ENV 107 - Lectures 9
•Download as PPTX, PDF•
2 likes•531 views
1. The midterm exam will cover lectures 5-10 and include questions testing definitions, short answers, and explanations. Sample questions could ask students to define terms like species and population dynamics, explain the difference between epidemiological measures, or describe a figure showing an ecological concept. 2. The exam will be held on November 5th during class time and last 1 hour and 20 minutes. It will consist of 4 out of 6 total questions. 3. Students are reminded to submit their group exercise reports by October 26th, with presentations on the group work occurring on October 31st.
Report
Share
Report
Share
Recommended
ENV 107 -Lectures 10
The document summarizes the key topics to be covered in today's lecture:
1. Biological production and ecosystem energy flow, including how energy enters ecosystems through food webs and heat transfer, and how infrared film can reveal energy flow.
2. Primary and secondary ecological successions - primary succession is the establishment of a new ecosystem where one did not previously exist, while secondary succession involves the reestablishment of an ecosystem after a disturbance.
3. The laws of thermodynamics and their implications for the recycling of energy within ecosystems - the first law states that energy is conserved but changes form, while the second law is that no process is 100% efficient, so external energy inputs are needed to drive ecological processes.
ENV 107 -Lecture 7
This document provides an overview of biogeochemical cycles and the geologic cycle. It discusses how biogeochemical cycles involve the movement of chemical elements through the biosphere, lithosphere, hydrosphere, and atmosphere. The six main macronutrients that are essential for life - carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, and sulfur - form the basis of key biochemical compounds and play important roles in organisms. The geologic cycle encompasses related cycles like the tectonic, hydrologic, and rock cycles that describe the formation and alteration of Earth's crust, water movement, and rock transformations through weathering, sedimentation and metamorphism. Plate tectonics, volcanism, and weathering
BIOLOGY (Lesson Plan): Changes in ecosystems.
This document summarizes a biology class on changes in ecosystems. The 70-minute class covered topics including climate change, its 1°C impact on coral bleaching, and the role of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Students participated in an activity identifying primary changes to ecosystems from human and natural causes, such as invasive species, overfishing, and bushfires. They learned about primary and secondary ecological succession and how ecosystems rebuild with or without existing soil. The key ideas were that changes can occur regularly, sporadically, or from single events, and examples of human and naturally-caused changes were discussed.
Abiotic factors1
Abiotic factors are non-living chemical and physical conditions in the environment, including sunlight, temperature, water, atmospheric gases, wind, and rocks and soil. Sunlight provides light for photosynthesis and affects organism development and behavior. Temperature distribution organisms as it impacts biological processes. Water availability also influences species distribution, as too much or too little can change a habitat for plants. Wind amplifies temperature effects and can shape plant morphology. Soil properties like structure, pH and minerals limit plant and animal distributions.
International Coral Reef Society Conference 2008 - Dr Ali Jones
This document discusses a study of coral symbionts (algae that live within corals) on Australia's Great Barrier Reef following bleaching events in 2002 and 2006. The study found that the dominant symbiont type in the coral Acropora millepora changed from type C2 before the bleaching events to types D and C1/D after, indicating the corals acquired more thermally tolerant symbionts. This symbiont shuffling may represent a mechanism of acclimatization to heat stress that could help corals survive future climate change impacts. However, switching symbionts may also carry physiological costs for the corals.
Structure Of An Ecosystem
The document discusses ecosystems and their components. It explains that ecosystems consist of biotic (living) and abiotic (non-living) factors that interact. A change to one component, like removing trees from a forest, impacts other elements. It also defines key terms like organism, species, population, community, biosphere, atmosphere, hydrosphere, and lithosphere.
Ecosystems change
A 200-year-old tree that provided shade to the forest floor fell during a storm, causing changes to the ecosystem. More sunlight will now reach the forest floor, allowing seedlings that require sunlight to grow while shade-loving plants may not survive. The fallen tree also provides new habitat for animals like salamanders. The changes affect both plant and animal life in the forest ecosystem.
Renewable energy resources_ Natural biomass degradation
This document summarizes a lecture on renewable energy resources with a focus on biomass degradation. The lecture discusses:
1) The biogeochemical carbon and nitrogen cycles in natural ecosystems and the role of plant biomass formation and degradation in these cycles.
2) Factors that affect the microbial biodegradation process, including temperature, moisture, soil pH, and the chemical composition of plant residues.
3) How the chemical composition and structure of plant cell walls influences the accessibility of extracellular enzymes in degrading cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin.
4) The role and mode of action of different enzyme families, including hydrolases, oxidoreductases, and ligases, in degrading plant
Recommended
ENV 107 -Lectures 10
The document summarizes the key topics to be covered in today's lecture:
1. Biological production and ecosystem energy flow, including how energy enters ecosystems through food webs and heat transfer, and how infrared film can reveal energy flow.
2. Primary and secondary ecological successions - primary succession is the establishment of a new ecosystem where one did not previously exist, while secondary succession involves the reestablishment of an ecosystem after a disturbance.
3. The laws of thermodynamics and their implications for the recycling of energy within ecosystems - the first law states that energy is conserved but changes form, while the second law is that no process is 100% efficient, so external energy inputs are needed to drive ecological processes.
ENV 107 -Lecture 7
This document provides an overview of biogeochemical cycles and the geologic cycle. It discusses how biogeochemical cycles involve the movement of chemical elements through the biosphere, lithosphere, hydrosphere, and atmosphere. The six main macronutrients that are essential for life - carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, and sulfur - form the basis of key biochemical compounds and play important roles in organisms. The geologic cycle encompasses related cycles like the tectonic, hydrologic, and rock cycles that describe the formation and alteration of Earth's crust, water movement, and rock transformations through weathering, sedimentation and metamorphism. Plate tectonics, volcanism, and weathering
BIOLOGY (Lesson Plan): Changes in ecosystems.
This document summarizes a biology class on changes in ecosystems. The 70-minute class covered topics including climate change, its 1°C impact on coral bleaching, and the role of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Students participated in an activity identifying primary changes to ecosystems from human and natural causes, such as invasive species, overfishing, and bushfires. They learned about primary and secondary ecological succession and how ecosystems rebuild with or without existing soil. The key ideas were that changes can occur regularly, sporadically, or from single events, and examples of human and naturally-caused changes were discussed.
Abiotic factors1
Abiotic factors are non-living chemical and physical conditions in the environment, including sunlight, temperature, water, atmospheric gases, wind, and rocks and soil. Sunlight provides light for photosynthesis and affects organism development and behavior. Temperature distribution organisms as it impacts biological processes. Water availability also influences species distribution, as too much or too little can change a habitat for plants. Wind amplifies temperature effects and can shape plant morphology. Soil properties like structure, pH and minerals limit plant and animal distributions.
International Coral Reef Society Conference 2008 - Dr Ali Jones
This document discusses a study of coral symbionts (algae that live within corals) on Australia's Great Barrier Reef following bleaching events in 2002 and 2006. The study found that the dominant symbiont type in the coral Acropora millepora changed from type C2 before the bleaching events to types D and C1/D after, indicating the corals acquired more thermally tolerant symbionts. This symbiont shuffling may represent a mechanism of acclimatization to heat stress that could help corals survive future climate change impacts. However, switching symbionts may also carry physiological costs for the corals.
Structure Of An Ecosystem
The document discusses ecosystems and their components. It explains that ecosystems consist of biotic (living) and abiotic (non-living) factors that interact. A change to one component, like removing trees from a forest, impacts other elements. It also defines key terms like organism, species, population, community, biosphere, atmosphere, hydrosphere, and lithosphere.
Ecosystems change
A 200-year-old tree that provided shade to the forest floor fell during a storm, causing changes to the ecosystem. More sunlight will now reach the forest floor, allowing seedlings that require sunlight to grow while shade-loving plants may not survive. The fallen tree also provides new habitat for animals like salamanders. The changes affect both plant and animal life in the forest ecosystem.
Renewable energy resources_ Natural biomass degradation
This document summarizes a lecture on renewable energy resources with a focus on biomass degradation. The lecture discusses:
1) The biogeochemical carbon and nitrogen cycles in natural ecosystems and the role of plant biomass formation and degradation in these cycles.
