve smallholder farmer livelihoods sustainably.
Upland Rice Production As Influenced by the Organic and Inorganic Applicatio...INFOGAIN PUBLICATION
A Technology demonstration on upland rice production was conducted to determine which among the three treatments would provide better yield of upland rainfed rice and serves as a technological show-case to Agrarian Reform Beneficiaries (ARBs) and Non- Agrarian Reform Beneficiaries (ARBs) in the community.This study consists of three (3) treatments. Treatment 1 – Regional Soils Laboratory In-organic fertilizer recommended rates alone. Treatment 2 – ½ Regional Soils Laboratory In-organic fertilizer recommended rates plus 12.5 bags Vermicast per hectare. Treatment 3 – Organic fertilizer alone at 25 bags vermi cast per hectare. Result shows that the best practices of fertilizer application is Treatment 3 the application of organic fertilizer which produces heaviest weight of fresh palay (31 grams/hill) and dried weight of palay(4.3 grams/hill) and obtained the highest yield of upland rice(6.20 tons/ha) than variable 1 and 2. Based on the cost analysis the application of organic fertilizer (Treatment 3) produced high profit due to low price of organic fertilizer.
Upland Rice Production As Influenced by the Organic and Inorganic Applicatio...INFOGAIN PUBLICATION
A Technology demonstration on upland rice production was conducted to determine which among the three treatments would provide better yield of upland rainfed rice and serves as a technological show-case to Agrarian Reform Beneficiaries (ARBs) and Non- Agrarian Reform Beneficiaries (ARBs) in the community.This study consists of three (3) treatments. Treatment 1 – Regional Soils Laboratory In-organic fertilizer recommended rates alone. Treatment 2 – ½ Regional Soils Laboratory In-organic fertilizer recommended rates plus 12.5 bags Vermicast per hectare. Treatment 3 – Organic fertilizer alone at 25 bags vermi cast per hectare. Result shows that the best practices of fertilizer application is Treatment 3 the application of organic fertilizer which produces heaviest weight of fresh palay (31 grams/hill) and dried weight of palay(4.3 grams/hill) and obtained the highest yield of upland rice(6.20 tons/ha) than variable 1 and 2. Based on the cost analysis the application of organic fertilizer (Treatment 3) produced high profit due to low price of organic fertilizer.
The extensive management of livestock, paying full regard to their evolutionary adaptations, behavioral needs and animal welfare issues with respect to nutrition, housing, health, breeding and rearing.
Careful attention to the impact of the farming system on the wider environment and the conservation of wildlife and natural habitats.
This term paper highlights the importance and potential of Organic Farming in context of Indian agriculture. We recommend policies & initiatives in organic farming to successfully address the growing concerns in Indian agriculture sector.
Presentation from Andre Leu, President of the International Federation of Organic Agriculture Movements (IFOAM). The presentation gives an overview of the organic alternatives to external inputs used for agricultural production, and was prepared and delivered in occasion of the International Symposium on Agroecology for Food Security and Nutrition, held at FAO in Rome on 18-19 September 2014.
Nature provides us varies resources that can be put to several meaningful functions to sustain our life on the earth.
But why today are we concerned about resources and its conservation in all across the world? That is because of the alarming levels of resource use and sustainability concerns. Several natural resources such as soil, water, energy, fuel, forest and so many are cornering at a level of being severely decline making the future of human civilization unsustainable. Talking about resource uses, agriculture and industrial sectors are the major consumers of natural resources
Conventional vs organic agriculture: Cornelia Harris, Cary Institute of Ecosy...Teaching the Hudson Valley
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A critical assessment of organic farming and foodShaheenPraveen1
Organic farming is a challenging type farming because of its initial less production rate but could prove to be a boon if we do proper planning and management.
The extensive management of livestock, paying full regard to their evolutionary adaptations, behavioral needs and animal welfare issues with respect to nutrition, housing, health, breeding and rearing.
Careful attention to the impact of the farming system on the wider environment and the conservation of wildlife and natural habitats.
This term paper highlights the importance and potential of Organic Farming in context of Indian agriculture. We recommend policies & initiatives in organic farming to successfully address the growing concerns in Indian agriculture sector.
Presentation from Andre Leu, President of the International Federation of Organic Agriculture Movements (IFOAM). The presentation gives an overview of the organic alternatives to external inputs used for agricultural production, and was prepared and delivered in occasion of the International Symposium on Agroecology for Food Security and Nutrition, held at FAO in Rome on 18-19 September 2014.
Nature provides us varies resources that can be put to several meaningful functions to sustain our life on the earth.
