This document provides an overview of the gastrointestinal physiology, including the organs of the digestive system, the four main functions of the GI tract (digestion, absorption, motility, and secretion), and the nerve supply to the GI tract. It describes the intrinsic enteric nervous system, made up of the submucosal and myenteric plexuses, as well as the extrinsic innervation from the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the autonomic nervous system. The sympathetic fibers generally inhibit GI movement and secretion, while the parasympathetic fibers accelerate movement and increase secretion.
This document provides an overview of the digestive system, including the anatomy and physiology of the digestive tract and its organs. It describes the layers of the digestive tract wall and discusses the nerve supply, including the enteric and autonomic nervous systems. The functions of the digestive system and the organs of the gastrointestinal tract are outlined. Details are provided on the structure and layers of the stomach wall, as well as the glands and secretions of the stomach, including the composition and functions of gastric juice.
The document provides an introduction to the digestive system. It describes that the digestive system breaks down food into nutrients that can be absorbed and used by the body. The digestive system is made up of the gastrointestinal tract and accessory organs. The gastrointestinal tract contains the primary digestive organs - mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine and large intestine. The accessory organs - teeth, tongue, salivary glands, pancreas, liver and gallbladder - help in the digestive process.
The document discusses the nervous control of the gastrointestinal tract. It describes the enteric nervous system, which contains two plexuses that help control GI movements and secretions. The enteric nervous system uses various neurotransmitters to regulate digestion. Both the parasympathetic and sympathetic divisions of the autonomic nervous system innervate the GI tract, with the parasympathetic stimulating activity and the sympathetic inhibiting it. Sensory neurons in the gut wall form reflex arcs to coordinate digestion.
physiology of gastrointestinal tract (git) ( PDFDrive ).pdfallantukesiga
The document discusses the physiology of the gastrointestinal tract. It covers the regulation of gastrointestinal function including intrinsic properties of intestinal smooth muscles, nervous control via the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems, and hormonal control. Key topics covered include the electrical activity of GI smooth muscles, swallowing and its three stages (oral, pharyngeal, esophageal), and stomach movements including the role of the lower esophageal sphincter.
The digestive system breaks down food into nutrients that can be absorbed and used by the body. It consists of the gastrointestinal tract (mouth, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines) and accessory organs like the liver, pancreas and gallbladder. Food is ingested, broken down mechanically and chemically by enzymes, absorbed in the small intestine, and waste is eliminated. The digestive system is controlled by the enteric and autonomic nervous systems through parasympathetic and sympathetic fibers that regulate secretions and motility.
The gastrointestinal tract has its own nervous system called the enteric nervous system. It contains around 100 million neurons located in the gut wall. This system controls gastrointestinal movements and secretion. It contains two main plexuses - the myenteric plexus between the gut muscles and the submucosal plexus in the submucosa. The myenteric plexus mainly controls movements while the submucosal plexus controls secretion and blood flow. The enteric nervous system communicates with the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems to regulate gastrointestinal functions.
This document provides an overview of the digestive system, including its anatomy, physiology, and functions. It describes the histology of the digestive tract and its layers. Key parts of the digestive tract are discussed including the oral cavity, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines. Accessory organs like the liver and pancreas are also mentioned. Digestive processes like digestion, absorption, secretion and the roles of hormones and nerves are summarized.
This document provides an overview of the digestive system, including the anatomy and physiology of the digestive tract and its organs. It describes the layers of the digestive tract wall and discusses the nerve supply, including the enteric and autonomic nervous systems. The functions of the digestive system and the organs of the gastrointestinal tract are outlined. Details are provided on the structure and layers of the stomach wall, as well as the glands and secretions of the stomach, including the composition and functions of gastric juice.
The document provides an introduction to the digestive system. It describes that the digestive system breaks down food into nutrients that can be absorbed and used by the body. The digestive system is made up of the gastrointestinal tract and accessory organs. The gastrointestinal tract contains the primary digestive organs - mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine and large intestine. The accessory organs - teeth, tongue, salivary glands, pancreas, liver and gallbladder - help in the digestive process.