2) Factors that affect the microbial biodegradation process, including temperature, moisture, soil pH, and the chemical composition of plant residues.
3) How the chemical composition and structure of plant cell walls influences the accessibility of extracellular enzymes in degrading cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin.
4) The role and mode of action of different enzyme families, including hydrolases, oxidoreductases, and ligases, in degrading plant
OUR PLANET, OUR FUTURE. VOCABULARY
Carbon footprint refers to the total greenhouse gases produced directly and indirectly by human activities. One's carbon footprint includes emissions from transportation, housing, food consumption, and goods. A carbon footprint calculates all the carbon dioxide and other emissions from an individual or organization's activities.
The greenhouse effect is a natural process that warms the Earth through greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide trapping heat in the atmosphere. However, human activities like burning fossil fuels have increased greenhouse gas levels in the atmosphere, enhancing the greenhouse effect and contributing to global warming.
A habitat is the natural environment where a species lives and meets its needs for food, shelter, and reproduction. Habitats can change over time due to natural events or human activities like
Ecology
Ecology is the study of interactions between organisms and their environment. There are biotic (living) and abiotic (non-living) factors in an ecosystem. Ecosystems have multiple levels of organization including species, populations, communities, and the biosphere. For an ecosystem to sustain life it needs an energy source, organisms to convert energy, and nutrient cycling between organisms and the environment. Energy flows through food chains and webs from producers like plants to consumers. Key nutrient cycles in ecosystems include nitrogen, water, and carbon which allow organisms to obtain essential elements. Within a community, species interact through relationships like predation, competition, and symbiosis.
Microbial contributions and global environmental change
Microbial contributions and global environmental change and the influence in environment,merits and their demerits
Primary productivity and climatic factors affecting rate of plant production.
Productivity refers to the rate at which biomass is generated in an ecosystem. Primary productivity describes the generation of biomass by producers, such as plants, through photosynthesis using sunlight as an energy source. There are two types of primary productivity: gross primary productivity, which is the total amount of biomass produced by producers, and net primary productivity, which is the amount of biomass remaining after producers use some to meet their energy needs through cellular respiration. Secondary productivity then refers to the generation of biomass by heterotrophic consumers as they feed on the organic compounds transferred between trophic levels.
Microbial Action On The
Global warming is caused by both natural and man-made factors that increase greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide in the atmosphere. These gases trap heat from the sun and cause Earth's temperature to rise. Autotrophic and methanogenic bacteria play roles in both contributing to and reducing global warming. Autotrophic bacteria can produce greenhouse gases through photosynthesis or chemosynthesis. Methane-munching microbes in ocean rocks consume large amounts of methane released from the seafloor, reducing its impact on global levels. Soil microbes also influence climate change through gas exchange with the atmosphere.
APES Unit 2 Test Review
The document provides a review for an APES Unit 2 test, covering topics like the water, carbon, and nitrogen cycles, photosynthesis, population growth, ecological succession, and species interactions like mutualism, competition, and predation. Bellringer questions are presented on key concepts, and notes are provided explaining processes like keystone species, limiting factors, and natural and anthropogenic impacts on ecosystems.
Biosphere origin ,structure & development
All of the presentations that i have uploaded are made by me for school projects from 9-12 grade.For most of them you actually need to have learned something to recite and what you see on the presentations are just hints.
Ch3 to 6 ecology
This document provides an overview and key concepts from chapters 3-6 of an ecology textbook. It covers levels of ecological organization, energy flow and nutrient cycling, climate and biomes, population growth and limits to growth, and human impacts on ecosystems. Key topics include photosynthesis, food chains and webs, ecological pyramids, ecological succession, biomes like tropical and temperate, factors affecting population growth, and how human activities affect resources and biodiversity.
Biosphere, Biodiversity and Change
The document discusses biodiversity and ecosystems, focusing on rainforests. It defines key terms like biosphere, ecosystem, food chain, limiting factors, biome, and biodiversity. The biosphere is a thin layer supporting all life, composed of interconnected ecosystems. Energy and nutrients flow through ecosystems via food chains and webs. Rainforests have high biodiversity due to their climate, with many species competing for resources. Biodiversity measures an ecosystem's resilience and variety of life.
Conditions for life on earth
Water is essential for all life as a physiological solvent, for transporting nutrients and waste, and as a coolant. It has properties like its anomalous expansion when freezing and high heat capacity that help regulate temperatures and allow life to exist on Earth. Water provides habitats for aquatic organisms and allows photosynthesis through its transparency. Overall, the presence of liquid water, a moderate climate, gases like carbon dioxide and nitrogen in the atmosphere, and energy from the sun have made Earth suitable for the development and survival of life.
Cycles of matter
The document discusses several important cycles in nature. It begins by explaining the energy cycle in an ecosystem, with the sun providing energy to plants, which are then consumed by animals higher up the food chain. It then describes the water cycle, in which water evaporates from bodies of water into the air as vapor, condenses into clouds, and falls as precipitation, collecting and evaporating again. It also summarizes the carbon cycle, where carbon is absorbed by plants and released when plants and animals respire or decay, and the nitrogen cycle, where nitrogen in the air is absorbed by plants and recycled through the ecosystem. These cycles are essential for recycling scarce resources and sustaining life.
Climate change
This document discusses the vulnerability of India's coastal zones to climate change. It notes that coastal zones are important regions for India, containing major cities and over a third of the population, but are vulnerable to sea level rise, cyclones, and changes in temperature and precipitation from climate change. Vulnerability is defined as the degree to which a system is impacted by or resilient to climate hazards, and is determined by exposure, sensitivity, and adaptive capacity. The document outlines how these factors contribute to India's coastal vulnerability and the socioeconomic impacts the country may face, such as slowed economic growth and increased food insecurity.
Succession
more sciencebitz resources on iTunesU and iBooks https://itunesu.itunes.apple.com/enroll/DEZ-HWS-HNJ
https://itun.es/gb/ymzI6.n
Ecosystem working and components presentation
This document summarizes key aspects of trophic structure and nutrient cycling within ecosystems. It discusses how energy and matter move through food chains and webs. Producers, consumers, and decomposers are defined. Nutrient cycling is explained, with a focus on the carbon cycle. Carbon is cycled between reservoirs in the atmosphere, biosphere, hydrosphere, and lithosphere. The document provides examples of carbon storage in limestone from shells and skeletons, and fossil fuels.
Ecological succession & cycles of matter
Ecological succession describes how communities change over time through primary and secondary succession. Primary succession occurs in areas without soil, like new bare rock, where pioneer species establish and slowly transform the rock into soil over long periods. Secondary succession follows a disruption, like a forest fire, where the original community regrows through different stages. Mature communities tend to have greater biodiversity and are dominated by climax species well-adapted to the local environment. Cycles of matter, like carbon and nitrogen, are essential to life and involve exchanges between living things and their environment.
Balance in nature
Balance in nature occurs when there are interactions between organisms and the environment that maintain ecosystems at an optimal level. Key natural cycles that help maintain this balance include the nitrogen cycle, water cycle, and carbon cycle. The carbon cycle involves carbon dioxide being used by plants for photosynthesis and later released by animals through respiration, burning, and decomposition. The water cycle involves water being used by plants and animals and later released back into the atmosphere through transpiration and respiration. A food chain shows the relationship of energy transfer from producers to consumers.
Proyecto dinámicas biológicas de los fragmentos de bosques - Thomas Lovejoy
The document discusses the threats posed by climate change to tropical forests and biodiversity. It notes that 20% of annual greenhouse gas emissions come from deforestation. The warming climate has led to increased bark beetle outbreaks and range shifts of species. A CO2 target of 450ppm is considered too high and 350ppm is proposed as a safer level. Adaptation and limiting greenhouse gas concentrations through reducing emissions and deforestation are recommended approaches. Restoring ecosystems can help lower atmospheric CO2 levels.
The earth is an ecosystem ii
The document summarizes the key elements of Earth's ecosystem, including the lithosphere, hydrosphere, atmosphere, and biosphere. It defines an ecosystem as consisting of living organisms that interact with abiotic components like air, soil, water, and sunlight within a particular area. However, human activity is putting the balance of ecosystems at risk by transforming the planet. The greenhouse effect is also discussed as the process whereby greenhouse gases in the atmosphere absorb and re-radiate the sun's thermal radiation, impacting the climate.
