Enteric nervous system - GIT physiology, EXTRINSIC AND INTRINSIC NERVE SUPPLY, Meissner's and myenteric's plexus.
local reflex, short reflex. Parasympathetic and sympathetic nerve supply of GIT. Functions of the plexuses.
Movements in the GIT( the guyton and hall physiology)Maryam Fida
movements in GIT
1. Propulsive Movements -------- Peristalsis
2. Mixing Movements
Moves food forward along GIT at an appropriate rate for digestion and absorption
A contractile ring appears around the gut and then moves forward
Stimulation at any point in the gut can cause a contractile ring to appear in the circular muscle, and this ring then spreads along the gut tube
Directional movement toward Anus
Can occur in either direction but normally occurs towards anus
Requires active myenteric plexus
Stimulus for intestinal peristalsis
Distention of the gut
Irritation
Parasympathetic nervous signals
Peristalsis is absent:
Congenital absence of myenteric plexus
Atropine (paralyzes cholinergic nerve endings)
Peristalsis also occurs in
Bile ducts
Glandular ducts
Ureters
Many other smooth muscle tubes of the body
Law of the Gut or Peristaltic Reflex or Myenteric reflex:
Peristaltic reflex plus anal direction of movement of peristalsis is called "law of the gut”
Contractile ring normally begins on orad side of distended segment
The gut sometimes relaxes several centimeters downstream toward the anus, called "receptive relaxation," thus allowing food to be propelled easily anally
LOCATION: WALL OF GUT
NEURONS: 100 MILLIONS
GIT MOVEMENTS AND SECRETIONS
COMPOSED: TWO PLEXUSES
OUTER PLEXUS (MYENTERIC AND AUERBACH'S PLEXUS)
INNER PLEXUS (MEISSNER'S PLEXUS AND SUBMUCOSAL PLEXUS)
MYENTERIC PLEXUS
GI MOVEMENTS
SUBMUCOSAL PLEXUS
SECRETION AND LOCAL BLOOD FLOW
Intestines(movements and secretions of small and large intestines ) The Guyto...Maryam Fida
Intestines(movements and secretions of small and large intestines)
Distended Portion of small intestine with chyme stretching concentric contractions at intervals lasting a fraction of a minute These contraction causes “Segmentation” of the small intestine ---forms spaced segments new points every time chopping chyme 2-3 times/min mixing with intestinal secretions maximum frequencyof segmentation contraction depends on frequency of BER (Basic electrical rhythm) i.e. In duodenum and proximal jejunum is 12/min and in terminal ileum is 8-9/min.
Atropine blocks the segmentation
law of gut
The peristaltic reflex +anal direction of movement of the peristalsis is called “LAW OF GUT”
rectus sheath, the sheath covering rectus muscle of anterior abdominal wall, formation of the sheath, the muscles involved in ts formation, and the contents the sheath is covering
Medical Physiology of the GIT:
Mucosa, principles of GIT function, afferent sensory innervation, GI reflexes, motility throughout the GI system, control of stomach emptying, coordination of motility, GI secretions, Gastric events following ingestion of a meal......
Enteric nervous system - GIT physiology, EXTRINSIC AND INTRINSIC NERVE SUPPLY, Meissner's and myenteric's plexus.
local reflex, short reflex. Parasympathetic and sympathetic nerve supply of GIT. Functions of the plexuses.