The document discusses the nervous control of the gastrointestinal tract. It describes the enteric nervous system, which contains two plexuses that help control GI movements and secretions. The enteric nervous system uses various neurotransmitters to regulate digestion. Both the parasympathetic and sympathetic divisions of the autonomic nervous system innervate the GI tract, with the parasympathetic stimulating activity and the sympathetic inhibiting it. Sensory neurons in the gut wall form reflex arcs to coordinate digestion.
physiology of gastrointestinal tract (git) ( PDFDrive ).pdfallantukesiga
The document discusses the physiology of the gastrointestinal tract. It covers the regulation of gastrointestinal function including intrinsic properties of intestinal smooth muscles, nervous control via the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems, and hormonal control. Key topics covered include the electrical activity of GI smooth muscles, swallowing and its three stages (oral, pharyngeal, esophageal), and stomach movements including the role of the lower esophageal sphincter.
The digestive system breaks down food into nutrients that can be absorbed and used by the body. It consists of the gastrointestinal tract (mouth, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines) and accessory organs like the liver, pancreas and gallbladder. Food is ingested, broken down mechanically and chemically by enzymes, absorbed in the small intestine, and waste is eliminated. The digestive system is controlled by the enteric and autonomic nervous systems through parasympathetic and sympathetic fibers that regulate secretions and motility.
The gastrointestinal tract has its own nervous system called the enteric nervous system. It contains around 100 million neurons located in the gut wall. This system controls gastrointestinal movements and secretion. It contains two main plexuses - the myenteric plexus between the gut muscles and the submucosal plexus in the submucosa. The myenteric plexus mainly controls movements while the submucosal plexus controls secretion and blood flow. The enteric nervous system communicates with the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems to regulate gastrointestinal functions.
This document provides an overview of the digestive system, including its anatomy, physiology, and functions. It describes the histology of the digestive tract and its layers. Key parts of the digestive tract are discussed including the oral cavity, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines. Accessory organs like the liver and pancreas are also mentioned. Digestive processes like digestion, absorption, secretion and the roles of hormones and nerves are summarized.
The document discusses the structure and functions of the digestive system. It describes the four main layers of the digestive tract from inner to outer as mucosa, submucosa, muscularis, and serosa. It then explains the three main nervous systems that regulate the digestive system - the enteric nervous system, autonomic nervous system, and sensory nervous system. Finally, it discusses the two types of movements in the gastrointestinal tract that aid in digestion: segmentation/mixing movements and propulsive peristalsis movements.
Digestion system easy to learn very very very easyMeetVaghasiya20
The document discusses the anatomy and functions of the human digestive system. It begins by explaining that the digestive system breaks down food, absorbs nutrients, and eliminates waste. It then describes the components and layers of the gastrointestinal tract, including the primary digestive organs like the mouth, esophagus, stomach, and intestines, as well as accessory organs like the liver, pancreas, and gallbladder. The document also discusses the roles and innervation of the digestive system, explaining digestion and absorption. It provides details on the structure, layers, glands, and secretions of the mouth.
The gastrointestinal tract has several challenges in its functions of digestion and absorption. It must defend against potential infection from its large microbial population while inside the body, and coordinate motility, digestion, and absorption. It does so through immune cells in the GI tract, neural and hormonal control of motility, and regulation of secretions. The GI tract's functions include digestion of nutrients in various sections, absorption of breakdown products, and propulsion of contents through the tract. These functions are controlled through neural reflexes, hormones, and properties of the tract's tissues and cells.
The document summarizes the anatomy and functions of the digestive system. It describes the digestive system as having primary digestive organs like the mouth, esophagus, stomach, and intestines where digestion occurs, as well as accessory organs like the teeth, tongue, liver, and pancreas that aid in digestion. It explains that digestion involves ingestion, breakdown, absorption, and excretion of nutrients and waste. The document also details the layers of the gastrointestinal tract wall and the intrinsic and extrinsic nerve supply that regulates digestive functions.