Presentation 2
The Arctic ecosystem has a unique food web composed of phytoplankton, algae, animals like polar bears and seals, and the environment. Carbon cycles through this web, moving from the atmosphere to seawater and back through the tissues of living organisms. Main species include humans, polar bears, seals, walrus, bowhead whales, jellyfish, fish, zooplankton, and ice algae. This ecosystem is vulnerable to climate change and the loss of snow and ice cover.
AP Environmental Science: Unit 1 Test Review
The document provides an overview of key concepts in ecology, environmental science, and earth systems. It defines ecological footprint and its implications for resource use. It also summarizes the effects of deforestation on water cycles and soil resources. Additional summaries cover sustainability, pollution, causes of environmental problems, climate and weather, plate tectonics, erosion, the rock and soil cycles.
Terrestrial and Aquatic Food Chains
The document discusses terrestrial and aquatic food chains. It defines food chains as relationships among plants and animals, with terrestrial food chains including land organisms like insects and bears, and aquatic chains containing ocean animals such as plankton and sharks. Examples are given of both land and water food chains consisting of four organisms with a plant at the base and higher-level predators feeding on lower organisms. Students are instructed to diagram their own terrestrial and aquatic food chains including at least four labeled organisms each.
Camp keep vocabulary food chain
This document defines key vocabulary terms for food chains including terrestrial and aquatic producers, herbivores, carnivores, and decomposers. Terrestrial producers include plants that use sunlight to photosynthesize while aquatic producers are algae and phytoplankton. Herbivores eat producers and carnivores eat other animals, with decomposers breaking down remains.
More Related Content
What's hot
OUR PLANET, OUR FUTURE. VOCABULARY
Carbon footprint refers to the total greenhouse gases produced directly and indirectly by human activities. One's carbon footprint includes emissions from transportation, housing, food consumption, and goods. A carbon footprint calculates all the carbon dioxide and other emissions from an individual or organization's activities.
The greenhouse effect is a natural process that warms the Earth through greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide trapping heat in the atmosphere. However, human activities like burning fossil fuels have increased greenhouse gas levels in the atmosphere, enhancing the greenhouse effect and contributing to global warming.
A habitat is the natural environment where a species lives and meets its needs for food, shelter, and reproduction. Habitats can change over time due to natural events or human activities like
Ecology
Ecology is the study of interactions between organisms and their environment. There are biotic (living) and abiotic (non-living) factors in an ecosystem. Ecosystems have multiple levels of organization including species, populations, communities, and the biosphere. For an ecosystem to sustain life it needs an energy source, organisms to convert energy, and nutrient cycling between organisms and the environment. Energy flows through food chains and webs from producers like plants to consumers. Key nutrient cycles in ecosystems include nitrogen, water, and carbon which allow organisms to obtain essential elements. Within a community, species interact through relationships like predation, competition, and symbiosis.
Microbial contributions and global environmental change
Microbial contributions and global environmental change and the influence in environment,merits and their demerits
Primary productivity and climatic factors affecting rate of plant production.
Productivity refers to the rate at which biomass is generated in an ecosystem. Primary productivity describes the generation of biomass by producers, such as plants, through photosynthesis using sunlight as an energy source. There are two types of primary productivity: gross primary productivity, which is the total amount of biomass produced by producers, and net primary productivity, which is the amount of biomass remaining after producers use some to meet their energy needs through cellular respiration. Secondary productivity then refers to the generation of biomass by heterotrophic consumers as they feed on the organic compounds transferred between trophic levels.
Microbial Action On The
Global warming is caused by both natural and man-made factors that increase greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide in the atmosphere. These gases trap heat from the sun and cause Earth's temperature to rise. Autotrophic and methanogenic bacteria play roles in both contributing to and reducing global warming. Autotrophic bacteria can produce greenhouse gases through photosynthesis or chemosynthesis. Methane-munching microbes in ocean rocks consume large amounts of methane released from the seafloor, reducing its impact on global levels. Soil microbes also influence climate change through gas exchange with the atmosphere.
APES Unit 2 Test Review
The document provides a review for an APES Unit 2 test, covering topics like the water, carbon, and nitrogen cycles, photosynthesis, population growth, ecological succession, and species interactions like mutualism, competition, and predation. Bellringer questions are presented on key concepts, and notes are provided explaining processes like keystone species, limiting factors, and natural and anthropogenic impacts on ecosystems.
Biosphere origin ,structure & development
All of the presentations that i have uploaded are made by me for school projects from 9-12 grade.For most of them you actually need to have learned something to recite and what you see on the presentations are just hints.
Ch3 to 6 ecology
This document provides an overview and key concepts from chapters 3-6 of an ecology textbook. It covers levels of ecological organization, energy flow and nutrient cycling, climate and biomes, population growth and limits to growth, and human impacts on ecosystems. Key topics include photosynthesis, food chains and webs, ecological pyramids, ecological succession, biomes like tropical and temperate, factors affecting population growth, and how human activities affect resources and biodiversity.
Biosphere, Biodiversity and Change
The document discusses biodiversity and ecosystems, focusing on rainforests. It defines key terms like biosphere, ecosystem, food chain, limiting factors, biome, and biodiversity. The biosphere is a thin layer supporting all life, composed of interconnected ecosystems. Energy and nutrients flow through ecosystems via food chains and webs. Rainforests have high biodiversity due to their climate, with many species competing for resources. Biodiversity measures an ecosystem's resilience and variety of life.
Conditions for life on earth
Water is essential for all life as a physiological solvent, for transporting nutrients and waste, and as a coolant. It has properties like its anomalous expansion when freezing and high heat capacity that help regulate temperatures and allow life to exist on Earth. Water provides habitats for aquatic organisms and allows photosynthesis through its transparency. Overall, the presence of liquid water, a moderate climate, gases like carbon dioxide and nitrogen in the atmosphere, and energy from the sun have made Earth suitable for the development and survival of life.
Cycles of matter
The document discusses several important cycles in nature. It begins by explaining the energy cycle in an ecosystem, with the sun providing energy to plants, which are then consumed by animals higher up the food chain. It then describes the water cycle, in which water evaporates from bodies of water into the air as vapor, condenses into clouds, and falls as precipitation, collecting and evaporating again. It also summarizes the carbon cycle, where carbon is absorbed by plants and released when plants and animals respire or decay, and the nitrogen cycle, where nitrogen in the air is absorbed by plants and recycled through the ecosystem. These cycles are essential for recycling scarce resources and sustaining life.
Climate change
This document discusses the vulnerability of India's coastal zones to climate change. It notes that coastal zones are important regions for India, containing major cities and over a third of the population, but are vulnerable to sea level rise, cyclones, and changes in temperature and precipitation from climate change. Vulnerability is defined as the degree to which a system is impacted by or resilient to climate hazards, and is determined by exposure, sensitivity, and adaptive capacity. The document outlines how these factors contribute to India's coastal vulnerability and the socioeconomic impacts the country may face, such as slowed economic growth and increased food insecurity.
Succession
more sciencebitz resources on iTunesU and iBooks https://itunesu.itunes.apple.com/enroll/DEZ-HWS-HNJ
https://itun.es/gb/ymzI6.n
Ecosystem working and components presentation
This document summarizes key aspects of trophic structure and nutrient cycling within ecosystems. It discusses how energy and matter move through food chains and webs. Producers, consumers, and decomposers are defined. Nutrient cycling is explained, with a focus on the carbon cycle. Carbon is cycled between reservoirs in the atmosphere, biosphere, hydrosphere, and lithosphere. The document provides examples of carbon storage in limestone from shells and skeletons, and fossil fuels.
Ecological succession & cycles of matter
Ecological succession describes how communities change over time through primary and secondary succession. Primary succession occurs in areas without soil, like new bare rock, where pioneer species establish and slowly transform the rock into soil over long periods. Secondary succession follows a disruption, like a forest fire, where the original community regrows through different stages. Mature communities tend to have greater biodiversity and are dominated by climax species well-adapted to the local environment. Cycles of matter, like carbon and nitrogen, are essential to life and involve exchanges between living things and their environment.