But why today are we concerned about resources and its conservation in all across the world? That is because of the alarming levels of resource use and sustainability concerns. Several natural resources such as soil, water, energy, fuel, forest and so many are cornering at a level of being severely decline making the future of human civilization unsustainable. Talking about resource uses, agriculture and industrial sectors are the major consumers of natural resources
Conventional vs organic agriculture: Cornelia Harris, Cary Institute of Ecosy...Teaching the Hudson Valley
Part of THV's July 2014 institute, "Farms & Food: Teaching the Hudson Valley from the Ground Up." From a full-day field experience, "Our Ecosystem, Our Health: Exploring the Benefits of School & Community Gardens," in Poughkeepsie, NY. Particpiants visited gardens at Krieger ES, Poughkeepsie HS, and the Poughkeepsie Farm Project with Cornelia Harris, Cary Institute of Ecosystem Studies, and Jamie Levato, education coordinator for the Poughkeepsie Farm Project.
A critical assessment of organic farming and foodShaheenPraveen1
Organic farming is a challenging type farming because of its initial less production rate but could prove to be a boon if we do proper planning and management.
Experiential Learning Programme of Organic Production of Crops in Lateritic z...TANMAY MODAK
Participating in an Experimental Learning Program in Organic Production can be highly beneficial for an agriculture graduate. Organic agriculture is gaining popularity due to its sustainability and environmental benefits, and having practical experience in this field can open up various opportunities for agriculture graduates. Here's how such a program can help:
1. **Hands-On Experience**: These programs typically involve practical training on organic farms. Agriculture graduates can gain valuable hands-on experience in organic farming techniques, including soil management, pest control, and crop rotation.
2. **Understanding Organic Practices**: Graduates can learn about the principles of organic farming, such as avoiding synthetic chemicals and promoting natural processes. They can gain insights into the benefits of organic practices for soil health and long-term sustainability.
3. **Certification Knowledge**: Many organic farming programs cover the certification process for organic produce. This knowledge can be crucial for anyone looking to become an organic farmer or work in the organic food industry.
4. **Networking Opportunities**: These programs often involve interactions with experts, fellow participants, and farmers. Building a network in the organic agriculture community can be valuable for future career opportunities and knowledge sharing.
5. **Business Skills**: Some programs may include modules on organic farm management and business aspects. This knowledge can help graduates who aspire to start their organic farms or work in farm management roles.
6. **Environmental Awareness**: Organic farming is known for its focus on sustainability and reducing the environmental impact of agriculture. Graduates can gain a deeper understanding of the environmental benefits of organic practices and how they contribute to conservation efforts.
7. **Career Opportunities**: Completing an Experimental Learning Program in Organic Production can enhance an agriculture graduate's resume and make them more attractive to employers in the organic farming sector, organic food companies, or related organizations.
8. **Entrepreneurship**: For those interested in entrepreneurship, this experience can serve as a foundation for starting their own organic farming venture or related businesses, such as organic food processing or distribution.
9. **Research Opportunities**: Some programs may include research components, allowing graduates to engage in organic farming research and contribute to the field's advancement.
10. **Personal Growth**: Working on organic farms and learning about sustainable practices can also lead to personal growth, instilling a sense of responsibility towards the environment and food systems.
Comparative economic analysis of organic and inorganic wheatsanaullah noonari
The production of wheat crop for the year 2012-13 is estimated to be 24.2 million tons against last year’s
production of 23.4 million tons. The major reasons for this enhanced production were increase in support price
from Rs.1050 to Rs.1200 per 40 Kg which encouraged improved seed usage and fertilizers. There was also better
weather and comparatively more water available from the reservoirs. The target for wheat production for 2013-
14 has been fixed at 25.0 million tons. The fertilizer has raised the expenses of the inorganic farmers, which are
not, used in organic farming. Cash cost in case of organic and inorganic farming is Rs. 23053.00 and 25846.00
respectively. The non-cash cost of organic and inorganic are Rs.19389.65 and 18815.10 respectively. Total cost
is the combination of cash and non-cash costs that is Rs.42442.65 and 44661.00 in organic and inorganic
farming. Gross margin (GM) is obtained by subtracting the cash cost from the gross value of product. GM is
Rs.33142.65 and 36182.00 in organic and inorganic farming system. Net income is obtained by subtracting the
total cost from the gross value of product. It is Rs.13752.35 and Rs.17367.00 in organic and inorganic farming,
respectively showing a difference of Rs.2615.35. The analysis shows that low net income in organic farming
than the inorganic farming is due to the low yield and high labor cost in organic system. Secondly health and
environmental costs are not included in the analysis, because in the study site farmers are unaware of these costs.