Medical Physiology of the GIT:
Mucosa, principles of GIT function, afferent sensory innervation, GI reflexes, motility throughout the GI system, control of stomach emptying, coordination of motility, GI secretions, Gastric events following ingestion of a meal......
The digestive system performs six main functions: ingestion, secretion, mixing/propulsion, digestion, absorption, and defecation. The small intestine plays a key role in digestion and absorption. It completes the breakdown of carbohydrates, proteins and lipids through enzymes and absorbs over 90% of nutrients. Movements like segmentations and migrating motility complexes mix contents to bring them in contact with the intestinal wall for absorption and propel digestion forward.
This document summarizes gastrointestinal physiology, including the structure and layers of the GI tract wall, motility, digestion, absorption, and hormonal and neural control. It describes how ingested food passes through the mouth, esophagus, stomach, and intestines. The four layers of the GI wall are outlined. Motility throughout the GI tract is controlled by peristalsis, segmentation, and sphincters. Hormones and the enteric nervous system regulate digestion and emptying between sections.
The digestive system breaks down food into molecules small enough for absorption. It consists of the gastrointestinal tract (mouth, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines) and accessory organs (teeth, tongue, salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, pancreas). Food is ingested, digested through both mechanical and chemical breakdown, absorbed, and waste is eliminated. The GI tract contains four tissue layers - mucosa, submucosa, muscularis, and serosa. Digestion involves ingestion, secretion, propulsion, digestion, absorption, and defecation.
The digestive system consists of the gastrointestinal tract and accessory organs. The gastrointestinal tract includes the mouth, esophagus, stomach, and intestines. Accessory organs include the teeth, tongue, salivary glands, liver, gallbladder and pancreas. The digestive system breaks down food into smaller molecules that can be absorbed and used by the body. Digestion involves both mechanical and chemical breakdown of food.
The digestive system breaks down ingested food into nutrients that can be absorbed and used by the body. It consists of the alimentary canal and accessory organs. The alimentary canal includes the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, and anus. Accessory organs include the teeth, tongue, salivary glands, liver, gallbladder and pancreas. Food is ingested, digested, absorbed, and waste is eliminated in a multi-step process involving both mechanical and chemical breakdown as well as nutrient absorption throughout the alimentary canal.
The document provides an overview of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) and stomach. It discusses that the GIT performs digestion, absorption and waste excretion. The stomach is the widest part of the GIT and is J-shaped. The stomach is located in the epigastric, umbilical and left hypochondriac regions. The wall of the stomach has a lumen, mucosa, submucosa, muscularis layer and serosa. The stomach receives blood supply from branches of the coeliac trunk and is innervated by the vagus nerve. Peptic ulcers are commonly caused by H. pylori infection or NSAIDs and can form in the stomach or duodenum.
The document describes the key processes of digestion including ingestion, propulsion, mechanical and chemical digestion, absorption, and defecation. It then discusses the four main layers of the digestive tract - mucosa, submucosa, muscularis, and serosa. The mucosa layer secretes enzymes and absorbs nutrients. Peristalsis and segmentation movements in the muscularis layer help mix and propel food through the tract. Both the enteric and autonomic nervous systems regulate digestive functions and movements.
The document provides an overview of anatomy and physiology. It defines anatomy as the study of structure and physiology as the study of function. It describes the different types of anatomy including gross anatomy, microanatomy, histology, and cytology. The major organ systems of the body are also outlined including the cardiovascular, nervous, respiratory, urinary, and digestive systems. Key components, functions, and common diseases are summarized for each system.
Lect 1. (introduction to gastrointestinal tract)Ayub Abdi
The document discusses the anatomy and physiology of the human digestive system. It describes the digestive system as consisting of the gastrointestinal tract (GI tract) and accessory organs. The GI tract extends from the mouth to the anus and contains primary organs like the mouth, esophagus, stomach, and intestines. Accessory organs include things like the teeth, liver, and pancreas. The document then goes into detail about the structure and layers of the GI tract wall, the nerve supply to the digestive system including the enteric and sympathetic/parasympathetic nervous systems, and the functions of these nerve fibers.