Balance in nature
Balance in nature occurs when there are interactions between organisms and the environment that maintain ecosystems at an optimal level. Key natural cycles that help maintain this balance include the nitrogen cycle, water cycle, and carbon cycle. The carbon cycle involves carbon dioxide being used by plants for photosynthesis and later released by animals through respiration, burning, and decomposition. The water cycle involves water being used by plants and animals and later released back into the atmosphere through transpiration and respiration. A food chain shows the relationship of energy transfer from producers to consumers.
Proyecto dinámicas biológicas de los fragmentos de bosques - Thomas Lovejoy
The document discusses the threats posed by climate change to tropical forests and biodiversity. It notes that 20% of annual greenhouse gas emissions come from deforestation. The warming climate has led to increased bark beetle outbreaks and range shifts of species. A CO2 target of 450ppm is considered too high and 350ppm is proposed as a safer level. Adaptation and limiting greenhouse gas concentrations through reducing emissions and deforestation are recommended approaches. Restoring ecosystems can help lower atmospheric CO2 levels.
The earth is an ecosystem ii
The document summarizes the key elements of Earth's ecosystem, including the lithosphere, hydrosphere, atmosphere, and biosphere. It defines an ecosystem as consisting of living organisms that interact with abiotic components like air, soil, water, and sunlight within a particular area. However, human activity is putting the balance of ecosystems at risk by transforming the planet. The greenhouse effect is also discussed as the process whereby greenhouse gases in the atmosphere absorb and re-radiate the sun's thermal radiation, impacting the climate.
Presentation 2
The Arctic ecosystem has a unique food web composed of phytoplankton, algae, animals like polar bears and seals, and the environment. Carbon cycles through this web, moving from the atmosphere to seawater and back through the tissues of living organisms. Main species include humans, polar bears, seals, walrus, bowhead whales, jellyfish, fish, zooplankton, and ice algae. This ecosystem is vulnerable to climate change and the loss of snow and ice cover.
AP Environmental Science: Unit 1 Test Review
The document provides an overview of key concepts in ecology, environmental science, and earth systems. It defines ecological footprint and its implications for resource use. It also summarizes the effects of deforestation on water cycles and soil resources. Additional summaries cover sustainability, pollution, causes of environmental problems, climate and weather, plate tectonics, erosion, the rock and soil cycles.
What's hot (20)
Microbial contributions and global environmental change
Microbial contributions and global environmental change
Primary productivity and climatic factors affecting rate of plant production.
Primary productivity and climatic factors affecting rate of plant production.
Proyecto dinámicas biológicas de los fragmentos de bosques - Thomas Lovejoy
Proyecto dinámicas biológicas de los fragmentos de bosques - Thomas Lovejoy
Viewers also liked
Terrestrial and Aquatic Food Chains
The document discusses terrestrial and aquatic food chains. It defines food chains as relationships among plants and animals, with terrestrial food chains including land organisms like insects and bears, and aquatic chains containing ocean animals such as plankton and sharks. Examples are given of both land and water food chains consisting of four organisms with a plant at the base and higher-level predators feeding on lower organisms. Students are instructed to diagram their own terrestrial and aquatic food chains including at least four labeled organisms each.
Camp keep vocabulary food chain
This document defines key vocabulary terms for food chains including terrestrial and aquatic producers, herbivores, carnivores, and decomposers. Terrestrial producers include plants that use sunlight to photosynthesize while aquatic producers are algae and phytoplankton. Herbivores eat producers and carnivores eat other animals, with decomposers breaking down remains.
Impact of Climate Change (NSU ENV 107 Presentation)
Climate change is defined as a substantial change in average weather patterns over a long period of time. Some key causes of climate change in Bangladesh include deforestation, increasing carbon dioxide emissions from industry and transportation, and rising human population levels. According to predictions, sea levels are expected to rise between 8-59 cm by 2100, threatening coastal areas like the Sundarbans. Crop production may decrease by 30% and diseases like diarrhea could increase by 2-5% due to climate change. Proposed solutions include increasing renewable energy from solar and hydro sources, planting more trees, reducing carbon emissions, and implementing coastal embankments. Public awareness and participation will also be important to address climate change issues in Bangladesh.
Tanguar Haor Fish Book_2015
This document is a book about the fish biodiversity of Tanguar Haor, a Ramsar wetland site in Bangladesh. It was published in 2015 by IUCN and contains information compiled by researchers and contributors on the fish species found in Tanguar Haor. The book aims to help monitor changes in the important fish diversity of the area and encourage local conservation efforts to reduce overexploitation of natural resources. It contains species information and photos to educate local people and researchers on the fish resources of Tanguar Haor.
Tanguar Haor 2015
This 3-day, 2-night tour provides an overview of the Tanguar Haor, an internationally important wetland ecosystem in Bangladesh. The itinerary includes travel by train, boat, and local transport to experience the haor, visit nearby villages and cultural sites, see local livelihoods, and observe wildlife like migratory birds. Guests stay in local homestays with meals included. Optional activities include a motorbike ride through hills near the India border to see tribal villages and scenery.
ENV 107 - Lecture 8
The document summarizes key biogeochemical cycles - carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus. It describes how carbon cycles between the atmosphere, organisms, oceans, and geosphere. The nitrogen cycle involves nitrogen fixation by bacteria, its use by organisms, and release back through denitrification. Unlike carbon and nitrogen, phosphorus does not have a gaseous phase and predominantly forms insoluble mineral compounds, cycling slowly between organisms and marine sediments.
Wetland degradation in Bangladesh
Wetlands in Bangladesh encompass a wide verity of dynamic ecosystems ranging from mangrove forest (about 577, 100 ha), natural lakes, man-made reservoir (Kaptai lake), freshwater marshes (about 400 haors), oxbow lakes (about 54488 ha, locally known as baors), freshwater depressions (about 1,000 beels), fish ponds and tanks (about 147, 000 ha), estuaries and seasonal inundated extensive floodplains (Akonda, 1989; cited in Akbar Ali Khan 1993 and DoF 1985).
STATUS AND STRATEGIES FOR WETLAND MANAGMENT IN BANGLADESH
This slide gives you some information about Wetlands management in Bangladesh; status and strategies for wetland management in Bangladesh
Wetlands of bangladesh
This document outlines the objectives, key findings, and recommendations of a study on wetlands in Bangladesh. The study aimed to understand the biophysical characteristics and importance of wetlands, examine management practices and issues, and recommend solutions. It found that wetlands cover about 11% of Bangladesh and provide important ecosystem services like water purification and fisheries. However, they face threats from overexploitation, pollution, and development. The document recommends preserving wetlands, restoring degraded areas, bringing all under sustainable management, and limiting resource use to protect breeding wildlife.
Biodiversity bangladesh
This document summarizes Bangladesh's biodiversity and efforts to conserve it. Bangladesh has rich biodiversity due to its diverse ecosystems like forests, wetlands, and agricultural areas. However, biodiversity faces many threats like habitat loss and pollution. To address this, Bangladesh developed a Biodiversity Action Plan and protects important areas. The government also strengthened laws and policies around biodiversity conservation and monitors progress through committees.
Ecology and environment
This document discusses key concepts in ecology, including food chains, food webs, populations, and bioaccumulation. It explains that ecology is the study of how living organisms interact with each other and their environment. It also describes how energy flows between organisms in a food chain and how multiple food chains combine to form a food web within an ecosystem. Finally, it outlines how toxins can accumulate in organisms at higher levels of the food web and impact populations.
Introduction To Ecology
This document introduces the key concepts of ecology, including:
1) Ecology is the study of how organisms interact with their environment and each other.
2) Organisms are organized into levels ranging from cells to the biosphere.
3) The environment consists of biotic and abiotic factors that surround organisms.
4) All organisms are interdependent and interact through competition, predation, and nutrient recycling.
Food chains & Food webs
The document discusses food chains and food webs. It defines key terms like ecosystem, habitat, population, community, food chain, and food web. It provides examples of food chains like grass-springbok-cheetah. A food web shows how different food chains are interlinked, with herbivores serving as food for various predators, carnivores and omnivores. Decomposers play an important role in food webs by recycling nutrients from dead plants and animals back into the soil.
