First year SBC174 Evolution course - week 2
1. NeoDarwinism/ModernSynthesis
2. Major transitions in Evolution
3. Geological Timescales
4. Some drivers of evolution
Overview
In simpler terms, Evolutionary Genetics is the study to understand how genetic
variation leads to evolutionary change.
Evolutionary Genetics attempts to account for evolution in terms of changes in gene
and genotype frequencies within populations and the processes that convert the
variation with populations into more or less permanent variation between species.
The central challenge of Evolutionary Genetics is to describe how the evolutionary
forces shape the patterns of biodiversity.
Evolutionary Genetics majorly deals with;
a. Evolution of genome structure
b. The genetic basis of speciation and adaptation
c. Genetic change in response to selection within populations
this ppt traces the evolutionary history of humans and presents the description of evolution on the basis of various theories put forward by various eminent scientists
First year SBC174 Evolution course - week 2
1. NeoDarwinism/ModernSynthesis
2. Major transitions in Evolution
3. Geological Timescales
4. Some drivers of evolution
Overview
In simpler terms, Evolutionary Genetics is the study to understand how genetic
variation leads to evolutionary change.
Evolutionary Genetics attempts to account for evolution in terms of changes in gene
and genotype frequencies within populations and the processes that convert the
variation with populations into more or less permanent variation between species.
The central challenge of Evolutionary Genetics is to describe how the evolutionary
forces shape the patterns of biodiversity.
Evolutionary Genetics majorly deals with;
a. Evolution of genome structure
b. The genetic basis of speciation and adaptation
c. Genetic change in response to selection within populations
this ppt traces the evolutionary history of humans and presents the description of evolution on the basis of various theories put forward by various eminent scientists
PowerPoint presentation Theory of evolution through mutation of Hugo de Vries from the website http://www.yourarticlelibrary.com/mutation/mutation-theory-mutation-theory-of-evolution-by-hugo-de-vries/12255/
I hope that this PowerPoint will help you in understanding Hugo de Vries' theory.
Evolutionary Genetics by: Kim Jim F. Raborar, RN, MAEd(ue)Kim Jim Raborar
This presentation was created as a partial fulfillment of the requirements in the subject Advanced Genetics. Everything that was here were kinda symbolic. I mean, you could recognize that this was a product of so much data interpretation. I therefore suggest you read and read a lot first before you go back to this presentation. Or you could just contact me so i could send you the key-pointers.
Have a super nice day.
Kimy
PowerPoint presentation Theory of evolution through mutation of Hugo de Vries from the website http://www.yourarticlelibrary.com/mutation/mutation-theory-mutation-theory-of-evolution-by-hugo-de-vries/12255/
I hope that this PowerPoint will help you in understanding Hugo de Vries' theory.
Evolutionary Genetics by: Kim Jim F. Raborar, RN, MAEd(ue)Kim Jim Raborar
This presentation was created as a partial fulfillment of the requirements in the subject Advanced Genetics. Everything that was here were kinda symbolic. I mean, you could recognize that this was a product of so much data interpretation. I therefore suggest you read and read a lot first before you go back to this presentation. Or you could just contact me so i could send you the key-pointers.
Have a super nice day.
Kimy
Climate like any other physical phenomena it is dynamic and not static.
In every part of the world one year, one decade or one century is different than the other.
The change does not only have academic important but its effects in all the forms of life.
Plants, animals, human beings change with changes of climate.
In general, all living species thrive under definite and limit conditions and any great deviation from that will leads to destruction and death of the species.
Ecology: Scientific study of interactions between organisms and their environments which includes Biotic Factors: (Living organisms) , Abiotic Factors: (Nonliving physical and chemical conditions of an environment).
What are the levels of the Ecology?
Ecology has Five Levels.
Individual organism: Single organism in an environment
Populations: Group of individual organisms of same species living in the same area
Communities: All of the organisms that inhabit a particular area make up a community, like coral reef and other organisms live around in the reef
Ecosystems: An ecosystem includes both the biotic and abiotic factors of an area
Biosphere:
Sum of all of Earth's ecosystems, it is an envelope of air, land, and water supporting all living things on Earth. It consists of both the atmosphere and ocean.
Ecologists investigate global issues in the biosphere, including climate change and its effect on living things
The effects have been most dramatic at high latitudes, where multiple processes contribute to decreased surface reflectivity
Changes in temperature are causing species to shift their natural ranges; however, those are unable to move in line with changing temperatures are being put at risk.