The document discusses the peripheral nervous system. It begins by defining the nervous system and its main components - the central nervous system and peripheral nervous system. The peripheral nervous system has two main divisions: somatic and autonomic. The somatic division includes sensory and motor neurons that control voluntary movement. The autonomic nervous system controls involuntary functions and has sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions. The document goes on to describe various nerves, neurons, and structures that make up the peripheral nervous system.
The peripheral nervous system consists of cranial nerves, spinal nerves, and ganglia. It is subdivided into the autonomic nervous system and somatic nervous system. The autonomic nervous system regulates involuntary functions and is divided into the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems. The sympathetic system prepares the body for fighting or fleeing by increasing heart rate, respiration, and blood flow to muscles. The parasympathetic system focuses on restorative functions like digestion and uses acetylcholine as its neurotransmitter.
Anatomy & Physiology of GIT: It covers Organs of the Digestive system, Structure of the Alimentary canal, Mouth, Salivary glands, Pharynx, Oesophagus, Stomach, Small intestine, Large intestine, Rectum & Anal canal, Pancreas, Liver, Biliary tract
The document discusses the glossopharyngeal (CN IX) and vagus (CN X) nerves. It covers their anatomy, functions, and clinical assessment. The glossopharyngeal nerve innervates the pharynx and posterior tongue. The vagus nerve is the longest cranial nerve, innervating muscles of the pharynx and larynx, and the heart and gastrointestinal tract via parasympathetic fibers. Clinical examination focuses on motor function of soft palate, larynx, and reflexes. Lesions are localized based on involved structures and associated deficits in other cranial nerves.
The document provides an overview of the digestive system, including its anatomy and functions. It describes the organs that make up the digestive tract from the mouth to the anus. It details the processes of digestion, including mechanical and chemical breakdown of food. Key aspects summarized are the roles of the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and associated organs like the liver, pancreas and gallbladder in further digesting food and absorbing nutrients into the bloodstream.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/Pt1nA32sdHQ
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/uFdc9F0rlP0
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
The document discusses the structure and functions of the digestive system. It describes the four main layers of the digestive tract from inner to outer as mucosa, submucosa, muscularis, and serosa. It then explains the three main nervous systems that regulate the digestive system - the enteric nervous system, autonomic nervous system, and sensory nervous system. Finally, it discusses the two types of movements in the gastrointestinal tract that aid in digestion: segmentation/mixing movements and propulsive peristalsis movements.
Digestion system easy to learn very very very easyMeetVaghasiya20
The document discusses the anatomy and functions of the human digestive system. It begins by explaining that the digestive system breaks down food, absorbs nutrients, and eliminates waste. It then describes the components and layers of the gastrointestinal tract, including the primary digestive organs like the mouth, esophagus, stomach, and intestines, as well as accessory organs like the liver, pancreas, and gallbladder. The document also discusses the roles and innervation of the digestive system, explaining digestion and absorption. It provides details on the structure, layers, glands, and secretions of the mouth.
The gastrointestinal tract has several challenges in its functions of digestion and absorption. It must defend against potential infection from its large microbial population while inside the body, and coordinate motility, digestion, and absorption. It does so through immune cells in the GI tract, neural and hormonal control of motility, and regulation of secretions. The GI tract's functions include digestion of nutrients in various sections, absorption of breakdown products, and propulsion of contents through the tract. These functions are controlled through neural reflexes, hormones, and properties of the tract's tissues and cells.
The document summarizes the anatomy and functions of the digestive system. It describes the digestive system as having primary digestive organs like the mouth, esophagus, stomach, and intestines where digestion occurs, as well as accessory organs like the teeth, tongue, liver, and pancreas that aid in digestion. It explains that digestion involves ingestion, breakdown, absorption, and excretion of nutrients and waste. The document also details the layers of the gastrointestinal tract wall and the intrinsic and extrinsic nerve supply that regulates digestive functions.