Food Chains and Food Webs (PowerPoint)
This document discusses food chains and food webs. It explains that a food chain begins with an energy source like a producer and is made up of different trophic levels including producers, primary consumers, secondary consumers, and tertiary consumers. Producers make their own food, primary consumers eat plants, secondary consumers eat herbivores, and tertiary consumers eat other carnivores.
Food Chains And Food Webs
Food chains and food webs describe how energy moves through an ecosystem. A food chain represents a single path of energy transfer between organisms, such as from berries to rabbits to foxes. A food web shows multiple interconnected food chains and demonstrates that most organisms obtain energy from many different sources. Producers, like plants, capture energy from the sun to start the process, while consumers obtain energy by eating other organisms, and decomposers break down waste to recycle nutrients and energy back into the system.
Viewers also liked (16)
Impact of Climate Change (NSU ENV 107 Presentation)
Impact of Climate Change (NSU ENV 107 Presentation)
STATUS AND STRATEGIES FOR WETLAND MANAGMENT IN BANGLADESH
STATUS AND STRATEGIES FOR WETLAND MANAGMENT IN BANGLADESH
Similar to ENV 107 - Lectures 9
CHAPTER 6 Botkin, D. B., & Keller, E. A. (2014). Environmental.docx
CHAPTER 6
Botkin, D. B., & Keller, E. A. (2014). Environmental science: Earth as a living planet (9th ed.). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc
· Chapter 6: Ecosystems: Concepts and Fundamentals
6.1 the Ecosystem: Sustaining Life on Earth
We tend to associate life with individual organisms, for the obvious reason that it is individuals that are alive. But sustaining life on Earth requires more than individuals or even single populations or species. Life is sustained by the interactions of many organisms functioning together, interacting through their physical and chemical environ- ments. We call this an ecosystem. Sustained life on Earth, then, is a characteristic of ecosystems, not of individual organisms or populations. As the opening case study about Lyme disease illustrates, to understand important environmental issues—such as controlling undesirable species; conserving endangered species; sustaining renew- able resources; and minimizing the effects of toxic sub- stances—we must understand the basic characteristics of ecosystems.
Basic Characteristics of Ecosystems
Ecosystems have several fundamental characteristics, which we can group as structure and processes.
Ecosystem Structure
An ecosystem has two major parts: nonliving and liv- ing. The nonliving part is the physical-chemical environ- ment, including the local atmosphere, water, and mineral soil (on land) or other substrate (in water). The living part, called the ecological community, is the set of spe- cies interacting within the ecosystem.
Ecosystem Functions and Processes
Two basic kinds of processes (sometimes referred to as ecosystem functions) must occur in an ecosystem: a cycling of chemical elements and a flow of energy. These processes are necessary for all life, but no single species can carry out all necessary chemical cycling and energy flow alone. That is why we said that sustained life on Earth is a characteristic of ecosystems, not of individuals or populations. At its most basic, an ecosystem consists of several species and a fluid medium—air, water, or both (Figure 6.4). Ecosystem energy flow places a fun- damental limit on the abundance of life. Energy flow is a difficult subject, which we will discuss in Section 6.4.
Ecosystem chemical cycling is complex as well, and for that reason we have devoted a separate chapter (Chapter 7) to chemical cycling within ecosystems and throughoutthe entire Earth’s biosphere. Briefly, 21 chemical elements are required by at least some form of life, and each chemi- cal element required for growth and reproduction must be available to each organism at the right time, in the right amount, and in the right ratio relative to other ele- ments. These chemical elements must also be recycled— converted to a reusable form: Wastes are converted into food, which is converted into wastes, which must be con- verted once again into food, with the cycling going on indefinitely if the ecosystem is to remain viable.
For recycling of chemical ele ...
Ecosystem
The slides mainly includes brief introduction about ecosystem, food chain, food web, ecological pyramid and ecological succession
Introduction to ECOLOGY.ppt
Here are the key differences between scramble and contest competition within a population:
- Scramble competition: All individuals within a population compete equally for limited resources. There is no aggressive interaction between individuals over resources.
- Contest competition: Certain dominant individuals within a population are able to monopolize access to resources through aggressive interactions like fighting. Subordinate individuals have reduced access to resources.
So in summary, scramble competition is non-aggressive and equal, while contest competition involves aggression and dominance hierarchies that give some individuals preferential access to resources over others. These differences in the mechanisms of intra-specific competition can influence population dynamics and traits under natural selection.
Trophic Levels
This document discusses ecosystems, including biotic and abiotic factors, trophic levels, and examples of food chains. It defines biotic factors as living components like plants and animals, and abiotic as non-living factors such as temperature, water, and soil. There are typically 5 trophic levels: producers, primary consumers, secondary consumers, tertiary consumers, and apex predators. Producers use photosynthesis, consumers eat other organisms to obtain energy and nutrients, and decomposers break down dead matter and waste. Food chains show the transfer of energy from trophic level to trophic level.
Unit 2 ecosystem
An ecosystem is a community of organisms and their physical environment that interact. It includes biotic factors like producers, consumers, and decomposers, as well as abiotic factors such as climate, soil, and water. Energy flows through the ecosystem in food chains and webs while matter is recycled through biotic and abiotic interactions. Ecological succession over time leads to the development of climax communities as the environment changes.
Ecosystem-JSB.pptx
1. The document discusses key concepts in ecology including ecosystems, ecosystem structure and function, and food webs.
2. An ecosystem is defined as a group of organisms interacting with each other and their environment. Ecosystems can be terrestrial, aquatic, or artificial/man-made.
3. Ecosystem structure includes biotic components like producers, consumers, and decomposers, as well as abiotic components like climate, soil and water. Energy flows through ecosystems via photosynthesis, food chains and food webs as organisms consume and are consumed.
Our environment class 10
Naman Sharma's report discusses key components of the environment including ecosystems, food chains, and the ozone layer. An ecosystem consists of biotic and abiotic factors. Organisms can be grouped as producers, consumers, or decomposers. Food chains show the transfer of energy between trophic levels. A food web illustrates the complex relationships between different organisms in an ecosystem. The ozone layer protects the Earth from UV radiation but is being depleted by chemicals like CFCs. Proper waste management is needed to reduce pollution and use of non-biodegradable materials.
Teachers_manual_diploma_environmental2.pdf
The document provides information on environmental concepts and components. It defines environment according to the EPA 1986 and Mason and Langenhim. The major components of the environment are the hydrosphere, atmosphere, lithosphere and biosphere. The major environmental problems discussed are air pollution, water pollution, depletion of biodiversity, waste production, and food supply problems. The atmosphere is divided into the homosphere and heterosphere, with descriptions of the composition of each layer.
Ecology 2020 voiceover
Ecology is the study of relationships between organisms and their environment. It is organized into levels from smallest (organism) to largest (biosphere). Energy flows through ecosystems via food chains and webs from producers to various consumer trophic levels. Matter recycles through biogeochemical cycles like carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus and water. Populations grow according to exponential or logistic models depending on resources and limiting factors. Communities involve interactions like competition, predation, and symbiosis that structure species niches.
Biology First Year Complete 14 Chapters
This document provides notes on biology for a first year class. It begins with definitions of biology and classifications of living organisms. It then discusses the key kingdoms - Monera, Protoctista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia. Later sections cover branches of biology, biological methods, examples like malaria, concepts like cloning and hydroponics, and levels of biological organization from subatomic particles to the biosphere. It concludes by discussing biochemistry and the important properties of water for biological functions.
ecologyandecosystem-141103053114-conversion-gate02.pptx
The document provides an introduction to ecology, including definitions of key terms like ecology, organism, environment, and ecosystem. It describes the objectives and types of ecological studies, including classifications based on environment or habitat and advancements in the field. Components of ecosystems like abiotic and biotic factors are explained. Energy flow within ecosystems is depicted through trophic structure, ecological pyramids, food chains, and food webs. Biogeochemical cycles like the hydrologic cycle and carbon cycle are also summarized.
Ecologyandecosystem 141103053114-conversion-gate02
Ecology is the study of the interactions between organisms and their environment. Key topics in ecology include the components of ecosystems like producers, consumers, and decomposers; trophic structure and food webs; nutrient and energy cycling; and major ecosystem types such as forests, grasslands, aquatic systems, and deserts. Ecosystems can be classified based on their environment, study area, or level of human impact. Understanding ecology is important for appreciating humanity's role in modifying the environment.