Keywords: Wheat, organic, Inorganic, support price, environmental costs, Pakistan
Organic Farming: History and Techniques
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3. As we all know, food security & human health
has became a topic of major concern in today’s
time. Through this project, my aim is to determine
& emphasise that how organic farming &
sustainable agriculture can be used in a better
way to boost farmer’s income along with
promoting better health for both the human & the
environment.
4. What is Organic Farming?
Organic farming is a production system that sustains the health of
soils, ecosystems and people by reducing or eliminating external agricultural
inputs, especially synthetic ones.
Organic farming relies on techniques such as crop rotation, green
manure, compost and biological pest control. Organic farming excludes or
strictly limits the use of Chemical fertilizers, insecticides & pesticides.
With organic farming, farmers:
Can sell their produces in a higher price
Need not to spend on synthetic chemical fertilizers and pesticides
Environment could be healthier from not being harmed by pesticides and
insecticides.
5. Why Organic farming?
Organic farming is preferred over
conventional(inorganic) farming because it :
Uses less energy
Employs Multiple cropping
Do not create pollution
Balance soil nutrients & replenishes soil fertility
Increases soil productivity
Improves the quality of the product.
6. Worldwide production of organic farming
•
More than 120 countries has been practicing organic farming.
•
33 million hectares (mio ha) of organic land with 633,891
farms.
23 %
38 %
1%
Global organic land by continent
6
8. Case study: Organic Farming in Cambodia
• For examining the feasibility of project, we have gone through a case
study of Revolution of organic farming in Cambodia.
•
Cambodia is a country located in Southeast Asia with tropical climate
& soil condition similar to that exists in India. In recent times
Cambodia displayed a revolution in rice production system with the
use of organic farming.
•
Presently rice occupies 90% of the total cultivated (3.9 million ha) and
shares 50.4 percent of total farmers’ income in Cambodia.
8
9. Revolution of rice farming system in Cambodia
•
No agrochemicals
•
Low costs of
production
•
Low productivities
•
Unstable food security
•
Agrochemical used
•
Higher productivities
•
More stable food security
Conventional farming
Traditional farming
1980 -1989
1990 -2003
•
Alternative farming
system ?
•
Balancing goals of
productivity, costs, and
environment?
Organic farming
2004 - Present
Impact of Conventional System
•
Higher production costs
•
Health impacts
•
Environmental impacts
Source: Author, 2008
9
10. Trend of organic rice farming in Cambodia
•
Organic rice production has been increasing steadily in Cambodia
from 10 tons in 2005 to 1450 tons in 2011.
500
1600
1400
1200
1000
800
600
400
200
0
farms
400
300
200
100
0
2005
2007
Organic rice farms
2009
tons
Number of organic farms and organic rice production
2011
Organic rice production
Source: CEDAC, 2007 (Unpublished data)
10
•
CEDAC: Cambodian Center for Agricultural Studies and Development
11. Key differences in organic and conventional farms
Organic
farm (OF)
Average yield (ton per ha)
Conventional
farm (CF)
OF-CF
Percentage
2,59
2,46
0,13
5%
950
850
100
12%
Gross revenue (riel)
2 460 059
2 087 214
372 845
18%
Cost of fertilizers (riel)
0 - 78 002
124 794
-46 792
-37%
87,4
65,1
22,30
34%
8,5
1,2
7,30
608%
19,2
3,8
15,40
405%
price per kg (riel)
Labour used (man-day)
- Nutrient management (md)
- Manual weeding (md)
Source: Author, 2008
11
12. Cultivation practices of organic rice
Land preparation
- Plough at least 2 or 3 times
- Apply compost and residue of previous crop
Transplanting
Threshing and storage
- Storage with 12-13 % of
moisture contained inside
the grains
- Pulling of seedling in 12-15 days
from the nursery bed
- Transplanting 1 seedling per hole
- 20x30 cm between each line and
row
- Separately from the
conventional rice
Harvesting
Weed control
- 25-35 days after the flowering
stage
- Two weeks after the transplantation
- Tools: hand with the sickle
- Application of farm yard manure
- Tools: hoe and hand
Source: Author, 2008 12
13. 1) To analyse Carbon and Nitrogen dynamics in soil
under organic and inorganic nutrient management.
2) To optimize Nitrogen uptake and use efficiency
of rice through best suitable combination of organic
and inorganic nutrient management.
14.
Four treatments of different fertilizer input were
taken with 3 replica of each, where paddy was
grown. Soil sample from these plots were taken at
different stages of crop growth for chemical
analysis.
The chemical analysis of soil sample includes
finding out soil pH, electrical conductivity,
availability of nitrogen and organic carbon content
in soil due to various combination of organic and
inorganic fertilization at different crop growth
stages.
15.