Medical Physiology of the GIT:
Mucosa, principles of GIT function, afferent sensory innervation, GI reflexes, motility throughout the GI system, control of stomach emptying, coordination of motility, GI secretions, Gastric events following ingestion of a meal......
The digestive system performs six main functions: ingestion, secretion, mixing/propulsion, digestion, absorption, and defecation. The small intestine plays a key role in digestion and absorption. It completes the breakdown of carbohydrates, proteins and lipids through enzymes and absorbs over 90% of nutrients. Movements like segmentations and migrating motility complexes mix contents to bring them in contact with the intestinal wall for absorption and propel digestion forward.
This document summarizes gastrointestinal physiology, including the structure and layers of the GI tract wall, motility, digestion, absorption, and hormonal and neural control. It describes how ingested food passes through the mouth, esophagus, stomach, and intestines. The four layers of the GI wall are outlined. Motility throughout the GI tract is controlled by peristalsis, segmentation, and sphincters. Hormones and the enteric nervous system regulate digestion and emptying between sections.
The digestive system breaks down food into molecules small enough for absorption. It consists of the gastrointestinal tract (mouth, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines) and accessory organs (teeth, tongue, salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, pancreas). Food is ingested, digested through both mechanical and chemical breakdown, absorbed, and waste is eliminated. The GI tract contains four tissue layers - mucosa, submucosa, muscularis, and serosa. Digestion involves ingestion, secretion, propulsion, digestion, absorption, and defecation.
The digestive system consists of the gastrointestinal tract and accessory organs. The gastrointestinal tract includes the mouth, esophagus, stomach, and intestines. Accessory organs include the teeth, tongue, salivary glands, liver, gallbladder and pancreas. The digestive system breaks down food into smaller molecules that can be absorbed and used by the body. Digestion involves both mechanical and chemical breakdown of food.
The digestive system breaks down ingested food into nutrients that can be absorbed and used by the body. It consists of the alimentary canal and accessory organs. The alimentary canal includes the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, and anus. Accessory organs include the teeth, tongue, salivary glands, liver, gallbladder and pancreas. Food is ingested, digested, absorbed, and waste is eliminated in a multi-step process involving both mechanical and chemical breakdown as well as nutrient absorption throughout the alimentary canal.
The document provides an overview of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) and stomach. It discusses that the GIT performs digestion, absorption and waste excretion. The stomach is the widest part of the GIT and is J-shaped. The stomach is located in the epigastric, umbilical and left hypochondriac regions. The wall of the stomach has a lumen, mucosa, submucosa, muscularis layer and serosa. The stomach receives blood supply from branches of the coeliac trunk and is innervated by the vagus nerve. Peptic ulcers are commonly caused by H. pylori infection or NSAIDs and can form in the stomach or duodenum.
The document describes the key processes of digestion including ingestion, propulsion, mechanical and chemical digestion, absorption, and defecation. It then discusses the four main layers of the digestive tract - mucosa, submucosa, muscularis, and serosa. The mucosa layer secretes enzymes and absorbs nutrients. Peristalsis and segmentation movements in the muscularis layer help mix and propel food through the tract. Both the enteric and autonomic nervous systems regulate digestive functions and movements.
The document provides an overview of anatomy and physiology. It defines anatomy as the study of structure and physiology as the study of function. It describes the different types of anatomy including gross anatomy, microanatomy, histology, and cytology. The major organ systems of the body are also outlined including the cardiovascular, nervous, respiratory, urinary, and digestive systems. Key components, functions, and common diseases are summarized for each system.
Lect 1. (introduction to gastrointestinal tract)Ayub Abdi
The document discusses the anatomy and physiology of the human digestive system. It describes the digestive system as consisting of the gastrointestinal tract (GI tract) and accessory organs. The GI tract extends from the mouth to the anus and contains primary organs like the mouth, esophagus, stomach, and intestines. Accessory organs include things like the teeth, liver, and pancreas. The document then goes into detail about the structure and layers of the GI tract wall, the nerve supply to the digestive system including the enteric and sympathetic/parasympathetic nervous systems, and the functions of these nerve fibers.