Ecosystem
The document defines key terms related to ecosystems: a population is one species living in an area, a community is made up of multiple populations in an area, and an ecosystem includes all living and non-living interactions. An ecosystem has biotic components like plants and animals, and abiotic components like water, air, and soil. Organisms are organized into trophic levels based on their position in a food chain, with producers at the base and tertiary consumers at the top. Food chains show energy transfer between organisms, and food webs combine all the food chains in an ecosystem. The document also discusses how human activities like pollution and construction can impact ecosystems, and how humans can help prevent changes through conservation efforts.
Organisms and Environment - Part I
This document discusses key concepts related to organisms and their environments. It defines environment as the sum of all external biotic and abiotic factors affecting an organism. It also defines important ecological terms like ecosystem, habitat, and ecological niche. The document outlines the components of ecosystems, including biotic factors like producers, consumers, and decomposers and abiotic factors like climate and soil. It discusses ecosystem structure and patterns, productivity, nutrient cycles, ecological succession, and ecosystem services. Finally, it covers some environmental issues like agricultural chemicals, biomagnification, solid waste management, and global warming.
Ch 14 - Ecosystem || Class 12 ||
An ecosystem is a functional unit consisting of living organisms interacting with each other and their non-living environment. Key components include producers, consumers, and decomposers interacting within a web of food chains and nutrient cycles. Energy enters through producers via photosynthesis and is transferred between trophic levels, with only 10% typically being transferred between adjacent levels as depicted in ecological pyramids. Ecosystems also cycle nutrients and undergo successional changes over time as conditions change.
Biology - Chp 3 - The Biosphere - PowerPoint
This document discusses key concepts in ecology including:
1) Ecology is the study of interactions among organisms and between organisms and their environment. The biosphere is made up of different levels of organization from individuals to the entire planet.
2) Energy flows through ecosystems in one direction from producers to consumers while matter cycles through ecosystems as it moves between organisms and the non-living environment through processes like the carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus cycles.
3) Nutrients are required by all organisms and cycle through ecosystems, with their availability impacting ecosystem productivity. Certain nutrients can become limiting if scarce.
2.1 trophic levels
This document discusses biotic and abiotic factors in ecosystems and trophic levels. It defines biotic factors as living components like plants, animals, bacteria and fungi. Abiotic factors are non-living like temperature, water, soil and sunlight. There are trophic levels in a food chain including primary producers, primary consumers, secondary consumers, tertiary consumers and apex predators. Energy flows through the food chain from producers to consumers at different trophic levels, and decomposers break down waste and make nutrients available again.
Biophysical Environment.pptx
The document discusses the biosphere and ecosystems. It defines the biosphere as the web of life on Earth that includes all plants, animals, and microbes, and their interactions with the physical environment. The biosphere has four main components - the abiotic environment, primary producers (mainly plants), consumers (animals), and decomposers (microorganisms and bacteria). Energy and nutrients flow through ecosystems in food chains and webs from producers to consumers to decomposers. Humans obtain many resources from the biosphere like food, medicine, fuel, and building materials but have also significantly modified ecosystems through activities like agriculture, grazing, mining, and urban development.
ECOLOGICAL SYSTEM
An ecosystem consists of biotic and abiotic components that interact. Energy from the sun is absorbed by producers like plants through photosynthesis and transfers through consumers to decomposers. Organisms fill different roles as producers, primary consumers, secondary consumers, decomposers and form complex food webs. Nutrient cycles like carbon and nitrogen allow recycling of essential elements. Limiting factors shape ecosystem structure and function.
Similar to ENV 107 - Lectures 9 (20)
CHAPTER 6 Botkin, D. B., & Keller, E. A. (2014). Environmental.docx
CHAPTER 6 Botkin, D. B., & Keller, E. A. (2014). Environmental.docx
ecologyandecosystem-141103053114-conversion-gate02.pptx
ecologyandecosystem-141103053114-conversion-gate02.pptx
Ecologyandecosystem 141103053114-conversion-gate02
Ecologyandecosystem 141103053114-conversion-gate02
More from Md Jahirul Islam Sojib
Are Children Smarter Today Because of the internet
The document discusses research into whether the internet makes children smarter today. It describes conducting a survey of 30 parents about their children's internet use. The results show that most parents allow their children to use the internet, which 80% agree helps children perform better educationally and enjoy learning. However, 90% also feel it can make children lazy. Overall, 70% believe the internet is making children smarter today by providing educational resources and interactions online from a young age. The researcher recommends parents guide children's internet use through reasonable time limits, filters and controls, and safety advice.
Are Children Smarter Today Because of the internet
The document discusses research into whether the internet makes children smarter today. It describes conducting a survey of 30 parents about their children's internet use. The results show that most parents allow their children to use the internet, which 80% agree helps children perform better educationally and enjoy learning. However, 90% also feel it can make children lazy. Overall, 70% of parents believe the internet is making children smarter today by providing educational resources and interactions online from a young age. The researcher concludes the hypothesis that the internet improves children's intelligence is proven true. Some recommendations include parents spending more time online with children and setting reasonable limits on internet use.
ENV107 - Lecture 12
Biological diversity is shaped by biological evolution through processes like natural selection, genetic drift, migration, and geographic and reproductive isolation. Natural selection leads to increases in heritable traits that aid survival and reproduction. Genetic drift causes changes in gene frequencies by chance rather than selection. Geographic isolation occurs when populations become physically separated, and over time this can lead to reproductive isolation and speciation as the populations evolve independently. Extinction also influences biodiversity by removing species. Factors like habitat diversity, moderate disturbance, and evolution tend to increase diversity, while stress, limited resources, and extreme disturbance decrease it.
ENV107 - Lecture 11
This document provides an overview of biological diversity and related topics. It defines biological diversity as the variety of life forms in an area, often expressed as the number of species or genetic types. Biogeography is described as the geographic distribution of species. The document discusses why people value biodiversity and lists some of the main reasons. It also outlines some key aspects of biological diversity including genetic diversity and habitat diversity. Additionally, it provides estimates for the total number of species on Earth and notes that the exact number is unknown. The document includes examples of species richness in Bangladesh and describes the main processes involved in biological evolution, focusing on mutation.
ENV 107 - Lecture 6
This lecture discusses population and the environment. It begins with an overview of exponential and logistic population growth models. Exponential growth leads to continual increases, while logistic growth tapers off as limits are reached. The replacement fertility rate needed to maintain population size is approximately 2.1 births per woman. Forecasting population change incorporates births, deaths, immigration and emigration. Age structure impacts growth rates and has social/economic implications. Rapid human population growth and environmental impacts are exacerbated by high-consumption lifestyles. Group exercises involve researching assigned topics on these issues and presenting findings.
ENV 107 - Lecture 4
1) The lecture will cover the Facebook page link for the class, details about an upcoming quiz exam, Garrett Hardin's Tragedy of the Commons, the Precautionary Principle, and a video of President Obama's 2014 UN Climate Summit Speech.
2) Garrett Hardin's Tragedy of the Commons refers to how individuals acting in their own self-interest can deplete shared limited resources. Examples include overuse of public land and pollution. Solutions involve restricting access and creating incentives for responsible use.
3) The Precautionary Principle is a response to uncertainty about risks to health or the environment. It advocates taking action to avoid potential harm when scientific certainty about risks is lacking.
ENV 107 - Lecture 5
The lecture covered topics related to population and the environment, including basic concepts of population dynamics, useful human population terms, a brief history of human population growth, and projecting future population growth. Specifically, it discussed population, population dynamics, species, abundance, growth rates, birth rates, death rates, fertility, incidence, prevalence, case fatality rates, doubling time, infant mortality rates, and life expectancy. It then reviewed the four stages of human population growth from hunters/gatherers to the modern era. Finally, it discussed exponential growth, doubling time, and projected doubling times for countries based on their current growth rates.
ENV 107 - Lecture 3
The document discusses several topics related to the environment:
1. The Gaia hypothesis proposes that life influences the environment to maintain conditions suitable for life, such as algae affecting climate through carbon dioxide and rainfall. However, few scientists accept that life deliberately controls the environment.