Movements in the GIT( the guyton and hall physiology)Maryam Fida
movements in GIT
1. Propulsive Movements -------- Peristalsis
2. Mixing Movements
Moves food forward along GIT at an appropriate rate for digestion and absorption
A contractile ring appears around the gut and then moves forward
Stimulation at any point in the gut can cause a contractile ring to appear in the circular muscle, and this ring then spreads along the gut tube
Directional movement toward Anus
Can occur in either direction but normally occurs towards anus
Requires active myenteric plexus
Stimulus for intestinal peristalsis
Distention of the gut
Irritation
Parasympathetic nervous signals
Peristalsis is absent:
Congenital absence of myenteric plexus
Atropine (paralyzes cholinergic nerve endings)
Peristalsis also occurs in
Bile ducts
Glandular ducts
Ureters
Many other smooth muscle tubes of the body
Law of the Gut or Peristaltic Reflex or Myenteric reflex:
Peristaltic reflex plus anal direction of movement of peristalsis is called "law of the gut”
Contractile ring normally begins on orad side of distended segment
The gut sometimes relaxes several centimeters downstream toward the anus, called "receptive relaxation," thus allowing food to be propelled easily anally
LOCATION: WALL OF GUT
NEURONS: 100 MILLIONS
GIT MOVEMENTS AND SECRETIONS
COMPOSED: TWO PLEXUSES
OUTER PLEXUS (MYENTERIC AND AUERBACH'S PLEXUS)
INNER PLEXUS (MEISSNER'S PLEXUS AND SUBMUCOSAL PLEXUS)
MYENTERIC PLEXUS
GI MOVEMENTS
SUBMUCOSAL PLEXUS
SECRETION AND LOCAL BLOOD FLOW
Intestines(movements and secretions of small and large intestines ) The Guyto...Maryam Fida
Intestines(movements and secretions of small and large intestines)
Distended Portion of small intestine with chyme stretching concentric contractions at intervals lasting a fraction of a minute These contraction causes “Segmentation” of the small intestine ---forms spaced segments new points every time chopping chyme 2-3 times/min mixing with intestinal secretions maximum frequencyof segmentation contraction depends on frequency of BER (Basic electrical rhythm) i.e. In duodenum and proximal jejunum is 12/min and in terminal ileum is 8-9/min.
Atropine blocks the segmentation
law of gut
The peristaltic reflex +anal direction of movement of the peristalsis is called “LAW OF GUT”
rectus sheath, the sheath covering rectus muscle of anterior abdominal wall, formation of the sheath, the muscles involved in ts formation, and the contents the sheath is covering
Medical Physiology of the GIT:
Mucosa, principles of GIT function, afferent sensory innervation, GI reflexes, motility throughout the GI system, control of stomach emptying, coordination of motility, GI secretions, Gastric events following ingestion of a meal......
Phenomics assisted breeding in crop improvementIshaGoswami9
As the population is increasing and will reach about 9 billion upto 2050. Also due to climate change, it is difficult to meet the food requirement of such a large population. Facing the challenges presented by resource shortages, climate
change, and increasing global population, crop yield and quality need to be improved in a sustainable way over the coming decades. Genetic improvement by breeding is the best way to increase crop productivity. With the rapid progression of functional
genomics, an increasing number of crop genomes have been sequenced and dozens of genes influencing key agronomic traits have been identified. However, current genome sequence information has not been adequately exploited for understanding
the complex characteristics of multiple gene, owing to a lack of crop phenotypic data. Efficient, automatic, and accurate technologies and platforms that can capture phenotypic data that can
be linked to genomics information for crop improvement at all growth stages have become as important as genotyping. Thus,
high-throughput phenotyping has become the major bottleneck restricting crop breeding. Plant phenomics has been defined as the high-throughput, accurate acquisition and analysis of multi-dimensional phenotypes
during crop growing stages at the organism level, including the cell, tissue, organ, individual plant, plot, and field levels. With the rapid development of novel sensors, imaging technology,
and analysis methods, numerous infrastructure platforms have been developed for phenotyping.
What is greenhouse gasses and how many gasses are there to affect the Earth.moosaasad1975
What are greenhouse gasses how they affect the earth and its environment what is the future of the environment and earth how the weather and the climate effects.
Comparing Evolved Extractive Text Summary Scores of Bidirectional Encoder Rep...University of Maribor
Slides from:
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Track: Artificial Intelligence
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/
Salas, V. (2024) "John of St. Thomas (Poinsot) on the Science of Sacred Theol...Studia Poinsotiana
I Introduction
II Subalternation and Theology
III Theology and Dogmatic Declarations
IV The Mixed Principles of Theology
V Virtual Revelation: The Unity of Theology
VI Theology as a Natural Science
VII Theology’s Certitude
VIII Conclusion
Notes
Bibliography
All the contents are fully attributable to the author, Doctor Victor Salas. Should you wish to get this text republished, get in touch with the author or the editorial committee of the Studia Poinsotiana. Insofar as possible, we will be happy to broker your contact.