The document discusses the peripheral nervous system. It begins by defining the nervous system and its main components - the central nervous system and peripheral nervous system. The peripheral nervous system has two main divisions: somatic and autonomic. The somatic division includes sensory and motor neurons that control voluntary movement. The autonomic nervous system controls involuntary functions and has sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions. The document goes on to describe various nerves, neurons, and structures that make up the peripheral nervous system.
The peripheral nervous system consists of cranial nerves, spinal nerves, and ganglia. It is subdivided into the autonomic nervous system and somatic nervous system. The autonomic nervous system regulates involuntary functions and is divided into the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems. The sympathetic system prepares the body for fighting or fleeing by increasing heart rate, respiration, and blood flow to muscles. The parasympathetic system focuses on restorative functions like digestion and uses acetylcholine as its neurotransmitter.
Anatomy & Physiology of GIT: It covers Organs of the Digestive system, Structure of the Alimentary canal, Mouth, Salivary glands, Pharynx, Oesophagus, Stomach, Small intestine, Large intestine, Rectum & Anal canal, Pancreas, Liver, Biliary tract
The document discusses the glossopharyngeal (CN IX) and vagus (CN X) nerves. It covers their anatomy, functions, and clinical assessment. The glossopharyngeal nerve innervates the pharynx and posterior tongue. The vagus nerve is the longest cranial nerve, innervating muscles of the pharynx and larynx, and the heart and gastrointestinal tract via parasympathetic fibers. Clinical examination focuses on motor function of soft palate, larynx, and reflexes. Lesions are localized based on involved structures and associated deficits in other cranial nerves.
The document provides an overview of the digestive system, including its anatomy and functions. It describes the organs that make up the digestive tract from the mouth to the anus. It details the processes of digestion, including mechanical and chemical breakdown of food. Key aspects summarized are the roles of the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and associated organs like the liver, pancreas and gallbladder in further digesting food and absorbing nutrients into the bloodstream.
Similar to 1. Overview of The Digestive system by D Siwale.pptx (20)
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/Pt1nA32sdHQ
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/uFdc9F0rlP0
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
10 Benefits an EPCR Software should Bring to EMS Organizations Traumasoft LLC
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Mercurius is named after the roman god mercurius, the god of trade and science. The planet mercurius is named after the same god. Mercurius is sometimes called hydrargyrum, means ‘watery silver’. Its shine and colour are very similar to silver, but mercury is a fluid at room temperatures. The name quick silver is a translation of hydrargyrum, where the word quick describes its tendency to scatter away in all directions.
The droplets have a tendency to conglomerate to one big mass, but on being shaken they fall apart into countless little droplets again. It is used to ignite explosives, like mercury fulminate, the explosive character is one of its general themes.
3. Organs of the digestive system
Organs of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract are the
• mouth,
• pharynx,
• esophagus,
• stomach,
• small intestine
• large intestine.
• Accessory digestive organs include the teeth,
tongue, salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, and
pancreas.
8. Length of GIT
• The length of the GI tract is about 5–7 meters
(16.5–23 ft) in a living person.
• It is longer in a cadaver (about 7–9 meters or
23–29.5 ft) because the muscles along the
wall of the GI tract organs are not in a state of
tonus (sustained contraction).
13. Nerve Supply to the Digestive system
• GI tract has two types of nerve supply:
• I. Intrinsic nerve supply: Intrinsic nerves to GI
tract form the enteric nervous system that
controls all the secretions and movements of
GI tract. (submucosal plexus and Myenteric
plexus)
• II. Extrinsic nerve supply: Extrinsic nerves that
control the enteric nervous system are from
autonomic nervous system. (vagus and pelvic
nerve). Parasympathetic (rest and digest) and
sympathetic ( FLIGHT AND FIGHT RESPONSE)
14. Intrinsic nerve supply
• Intrinsic nerves to GI tract form the enteric nervous
system. It comprose of two nerve plexuses:
• 1. Auerbach plexus (Myenteric plexus)
• 2. Meissner plexus
• These nerve plexus contain nerve cell bodies, processes of
nerve cells and the receptors. The receptors in the GI tract
are stretch receptors and chemoreceptors.