2. Urbanization is increasing as more people live in cities due to population and technology changes. This affects the environment through loss of habitats and increase in paved areas. By 2025, an estimated 67% of people will live in urban areas.
3. Deciding how to address environmental problems involves both scientific knowledge and values like the ecological, aesthetic, and moral value of the environment. These values influence differing views on issues like coal power
ENV 107 - Lecture 2
This document outlines a lecture on topics related to human population and sustainability, including: the rapid growth of the global human population over the past 300 years; how a larger population in Bangladesh means more human interaction with the environment; the concepts of sustainability and sustainable development, which refer to meeting present needs without compromising future generations' ability to meet their own needs; the Millennium Development Goals aimed at improving living standards globally by 2015; the ecological concept of carrying capacity and how the global population may now exceed Earth's carrying capacity; and the ecological footprint measuring human consumption of biologically productive land.
ENV107 - Lecture 1
Dr. Md. Monirul Islam will teach the course ENV 107: Introduction to Environmental Science. The course will cover topics like general environmental issues, human population dynamics, biogeochemical cycles, ecosystems, biological diversity, urban environment challenges, agricultural practices, energy and water resources, air and climate change, and environmental health. Students will have quizzes, fieldwork, group exercises, a midterm, and a final exam. The class will meet on Thursdays from 11:20-2:00pm in room NAC 202. Students can contact Dr. Islam during office hours or by email with any questions.
Medical Ethics: Public Health and Human Rights
This document discusses the relationship between public health, human rights, and medical ethics. It defines key concepts like human rights, medical ethics, and public health ethics. Human rights are rights that belong to all people and cannot be taken away. Medical ethics focuses on moral principles in medicine while public health ethics considers population health issues. The document examines how human rights violations can impact health by increasing exposure, acquisition, and transmission of diseases. It emphasizes building capacity and using technology and rational behaviors to improve situations where health rights are not fully enjoyed.
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)
COPD is a set of lung diseases that limit airflow and include chronic bronchitis and emphysema. It is usually progressive and caused by long-term exposure to noxious particles, most commonly from cigarette smoking. Symptoms include shortness of breath, chronic cough, and excess mucus production. Treatment focuses on reducing symptoms and preventing progression through smoking cessation and avoiding further irritants.
Road Traffic Accident (RTA)
This document discusses road traffic accidents (RTAs) including causes, statistics, and prevention strategies. It notes that RTAs are primarily caused by speeding, not wearing helmets or seatbelts, distracted driving, and fatigue. National highways account for 37% of accidents while junctions in urban areas account for 40%. The most common types of accidents are hitting pedestrians, rear-end collisions, and head-on collisions. Prevention strategies proposed include stricter enforcement of speed limits, higher penalties for violations, mandatory safety devices in vehicles, improved driver testing, and increased public safety awareness campaigns. Worldwide statistics estimate 1.2 million deaths from RTAs annually.
Heart disease
This document discusses prevention and control of heart disease. It begins by defining heart disease as a general term covering diseases that affect the heart. Heart disease is the number one killer in the United States and the second leading cause of death in Bangladesh. The document then discusses risk factors for heart disease such as age, family history, smoking, high blood pressure, cholesterol, obesity, and lack of exercise. It provides categories of risk factors and lists symptoms of heart attack and stroke. The document concludes by emphasizing that heart disease is highly preventable through diet, exercise, and reducing risk factors.
Diabetes mellitus
This document provides an overview of diabetes mellitus (DM). It defines DM as a chronic condition characterized by high blood glucose levels due to defects in insulin production or action. The document discusses the causes, risk factors, types (type 1, type 2, gestational, pre-diabetes), symptoms, complications, trends, and management of DM, including through prevention, treatment, nutrition, medication, exercise, and blood glucose monitoring. It also provides details on insulin action and the differences between type 1 and type 2 DM.
Cancer Prevention
Cancer is characterized by uncontrolled growth and spread of abnormal cells. There are over 200 types of cancer. Cancer cells lose control over growth and multiplication and do not self-destruct like normal cells. Some key causes of cancer include tobacco, alcohol, diet, viruses, genetics, and environmental factors like pollution. Symptoms can include lumps, unexplained weight loss, changes in bowel or bladder function, and more. Common cancer types include lung, breast, colon, prostate, and leukemia. Diagnosis involves screening tests, biopsies, and scans. Treatments include surgery, radiation, chemotherapy, immunotherapy and more. Preventive measures include exercise, healthy diet, avoiding tobacco and excessive alcohol.
Social Vaccine Prevention
Social vaccine refers to comprehensive packages of interventions aimed at preventing diseases and promoting positive behaviors by addressing social determinants of health and social inequities. It differs from medical vaccines in that it focuses on societal and structural factors rather than directly targeting pathogens. Examples include education programs, stigma reduction, promoting gender equality, and legal/policy reforms. Developing an effective social vaccine involves recognizing social and economic root causes of health issues, designing multi-level interventions, and implementing them through community engagement and participation. Proponents argue social vaccines can be highly effective and low-cost public health strategies.
Food Nutrition Security & Innovation
Food security and nutrition security are related but distinct concepts. Food security refers to reliable access to sufficient quantities of safe and nutritious food, while nutrition security additionally considers factors like food utilization, caring practices, and access to healthcare that impact nutritional status. Ensuring nutrition security requires a multi-sectoral approach that addresses underlying determinants like income, education, water and sanitation alongside direct nutrition interventions. Assessing and helping to address clients' food security is important for effective nutrition care and support, as food insecurity can negatively impact health status and limit the options available to improve nutrition.
Public health nutrition
This document discusses public health nutrition and its importance for health promotion and protection. It assesses factors that influence eating behaviors such as hunger, appetite, culture, habits, emotions, and advertising. It defines nutrition as the science of the relationship between physiological functions and essential food elements. Key nutrients include carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins, minerals, and water. Child malnutrition rates in Bangladesh are very high, and dietary habits and food practices need to change to improve nutrition status. A balanced diet is important for a healthy life.
BASIC Concept Of HIV/AIDS
This document provides information about HIV/AIDS, including:
- HIV stands for Human Immunodeficiency Virus and is transmitted between humans. It causes AIDS by weakening the immune system.
- AIDS stands for Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome and is the final stage of HIV infection where the immune system is severely damaged.
- HIV is found in certain body fluids and transmitted most commonly through unprotected sex and sharing needles. It cannot be transmitted through casual contact.
- Prevention methods include condoms, testing, treatment of other STIs, and education to reduce risk behaviors. While treatment can suppress HIV, there is currently no cure for AIDS.
More from Md Jahirul Islam Sojib (20)
Are Children Smarter Today Because of the internet
Are Children Smarter Today Because of the internet
Are Children Smarter Today Because of the internet
Are Children Smarter Today Because of the internet
Recently uploaded
PCOS corelations and management through Ayurveda.
This presentation includes basic of PCOS their pathology and treatment and also Ayurveda correlation of PCOS and Ayurvedic line of treatment mentioned in classics.
Natural birth techniques - Mrs.Akanksha Trivedi Rama University
Natural birth techniques - Mrs.Akanksha Trivedi Rama UniversityAkanksha trivedi rama nursing college kanpur.
Natural birth techniques are various type such as/ water birth , alexender method, hypnosis, bradley method, lamaze method etcDRUGS AND ITS classification slide share
Any substance (other than food) that is used to prevent, diagnose, treat, or relieve symptoms of a
disease or abnormal condition
How to Fix the Import Error in the Odoo 17
An import error occurs when a program fails to import a module or library, disrupting its execution. In languages like Python, this issue arises when the specified module cannot be found or accessed, hindering the program's functionality. Resolving import errors is crucial for maintaining smooth software operation and uninterrupted development processes.
The History of Stoke Newington Street Names
Presented at the Stoke Newington Literary Festival on 9th June 2024
www.StokeNewingtonHistory.com
Pollock and Snow "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape, Session One: Setting Expec...
Pollock and Snow "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape, Session One: Setting Expec...National Information Standards Organization (NISO)
This presentation was provided by Steph Pollock of The American Psychological Association’s Journals Program, and Damita Snow, of The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), for the initial session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session One: 'Setting Expectations: a DEIA Primer,' was held June 6, 2024.The simplified electron and muon model, Oscillating Spacetime: The Foundation...