28.wild l ife as affected by climate change A series of Presentation ByMr All...Mr.Allah Dad Khan
A series of Presentation ByMr Allah Dad Khan Special Consultant NRM , Former DG Agriculture Extension KPK Province , Visiting Professor the University of Agriculture Peshawar Pakistan allahdad52@gmail.com
8.wild life and impacts of climate change on wildlifeMr.Allah Dad Khan
A series of Presentation ByMr Allah Dad Khan Special Consultant NRM , Former DG Agriculture Extension KPK Province , Visiting Professor the University of Agriculture Peshawar Pakistan allahdad52@gmail.com
This presentation offers a bird's eye view about community dynamics in general and ecological succession in particular with special reference to Climax vegetation.
Environmental Science Table of Contents 37 L.docxYASHU40
Environmental Science Table of Contents
37
Lab 3
Biodiversity
Biodiversity
Concepts to Explore
• Biodiversity
• Species diversity
• Ecosystem diversity
• Genetic diversity
• Natural selection
• Extinction
Introduction
Biodiversity, short for biological diversity, includes the genetic variation between all organisms, species, and
populations, and all of their complex communities and ecosystems. It also reflects to the interrelatedness of
genes, species, and ecosystems and their interactions with the environment. Biodiversity is not evenly distrib-
uted across the globe; rather, it varies greatly and even varies within regions. It is partially ruled by climate,
whereas tropical regions can support more species than a polar climate. In whole, biodiversity represents
variation within three levels:
• Species diversity
• Ecosystem diversity
• Genetic diversity
It should be noted that diversity at one of these levels may
not correspond with diversity within other levels. The degree
of biodiversity, and thus the health of an ecosystem, is im-
pacted when any part of that ecosystem becomes endan-
gered or extinct.
The term species refers to a group of similar organisms that
reproduce among themselves. Species diversity refers to
the variation within and between populations of species, as
well as between different species. Sexual reproduction criti-
cally contributes to the variation within species. For exam-
ple, a pea plant that is cross-fertilized with another pea plant
can produce offspring with four different looks! This genetic
mixing creates the diversity seen today.
Figure 1: There are more than 32,000 species of
fish – more than any other vertebrate!
39
Biodiversity
Ecosystem diversity examines the different habitats, biological communities, and ecological processes in
the biosphere, as well as variation within an individual ecosystem. The differences in rainforests and deserts
represent the variation between ecosystems. The physical characteristics that determine ecosystem diversity
are complex, and include biotic and abiotic factors.
? Did You Know...
A present day example of natural
selection can be seen in the cray-
fish population. The British crayfish
are crustaceans that live in rivers in
England. The American crayfish
was introduced to the same bodies
of water that were already populat-
ed by the British crayfish. The
American crayfish are larger, more
aggressive and carry an infection
that kills British crayfish but to
which they are immune. As a re-
sult, the British crayfish are de-
creasing in number and are ex-
pected to become extinct in Britain
within the next 50 years. Thus, the
American crayfish have a genetic
variation that gives them an ad-
vantage over the British crayfish to
survive and reproduce.
The variation of genes within individual ...
Ecological concepts of evolution are based on the idea that the environment plays a crucial role in shaping the evolution of species. Understanding these concepts is important for predicting how species will respond to environmental changes and for developing strategies to conserve biodiversity. This report will discuss the ecological concepts of evolution, including how the environment affects the evolution of species and the factors that affect the relationships of species to their environment.
Ecological concepts of evolution factors affecting relationships of species to their environment
Biotic factors are living components of an ecosystem, such as other organisms, while abiotic factors are non-living components of an ecosystem, such as temperature, water availability, and soil type. Abiotic factors can also affect relationships between species. For example, temperature can affect the distribution and abundance of organisms in an ecosystem. includes many forms of mutualism, host-parasite, and predator-prey relationships between species, as well as competition within or between species. In many cases, the selective pressures drive an evolutionary arm race between the species involved.
"Understanding the Carbon Cycle: Processes, Human Impacts, and Strategies for...MMariSelvam4
The carbon cycle is a critical component of Earth's environmental system, governing the movement and transformation of carbon through various reservoirs, including the atmosphere, oceans, soil, and living organisms. This complex cycle involves several key processes such as photosynthesis, respiration, decomposition, and carbon sequestration, each contributing to the regulation of carbon levels on the planet.