Remote Sensing and Computational, Evolutionary, Supercomputing, and Intellige...University of Maribor
Slides from talk:
Aleš Zamuda: Remote Sensing and Computational, Evolutionary, Supercomputing, and Intelligent Systems.
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Inter-Society Networking Panel GRSS/MTT-S/CIS Panel Session: Promoting Connection and Cooperation
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/
Deep Behavioral Phenotyping in Systems Neuroscience for Functional Atlasing a...Ana Luísa Pinho
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) provides means to characterize brain activations in response to behavior. However, cognitive neuroscience has been limited to group-level effects referring to the performance of specific tasks. To obtain the functional profile of elementary cognitive mechanisms, the combination of brain responses to many tasks is required. Yet, to date, both structural atlases and parcellation-based activations do not fully account for cognitive function and still present several limitations. Further, they do not adapt overall to individual characteristics. In this talk, I will give an account of deep-behavioral phenotyping strategies, namely data-driven methods in large task-fMRI datasets, to optimize functional brain-data collection and improve inference of effects-of-interest related to mental processes. Key to this approach is the employment of fast multi-functional paradigms rich on features that can be well parametrized and, consequently, facilitate the creation of psycho-physiological constructs to be modelled with imaging data. Particular emphasis will be given to music stimuli when studying high-order cognitive mechanisms, due to their ecological nature and quality to enable complex behavior compounded by discrete entities. I will also discuss how deep-behavioral phenotyping and individualized models applied to neuroimaging data can better account for the subject-specific organization of domain-general cognitive systems in the human brain. Finally, the accumulation of functional brain signatures brings the possibility to clarify relationships among tasks and create a univocal link between brain systems and mental functions through: (1) the development of ontologies proposing an organization of cognitive processes; and (2) brain-network taxonomies describing functional specialization. To this end, tools to improve commensurability in cognitive science are necessary, such as public repositories, ontology-based platforms and automated meta-analysis tools. I will thus discuss some brain-atlasing resources currently under development, and their applicability in cognitive as well as clinical neuroscience.
This presentation explores a brief idea about the structural and functional attributes of nucleotides, the structure and function of genetic materials along with the impact of UV rays and pH upon them.
Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflect spectroscopy in the UV-VIS spectral region.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the amount of light received by the analyte.
DERIVATION OF MODIFIED BERNOULLI EQUATION WITH VISCOUS EFFECTS AND TERMINAL V...Wasswaderrick3
In this book, we use conservation of energy techniques on a fluid element to derive the Modified Bernoulli equation of flow with viscous or friction effects. We derive the general equation of flow/ velocity and then from this we derive the Pouiselle flow equation, the transition flow equation and the turbulent flow equation. In the situations where there are no viscous effects , the equation reduces to the Bernoulli equation. From experimental results, we are able to include other terms in the Bernoulli equation. We also look at cases where pressure gradients exist. We use the Modified Bernoulli equation to derive equations of flow rate for pipes of different cross sectional areas connected together. We also extend our techniques of energy conservation to a sphere falling in a viscous medium under the effect of gravity. We demonstrate Stokes equation of terminal velocity and turbulent flow equation. We look at a way of calculating the time taken for a body to fall in a viscous medium. We also look at the general equation of terminal velocity.
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
3. The gastrointestinal tract has a nervous all its own called the enteric nervous system.
• It lies entirely in the wall of the gut, beginning in the esophagus and extending all the way to the
anus
• The number of neurons in this enteric system is about 100 million, almost exactly equal to the
number in the entire spinal cord.
• This highly developed enteric nervous system is especially important in controlling gastrointestinal
movements and secretion.
4. (1) an outer plexus lying between the longitudinal and circular muscle layers, called the myenteric plexus
or Auerbach’s plexus
(2) an inner plexus, called the submucosal plexus or Meissner’s plexus, that lies in the submucosa.
The enteric nervous system is composed mainly of two plexuses
5.
6. • The myenteric plexus controls mainly the gastrointestinal Movements
• the submucosal plexus controls mainly gastrointestinal secretion and local blood flow.