• Enteric nervous system is controlled by extrinsic nerves.
15.
16. Enteric nervous system
• It is an extensive network of neurons and
nerve networks located in the walls of the
digestive tract.
• The ENS controls most function of the GI tract,
especially Motility and Secretion, even in the
Absence of Extrinsic innervation.
• The two major Networks of the Nerve fibre
are: The Myenteric Plexus and Submucosal
plexus
17. Features of ENS
• It is part of the ANS
• It is viewed as a displaced part of the CNS and it is
sometimes referred to as Little Brain.
• The Neurotransmitters in the ENS include Ach,
the amines, Norepinephrine, serotonin, GABA,
NO, CO etc. has all the Neurotransmitter found in
the brain.
• The ENS has about 100 million Neurons.
• The two major Networks of the Nerve fibre are:
The Myenteric Plexus and Submucosal plexus
18. • The Myenteric Plexus (auerbach’s plexus)
innervates the longitudinal and circular
smooth muscle layers. It controls the motility
of the GI smooth muscle.
• The Submucosal plexus (Meissner’s plexus)
innervates the glandular epithelium, intestinal
endocrine cells and sub mucosal blood vessel
and is involved in the control of intestinal
secretion.
19. EXTRINSIC Nerve supply
• Extrinsic nerves that control the enteric
nervous system are from autonomic nervous
system.
• Both sympathetic and parasympathetic
divisions of autonomic nervous system
innervate the GI tract.
21. Sympathetic Nerve FIBERS
• Preganglionic sympathetic nerve fibers to GI
tract arise from lateral horns of spinal cord
between fifth thoracic and second lumbar
segments (T5 to L2).
• From here, the fibers leave the spinal cord,
pass through the ganglia of sympathetic chain
without having any synapse and then
terminate in the celiac and mesenteric
ganglia.
• The postganglionic fibers from these ganglia
are distributed throughout the GI tract.
22. Functions of sympathetic nerve fibers
• Sympathetic nerve fibers inhibit the
movements and decrease the secretions of GI
tract by secreting the neurotransmitter
noradrenaline.
• It also causes constriction of sphincters.
23. Parasympathetic Nerve Fibers
• Parasympathetic nerve fibers to GI tract pass
through some of the cranial nerves and sacral
nerves.
• The preganglionic and postganglionic
parasympathetic nerve fibers to mouth and
salivary glands pass through facial and
glossopharyngeal nerves.
24. Cont’d…
• Preganglionic parasympathetic nerve fibers to
esophagus, stomach, small intestine and
upper part of large intestine pass through
vagus nerve.
• Preganglionic nerve fibers to lower part of
large intestine arise from second, third and
fourth sacral segments (S2, S3 and S4) of
spinal cord and pass through pelvic nerve.
• All these preganglionic parasympathetic nerve
fibers synapse with the postganglionic nerve
cells in the myenteric and submucus plexus
25. Cont’d..
• Functions of parasympathetic nerve fibers
• Parasympathetic nerve fibers accelerate the
movements and increase the secretions of GI
tract.
• The neurotransmitter secreted by the
parasympathetic nerve fibers is acetylcholine
(Ach).
27. Review
1. Mention any 6 functions of the GIT?
2. What is the length of GIT? Why is it longer in a cadaver?
3. Mention the 4 layers of the GIT
4. Which layer of the mucosa has fibroblasts, macrophages, lymphocytes and
eosinophils?