Human activities, particularly fossil fuel combustion and deforestation, have significantly altered the natural carbon cycle, leading to increased atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations and driving climate change. Understanding the intricacies of the carbon cycle is essential for assessing the impacts of these changes and developing effective mitigation strategies.
By studying the carbon cycle, scientists can identify carbon sources and sinks, measure carbon fluxes, and predict future trends. This knowledge is crucial for crafting policies aimed at reducing carbon emissions, enhancing carbon storage, and promoting sustainable practices. The carbon cycle's interplay with climate systems, ecosystems, and human activities underscores its importance in maintaining a stable and healthy planet.
In-depth exploration of the carbon cycle reveals the delicate balance required to sustain life and the urgent need to address anthropogenic influences. Through research, education, and policy, we can work towards restoring equilibrium in the carbon cycle and ensuring a sustainable future for generations to come.
WRI’s brand new “Food Service Playbook for Promoting Sustainable Food Choices” gives food service operators the very latest strategies for creating dining environments that empower consumers to choose sustainable, plant-rich dishes. This research builds off our first guide for food service, now with industry experience and insights from nearly 350 academic trials.
Diabetes is a rapidly and serious health problem in Pakistan. This chronic condition is associated with serious long-term complications, including higher risk of heart disease and stroke. Aggressive treatment of hypertension and hyperlipideamia can result in a substantial reduction in cardiovascular events in patients with diabetes 1. Consequently pharmacist-led diabetes cardiovascular risk (DCVR) clinics have been established in both primary and secondary care sites in NHS Lothian during the past five years. An audit of the pharmaceutical care delivery at the clinics was conducted in order to evaluate practice and to standardize the pharmacists’ documentation of outcomes. Pharmaceutical care issues (PCI) and patient details were collected both prospectively and retrospectively from three DCVR clinics. The PCI`s were categorized according to a triangularised system consisting of multiple categories. These were ‘checks’, ‘changes’ (‘change in drug therapy process’ and ‘change in drug therapy’), ‘drug therapy problems’ and ‘quality assurance descriptors’ (‘timer perspective’ and ‘degree of change’). A verified medication assessment tool (MAT) for patients with chronic cardiovascular disease was applied to the patients from one of the clinics. The tool was used to quantify PCI`s and pharmacist actions that were centered on implementing or enforcing clinical guideline standards. A database was developed to be used as an assessment tool and to standardize the documentation of achievement of outcomes. Feedback on the audit of the pharmaceutical care delivery and the database was received from the DCVR clinic pharmacist at a focus group meeting.
Natural farming @ Dr. Siddhartha S. Jena.pptxsidjena70
A brief about organic farming/ Natural farming/ Zero budget natural farming/ Subash Palekar Natural farming which keeps us and environment safe and healthy. Next gen Agricultural practices of chemical free farming.
UNDERSTANDING WHAT GREEN WASHING IS!.pdfJulietMogola
Many companies today use green washing to lure the public into thinking they are conserving the environment but in real sense they are doing more harm. There have been such several cases from very big companies here in Kenya and also globally. This ranges from various sectors from manufacturing and goes to consumer products. Educating people on greenwashing will enable people to make better choices based on their analysis and not on what they see on marketing sites.
Micro RNA genes and their likely influence in rice (Oryza sativa L.) dynamic ...Open Access Research Paper
Micro RNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNAs molecules having approximately 18-25 nucleotides, they are present in both plants and animals genomes. MiRNAs have diverse spatial expression patterns and regulate various developmental metabolisms, stress responses and other physiological processes. The dynamic gene expression playing major roles in phenotypic differences in organisms are believed to be controlled by miRNAs. Mutations in regions of regulatory factors, such as miRNA genes or transcription factors (TF) necessitated by dynamic environmental factors or pathogen infections, have tremendous effects on structure and expression of genes. The resultant novel gene products presents potential explanations for constant evolving desirable traits that have long been bred using conventional means, biotechnology or genetic engineering. Rice grain quality, yield, disease tolerance, climate-resilience and palatability properties are not exceptional to miRN Asmutations effects. There are new insights courtesy of high-throughput sequencing and improved proteomic techniques that organisms’ complexity and adaptations are highly contributed by miRNAs containing regulatory networks. This article aims to expound on how rice miRNAs could be driving evolution of traits and highlight the latest miRNA research progress. Moreover, the review accentuates miRNAs grey areas to be addressed and gives recommendations for further studies.