7. • the extrinsic sympathetic and parasympathetic fibers that connect to both the myenteric and
submucosal plexuses.
• Although the enteric nervous system can function independently of these extrinsic nerves,
stimulation by the parasympathetic and sympathetic systems can greatly enhance or inhibit
gastrointestinal functions
• sensory nerve endings that originate in the gastrointestinal epithelium or gut wall and send afferent
fibers to both plexuses of the enteric system, as well as
(1) to the prevertebral ganglia of the sympathetic nervous system
(2) to the spinal cord
(3) in the vagus nerves all the way to the brain stem.
• These sensory nerves can elicit local reflexes within the gut wall itself and still other reflexes that
are relayed to the gut from either the prevertebral ganglia or the basal regions of the brain.
8.
9. Ganglia is the plural of the word ganglion. Ganglia are clusters of nerve cell bodies found
throughout the body
10.
11.
12. DIFFERENCE BETWEEN MYENTERIC AND SUBMUCOSAL PLEXUS
The myenteric plexus consists mostly of a linear chain of many interconnecting neurons that extends
the entire length of the gastrointestinal tract
Because the myenteric plexus extends all the way along the intestinal wall and because it lies between the
longitudinal and circular layers of intestinal smooth muscle, it is concerned mainly with controlling
muscle activity along the length of the gut.
When it is stimulated, its principal effects are:
(1) Increased tonic contraction, or “tone” of the gut wall
(2) Increased intensity of the rhythmical contractions
(3) Increased rate of the rhythm of contraction
(4) Increased velocity of conduction of excitatory waves along the gut wall
The myenteric plexus should not be considered entirely excitatory because some of its neurons are
inhibitory; their fiber endings secrete an inhibitory transmitter, possibly vasoactive intestinal polypeptide
or some other inhibitory peptide
13. The resulting inhibitory signals are especially useful for inhibiting some of the intestinal sphincter
muscles that impede movement of food along successive segments of the gastrointestinal tract, such
as the pyloric sphincter, which controls emptying of the stomach into the duodenum, and the
sphincter of the ileocecal valve, which controls emptying from the small intestine into the cecum.
The submucosal plexus, in contrast to the myenteric plexus, is mainly concerned with controlling
function within the inner wall of each minute segment of the intestine. For instance, many sensory
signals originate from the gastrointestinal epithelium and are then integrated in the submucosal
plexus to help control local intestinal secretion, local absorption, and local contraction of the
submucosal muscle that causes various degrees of infolding of the gastrointestinal mucosa.
14.
15.
16.
17. Types of Neurotransmitters Secreted by Enteric neurons
(1) acetylcholine
(2) norepinephrine
(3) adenosine triphosphate
(4) serotonin
(5) dopamine
(6) cholecystokinin
(7) substance P
(8) vasoactive intestinal polypeptide
(9) somatostatin
(10) leu-enkephalin
(11) met-enkephalin
(12) Bombesin
(13) neuropeptide Y
(14) Nitric oxide
Researchers have identified more than 25 potential neurotransmitter substances that are released by the
nerve endings of different types of enteric neurons, including the following;
18. Acetylcholine most often excites gastrointestinal activity.
Norepinephrine almost always inhibits gastrointestinal activity. This is also true of epinephrine
which reaches the gastrointestinal tract mainly by way of the blood after it is secreted by the
adrenal medulla into the circulation
19.
20. AUTONOMIC CONTROL OF THE GIT
parasympathetic stimulation increase activity of the enteric nervous system
The parasympathetic supply to the gut is divided into cranial and sacral divisions
21. Except for the a few parasympathetic fibers to the mouth and pharyngeal regions of the alimentary
tract, The cranial parasympathetic nerve fibers are almost entirely in the vagus nerve
These fibers provide extensive innervation to the esophagus, stomach, and pancreas and somewhat
less to the intestines down through the first half of the large intestine.
The sacral parasympathetics originate in the second, third, and fourth sacral segments of the
spinal cord and pass through the pelvic nerves to the distal half of the large intestine and all the way to
the anus.
The sigmoidal, rectal, and anal regions are considerably better supplied with parasympathetic fibers than
are the other intestinal areas These fibers function especially to execute the defecation reflex
22.