5. State the functions of the extrinsic innervation of the GIT?
6. State functions of the Intrinsic nerve supply to the GIT
7. Mention any 3 features of the Enteric Nervous system
Intrinsic (submucosal plexuas and Myenteric plexus)
1. Whats the effect of Atropine on the nerve supply to the GIT?
The outline is as follows
INTRODUCTION
FUNCTIONAL ANATOMY
WALL OF GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT
NERVE SUPPLY TO GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT
INTRINSIC NERVE SUPPLY
EXTRINSIC NERVE SUPPLY
Major internal organs in the viscera
1. Why is the GIT longer in candavers than in a living person?
1. Give examples of secretion and movements controlled by intrinsic nerve supply
It is an extensive network of neurons and nerve networks located in the walls of the digestive tract.
The ENS controls most function of the GI tract, especially Motility and Secretion, even in the Absence of Extrinsic innervation.
The two major Networks of the Nerve fibre are: The Myenteric Plexus and Submucosal plexus
FEATURES OF ENS
It is part of the ANS
It is viewed as a displaced part of the CNS and it is sometimes referred to as Little Brain.
The Neurotransmitters in the ENS include Ach, the amines, Norepinephrine, serotonin, GABA, NO, CO etc. has all the Neurotransmitter found in the brain.
The ENS has about 100 million Neurons.
The two major Networks of the Nerve fibre are: The Myenteric Plexus and Submucosal plexus
FUNCTION
The Myenteric Plexus (auerbach’s plexus) innervates the longitudinal and circular smooth muscle layers. It controls the motility of the GI smooth muscle.
The Submucosal plexus (Meissner’s plexus) innervates the glandular epithelium, intestinal endocrine cells and sub mucosal blood vessel and is involved in the control of intestinal secretion.
Show how the nervous system is organised
(1) SYMPATHETIC NERVE FIBERS
Preganglionic sympathetic nerve fibers to GI tract arise from lateral horns of spinal cord between fifth thoracic and second lumbar segments (T5 to L2).
From here, the fibers leave the spinal cord, pass through the ganglia of sympathetic chain without having any synapse and then terminate in the celiac and mesenteric ganglia.
The postganglionic fibers from these ganglia are distributed throughout the GI tract.
FUNCTION: Sympathetic nerve fibers inhibit the movements and decrease the secretions of GI tract by secreting the neurotransmitter noradrenaline.
It also causes constriction of sphincters.
(2) PARASYMPATHETIC
Parasympathetic nerve fibers to GI tract pass through some of the cranial nerves and sacral nerves.
The preganglionic and postganglionic parasympathetic nerve fibers to mouth and salivary glands pass through facial and glossopharyngeal nerves.
Preganglionic parasympathetic nerve fibers to esophagus, stomach, small intestine and upper part of large intestine pass through vagus nerve.
Preganglionic nerve fibers to lower part of large intestine arise from second, third and fourth sacral segments (S2, S3 and S4) of spinal cord and pass through pelvic nerve.
All these preganglionic parasympathetic nerve fibers synapse with the postganglionic nerve cells in the myenteric and submucus plexus
Functions of parasympathetic nerve fibers: Parasympathetic nerve fibers accelerate the movements and increase the secretions of GI tract.
The neurotransmitter secreted by the parasympathetic nerve fibers is acetylcholine (Ach).
The enteric nervous system (ENS) is sometimes referred to as the third division of the nervous system (central, peripheral, and enteric). This system is composed of a nerve plexus or a meshwork of fibers innervating the digestive tract from the esophagus to the distal colon. The ENS includes the myenteric plexus and the submucosal plexus which receive preganglionic fibers from the parasympathetic division and postganglionic fibers from the sympathetic division of the ANS. Innervation from the ANS and sensory input from within the wall of the gut work together to control smooth muscle motor activity and gut secretory actions. However, the ENS releases a variety of neurotransmitters and is capable of controlling digestive functions independently of the CNS by way of local reflexes. When food is introduced into the digestive tract, stretch receptors in the gut are activated and send action potentials through afferent enteric sensory neurons. These neurons synapse with entericinterneurons which are capable of activating efferent enteric motor neurons. These neurons innervate glands and smooth muscle. Their increased activity enhances digestive enzyme secretions and gut contraction to cause mixing and propulsion of food. The ENS is particularly important in providing synchronous peristaltic movements ensuring propulsion of food in one direction (see figure below).