Micro RNA genes and their likely influence in rice (Oryza sativa L.) dynamic ...
ENV107 - Lecture 12
1. Biological diversity
• Biological evolution
– Mutation
– Natural selection
– Genetic drift
– Migration, geographical and reproductive
isolation
• Extinction
• Some major factors that increase and decrease
biological diversity
1Lec 12; MrL
2. Natural selection
• When there is variation within a species, some
individuals may be better suited to the environment than
others.
• Organisms whose biological characteristics make them
better able to survive and reproduce in their
environment leave more offspring than others. Their
descendants form a larger proportion of the next
generation and are more “fit” for the environment. This
process of increasing the proportion of offspring is called
natural selection.
2
Under certain circumstances natural selection can
lead to an entirely new species. This process is called
speciation. In this process, two species arise from
one. Lec 12; MrL
3. Genetic drift
• Genetic drift refers to changes in the
frequency of a gene in a population due not to
mutation, selection, or migration, but simply
to chance.
3Lec 12; MrL
4. Geographic isolation
It occurs when two populations of a species or two groups of the
same population become physically separated into areas with
different environmental conditions.
Example: Part of a population may migrate in search of food and then begin
living in another area with different environmental conditions.
4Lec 12; MrL
5. Geographic isolation
• Populations may also become separated
– by a physical barrier (such as a mountain range, stream,
lake, or road),
– by a change such as a volcanic eruption or earthquake, or
– when a few individuals are carried to a new area by wind
or water.
• A biome is a kind of ecosystem, such as a desert, a tropical rain
forest, or a grassland.
• The same biome can occur on different continents because
similar environments provide similar opportunities for life and
similar constraints.
• As a result, similar environments lead to the evolution of
organisms similar in form and function.
5Lec 12; MrL
6. Reproductive isolation
It occurs as mutation and natural selection operate
independently in two geographically isolated
populations and change the gene characteristics.
If this change continues long enough, members of the
geographically and reproductively isolated populations
may become different.
They become so different in genetic make up that they
can’t interbreed-or if they do, they can’t produce live,
and speciation can occur – one species becomes two.
6Lec 12; MrL
7. Extinction
After evolution, the second process affecting
the number and types of species on the earth is
extinction.
When environmental conditions change, a
species may either evolve (become better
adapted) or cease to exist (become extinct).
7Lec 12; MrL
8. Factors affect patterns of speciation and extinction:
– Large-scale movements of the continents (continental drifts)
over millions of years.
– Gradual climate changes caused by continental drift and slight
shifts in the earth’s orbit around the sun
– Rapid climate change caused by catastrophic events (such as
large volcanic eruptions, and global warming)
– Humans also have become a major force in the premature
extinction of species. As the human population and resource
consumption increase over the next 50 years, and we take more
and more of the planet’s surface, we may cause the extinction
of upto a quarter of the earth’s current species.
– Speciation - extinction = biodiversity
8Lec 12; MrL
9. SOME MAJOR FACTORS THAT INCREASE AND DECREASE
BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY
FACTORS THAT TEND TO INCREASE DIVERSITY
• 1. A physically diverse habitat
• 2. Moderate amounts of disturbance (such as fire or storm in a
forest or a sudden flow of water from a storm into a pond).
• 3. A small variation in environmental conditions (temperature,
precipitation, nutrient supply, etc.).
• 4. High diversity at one trophic level increases the diversity at
another trophic level. (Many kinds of trees provide habitats for
many kinds of birds and insects.)
• 5. An environment highly modified by life (e.g., a rich organic soil).
• 6. Middle stages of succession.
• 7. Evolution.
9Lec 12; MrL
10. FACTORS THAT TEND TO DECREASE DIVERSITY
• 1. Environmental stress.
• 2. Extreme environments (conditions near the limit of
what living things can withstand).
• 3. A severe limitation in the supply of an essential
resource.
• 4. Extreme amounts of disturbance.
• 5. Recent introduction of exotic species (species from
other areas).
• 6. Geographic isolation (being on a real or ecological
island).
10Lec 12; MrL