By doing plant chemical analysis we will estimate the plant
nitrogen uptake due to organic and inorganic fertilizers at
different stages & will try to figure out their optimum
combination for developing synchrony between the
nutrients released in soil & their crop uptake.
Treatments :
T1 – Control
T2 - 100% RDF through Chemical fertilizers
T3 - 100% RDF through Vermicompost
T4 - 50% RDF through Vermicompost+ 50% through
chemical fertilizers
(RDF- Recommended dosage of fertilizer)
16. Sampling for soil samples:
Soil samples were collected at 20 cm and 40 cm
depth using soil auger at centre and towards
four corners of each plot.
Soil sampling is being done at intervals of
0, 30, 60, 90 days.
17.
Soil organic carbon (SOC) is the seat of
nitrogen in soil & its determination is often
carried out as an index of nitrogen availability.
Estimation: Method used for estimating SOC
was Titration method (Walkey & Black
method).
Reagants used : Pottassium dichromate, Conc.
Sulphuric acid, Ferrous ammonium
sulphate, Diphenylamine
indicator, Orthophoshoric acid or sodium
flouride.
18.
More than 90% of soil N exists as a constituent of
complex organic compounds, which the plants
cannot use directly. Only a minute fraction,
usually 2% gets mineralised due to microbial
activity in a growing season. Plants uptake it in the
form of nitrate & ammonium ions.
Estimation Method: We used permanganate
method of Subbiah and Asija for available nitrogen
estimation using kjheldal apparatus. Reagents
used in kjheldahl’s apparatus were KMno4,
NaOH, Mixed Indicator, Boric acid, HCl.
19. Organic carbon (%) in
soil = (10*(B-S)/B) * 0.003 * 100/wt. of
sample(gm)
Where B & S stand for the titre values(mL) of
blank & sample respectively.
20. Available N (%) in soil = {(0.00014* normality of
acid* 100* titre (sample-blank)}/{mass of soil
(gm.)* 0.01}
27. DISCUSSION & SUGGESTION:
1. How to improve weaknesses of organic farming?
2. How to cope with threats in organic farming?
27
28. Improve the weaknesses of organic farming
Weaknesses
•
Strategies
Require more • Adopt the preventive methods for weed
labours (in weed
control)
management
– crop rotation (rice –soybean),
– selected variety which is competitive
against weeds
– biological control (e.g. ducks)
•
Conflicts with
conventional
farms.
• Try to convince farmers to convert conventional
farms into organic farms.
• Leave some buffer space between their farms
and conventional farms (security space).
28
29. Improve the threats of organic farming
Threats
•
Small market
opportunities
Strategies
•
Develop organic market by the investment
in the agro-industry sector and certificating
institutes
•
•
Poor infrastructure •
promoting for consumers’ awareness
Build more canals, road and bridges
in the rural area
•
Unsustainable
fund of NGOs
Collaboration with international agencies for
more sustainable technical and financial aids.
projects
29
31. Outcomes:
Introducing organic practices to farmers in the study site has
been evidenced as improving farmers’ income and leads to a
more stable and balanced ecosystem without water pollution
and soil degradation
Organic rice farming has high potentials to be pushed as the
key development strategy for smallholder rice farmers (less
than 0.75 ha) occupying a significant percentage of the farms
in this country
The action plans need to be created by all stakeholders to
overcome the constraints.
31
32.
SP. Palaniappan, K.Annadurai; Organic Farming, Theory & Practice.
Perera, Andrea. 2008. Food on the table and savings on hand. Oxfam America website.
October 20.
Alam, Anwar and Wani Shafiq, A. (2003) Status of organic agriculture worldwide–An
overview, In: Proceedings of National Seminar on Organic Products and their Future
Prospects, Sher-e-Kashmir, University of Agricultural Sciences and
Technology, Srinagar, pp. 95-103.
J. Anthofer et al. 2005. Evaluation of the System of Rice Intensification in
Cambodia. Available: http://ciifad.cornell.edu/sri/
Badgley, C. et al. 2006. Organic Agriculture and the Global Food Supply.
Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems, 1-24.
DEFRA. May, 2003.
An Assessment of the Environmental Impacts of Organic Farming. Elm Farm
Research Centre and IGER. Available at
http://www.defra.gov.uk/farm/organic/policy/research/pdf/env-impacts2.pdf
Dufey, A. 2006.
Agricultural Economics Research Review Vol. 23 July-December 2010 pp 343358 ,seminar on 12 June 2009.Organic Farming: Status, Issues and
Prospects – A Review; B. Suresh Reddy ;Research Unit for Livelihoods and
Natural Resources (RULNR).
Subbiah B.V and C.L. Asija 1956. A rapid procedure for the estimation of
available nitrogen in soils. Current Sci.25:259-260.