23.
24. (Stimulation causes general Increase in activity of both myenteric and submucosal plexus)
❖ Cranial “Almost entirely in the vagus nerve (except mouth and pharynx)“
➔ Esophagus+stomach+pancreas+small intestine+first half of large intestine = innervated by
Vagus nerve
❖ Sacral : ➔ Distal half of large intestine + anus = innervated by the segment S2 to S4 of spinal
cord through Pelvic nerves
❖ Parasympathetic anus more extensively
SUMMERY
Autonomic Nervous System: Parasympathetic control :
25. Sympathetic Stimulation Usually Inhibits Gastrointestinal Tract Activity.
The sympathetic fibers to the gastrointestinal tract originate in the spinal cord between segments T5 and
L2.
26. Most of the preganglionic fibers that innervate the gut, after leaving the cord, enter the sympathetic
chains that lie lateral to the spinal column, and many of these fibers then pass on through the chains
to outlying ganglia such as to the celiac ganglion and various mesenteric ganglia.
The sympathetics innervate essentially all of the gastrointestinal tract, rather than being more
extensive nearest the oral cavity and anus, as is true of the parasympathetics.
The sympathetic nerve endings secrete mainly norepinephrine but also small amounts of
epinephrine.
27.
28.
29. In general, stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system inhibits activity of the gastrointestinal tract, causing
many effects opposite to those of the parasympathetic system. It exerts its effects in two ways:
(1) to a slight extent by direct effect of secreted norepinephrine to inhibit intestinal tract smooth muscle
(except the mucosal muscle, which it excites)
(2) to a major extent by an inhibitory effect of norepinephrine on the neurons of the entire enteric nervous
system.
Strong stimulation of the sympathetic system can inhibit motor movements of the gut so greatly that this can
literally block movement of food through the gastrointestinal tract.
30. Afferent sensory nerve fibers from the gut
Afferent sensory nerve fibers have their cell bodies in the enteric nervous system itself and some in the
dorsal root ganglia of the spinal cord.
These sensory nerves can be stimulated by
(1) irritation of the gut mucosa,
(2) excessive distention of the gut
(3) presence of specific chemical substances in the gut.
Signals transmitted through the fibers can then cause excitation or, under other conditions, inhibition of
intestinal movements or intestinal secretion.
In addition, other sensory signals from the gut go all the way to multiple areas of the spinal cord and even
the brain stem. For example, 80 percent of the nerve fibers in the vagus nerves are afferent rather
than efferent.
These afferent fibers transmit sensory signals from the gastrointestinal tract into the brain medulla,
which in turn initiates vagal reflex signals that return to the gastrointestinal tract to control many of its
functions.
31. GASTROINTESTINAL REFLEXES
The anatomical arrangement of the enteric nervous system and its connections with the sympathetic and
parasympathetic systems support three types of gastrointestinal reflexes that are essential to
gastrointestinal control.
Reflexes that are integrated entirely within the gut wall enteric nervous system. These reflexes include, for
example, those that control much gastrointestinal secretion, peristalsis, mixing contractions, local
inhibitory effects, and so forth.
Reflexes from the gut to the prevertebral sympathetic ganglia and then back to the gastrointestinal tract.
These reflexes transmit signals long distances to other areas of the gastrointestinal tract, such as signals
from the stomach to cause evacuation of the colon (the gastrocolic reflex), signals from the colon and small
intestine to inhibit stomach motility and stomach secretion (the enterogastric reflexes), and reflexes from
the colon to inhibit emptying of ileal contents into the colon (the colonoileal reflex).
32. Reflexes from the gut to the spinal cord or brain stem and then back to the gastrointestinal tract.
These include especially
(1) reflexes from the stomach and duodenum to the brain stem and back to the stomach—by
way of the vagus nerves—to control gastric motor and secretory activity
(2) pain reflexes that cause general inhibition of the entire gastrointestinal tract
(3) defecation reflexes that travel from the colon and rectum to the spinal cord and back again to
produce the powerful colonic, rectal, and abdominal contractions required for defecation (the
defecation reflexes).