Discover the Simplified Electron and Muon Model: A New Wave-Based Approach to Understanding Particles delves into a groundbreaking theory that presents electrons and muons as rotating soliton waves within oscillating spacetime. Geared towards students, researchers, and science buffs, this book breaks down complex ideas into simple explanations. It covers topics such as electron waves, temporal dynamics, and the implications of this model on particle physics. With clear illustrations and easy-to-follow explanations, readers will gain a new outlook on the universe's fundamental nature.
বাংলাদেশ অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা (Economic Review) ২০২৪ UJS App.pdf
বাংলাদেশের অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা ২০২৪ [Bangladesh Economic Review 2024 Bangla.pdf] কম্পিউটার , ট্যাব ও স্মার্ট ফোন ভার্সন সহ সম্পূর্ণ বাংলা ই-বুক বা pdf বই " সুচিপত্র ...বুকমার্ক মেনু 🔖 ও হাইপার লিংক মেনু 📝👆 যুক্ত ..
আমাদের সবার জন্য খুব খুব গুরুত্বপূর্ণ একটি বই ..বিসিএস, ব্যাংক, ইউনিভার্সিটি ভর্তি ও যে কোন প্রতিযোগিতা মূলক পরীক্ষার জন্য এর খুব ইম্পরট্যান্ট একটি বিষয় ...তাছাড়া বাংলাদেশের সাম্প্রতিক যে কোন ডাটা বা তথ্য এই বইতে পাবেন ...
তাই একজন নাগরিক হিসাবে এই তথ্য গুলো আপনার জানা প্রয়োজন ...।
বিসিএস ও ব্যাংক এর লিখিত পরীক্ষা ...+এছাড়া মাধ্যমিক ও উচ্চমাধ্যমিকের স্টুডেন্টদের জন্য অনেক কাজে আসবে ...
Advanced Java[Extra Concepts, Not Difficult].docx
This is part 2 of my Java Learning Journey. This contains Hashing, ArrayList, LinkedList, Date and Time Classes, Calendar Class and more.
Chapter 4 - Islamic Financial Institutions in Malaysia.pptx
Chapter 4 - Islamic Financial Institutions in Malaysia.pptxMohd Adib Abd Muin, Senior Lecturer at Universiti Utara Malaysia
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
Main Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docx
This is part 1 of my Java Learning Journey. This Contains Custom methods, classes, constructors, packages, multithreading , try- catch block, finally block and more.
ANATOMY AND BIOMECHANICS OF HIP JOINT.pdf
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
What is Digital Literacy? A guest blog from Andy McLaughlin, University of Ab...
What is Digital Literacy? A guest blog from Andy McLaughlin, University of Aberdeen
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UP
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
Recently uploaded (20)
Natural birth techniques - Mrs.Akanksha Trivedi Rama University
Natural birth techniques - Mrs.Akanksha Trivedi Rama University
Liberal Approach to the Study of Indian Politics.pdf
Liberal Approach to the Study of Indian Politics.pdf
Pollock and Snow "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape, Session One: Setting Expec...
Pollock and Snow "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape, Session One: Setting Expec...
The simplified electron and muon model, Oscillating Spacetime: The Foundation...
The simplified electron and muon model, Oscillating Spacetime: The Foundation...
Pride Month Slides 2024 David Douglas School District
Pride Month Slides 2024 David Douglas School District
বাংলাদেশ অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা (Economic Review) ২০২৪ UJS App.pdf
বাংলাদেশ অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা (Economic Review) ২০২৪ UJS App.pdf
Chapter 4 - Islamic Financial Institutions in Malaysia.pptx
Chapter 4 - Islamic Financial Institutions in Malaysia.pptx
What is Digital Literacy? A guest blog from Andy McLaughlin, University of Ab...
What is Digital Literacy? A guest blog from Andy McLaughlin, University of Ab...
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UP
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UP
ENV 107 - Lectures 9
- 1. What are we going to learn today? 1 Fundamentals of ecosystems Food chains & webs – predator/prey cycles Lec 9; MrL Fundamental Concepts of Ecosystem and Ecological Succession
- 2. Fundamentals of ecosystems 2 What is an ecosystem? Life is sustained by the interactions of many organisms functioning together, interacting through their physical and chemical environments – called ecosystem. Example: a forest ecosystem. Ecosystem Structure (what are there?) An ecosystem has two major parts: Nonliving: physical-chemical environment, including the local atmosphere, water, and mineral soil (on land) or other substrate (in water) Living: called the ecological community, is the set of species interacting within the ecosystem Lec 9; MrL
- 3. 3 Ecosystem Processes (how it works?) Two basic kinds of processes must occur in an ecosystem: a cycling of chemical elements - as we learned in the last lecture a flow of energy – will be described later These processes are necessary for all life, but no single species can carry out all necessary chemical cycling and energy flow alone. That is why sustained life on Earth is a characteristic of ecosystems, not of individuals or populations. Lec 9; MrL
- 4. 4 Lec 9; MrL Food chains & Food webs
- 5. 5 Food chains: the linkage of who feeds on whom The more complex linkages are called food webs A trophic level consists of all organisms in a food web. Green plants, algae, and certain bacteria produce sugars through the process of photosynthesis, using only energy from the sun and carbon dioxide (CO2) from the air. They are called autotrophs, and are grouped into the first trophic level. All other organisms are called heterotrophs. Of these, herbivores— organisms that feed on plants, algae, or photosynthetic bacteria— are members of the second trophic level. Carnivores, or meat-eaters, that feed directly on herbivores make up the third trophic level. predator/prey cycles Decomposers, those that feed on dead organic material, are classified in the highest trophic level in an ecosystemLec 9; MrL
- 6. An Oceanic Food Chain and Web 6 • In oceans, food webs involve more species and have more trophic levels than in a terrestrial ecosystem. • In a open-ocean ecosystem (Figure 5.6), microscopic single-cell planktonic algae and planktonic photosynthetic bacteria are in the first trophic level. • Small invertebrates called zooplankton and some fish feed on the algae and photosynthetic bacteria, forming the second trophic level. • Other fish and invertebrates feed on these herbivores and form the third trophic level. • Some fish and marine mammals, such as killer whales, feed on the predatory fish and form higher trophic levels. Lec 9; MrL
- 7. A Terrestrial Food Web 7 • The first trophic level, autotrophs, includes grasses, herbs, and trees. • The second trophic level, herbivores, includes mice, an insect called the pine borer, and other animals not shown here. • The third trophic level, carnivores, includes foxes and wolves, hawks and other predatory birds, spiders, and predatory insects. • People, too, are involved as omnivores (eaters of both plants and animals), feeding on several trophic levels. In this people would be included in the fourth trophic level, the highest level in which they would take part. • Decomposers, such as bacteria and fungi, feed on wastes and dead organisms of all trophic levels. Decomposers are also shown here on the fourth level. predator/prey cycles Lec 9; MrL
- 8. References for today’s lecture BOTKIN, D. B. & KELLER, E.A. 2011. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE: EARTH AS A LIVING PLANET (Eighth Edition). JOHN WILEY & SONS, INC. 8 Lec 9; MrL
- 10. Quiz 2: Env 107 (section 38) 10 Date: 29-10-2015 Time: class time (please don’t be late) Place: Room no. NAC 202 Syllabus: lectures 5-8 Marks: 20 No. of Questions: 20 Duration: 20 min Question type: MCQ, true/false
- 11. Group exercise report and presentation Lec 9; MrL 11 Report submission: 26/10/2015 (submit hard copy at SAC 704 to me within 4.10pm and soft copy within 11.59pm to my email) Presentation is on 31/10/2015 (all groups)
- 12. Mid term-1 exam Mid term exam Date: 5/11/2015 Time: Class time (11am) Syllabus: Lectures 5-10 Question type: Definition, short question, explanation. No MCQ, True/false Total 4 questions need to answer out of 6 Exam duration: 1 hr 20 minutes 12
- 13. Sample question for Mid-1 Lec 9; MrL 13 1 a) Define species, population dynamics, and crude growth rate. (1+1+1) b) Write the difference between incidence, prevalence and life expectancy at birth. (3) c) Explain the figure below: (4)