This document discusses methods to enhance water productivity in salt-affected soils. It begins by defining water productivity and outlining factors that influence it such as crop patterns, irrigation technology, climate, and inputs. It then describes various technical, field-level, and basin-level approaches to increasing water productivity in agriculture. Specific agronomic, biological, chemical, and engineering methods are proposed to improve water productivity in problem soils, including crop selection, planting techniques, irrigation methods, green manuring, biofertilizers, phytoremediation, and saline-tolerant varieties. The use of pink pigmented facultative methylotrophs, halophilic microbes, and blue-green algae is highlighted as biological strategies
Effect of saline water irrigation and different management practices on soil ...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Agriculture and Veterinary Science (IOSR-JAVS) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal edited by the International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR). The journal provides a common forum where all aspects of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences are presented. The journal invites original papers, review articles, technical reports and short communications containing new insight into any aspect Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences that are not published or not being considered for publication elsewhere.
Irrigation Groundwater Quality for Agricultural Usability in Biochar and Fert...Jenkins Macedo
1J. Macedo, 2M. Souvanhnachit, 3S. Rattanavong, 4B. Maokhamphiou, 4T. Sotoukee, 4P. Pavelic, 1M. Sarkis, 1T. Downs
1 Department of International Development, Community, and Environment, Clark University, Worcester, MA. U.S.A.
2 Department of Water Resources Engineering, National University of Laos, Vientiane, Lao PDR
3Independent Consultant, Washington DC, U.S.A.
4 International Water Management Institute Vientiane, Lao PDR.
Climate change risks pose significant challenge to smallholder irrigators who rely on rainfed agriculture for their livelihoods. Increased mean surface temperatures, varying rainfall, increasing evaporation and declining soil moistures all serve to impact productivity. Groundwater irrigation poses promising potential for agricultural productivity and the livelihoods of smallholders. Groundwater irrigation for agriculture use requires constant water quality monitoring. This excerpt is part of a field research, which assessed the impacts of biochar and fertilizer treatments on soil nutrients status, soil moisture, irrigation groundwater quality for agricultural use on the growth and yield of water spinach (Ipomoea aquatica). Groundwater quality was monitored to determine the levels of electric conductivity (EC) and total dissolved solids (TDS) determinants of salinity and sodium, calcium, and magnesium to calculate the sodium absorption ratio (SAR) to estimate sodicity. The methods involved daily field tests to measure EC, TDS, pH, temperature, and detailed chemical analysis. The results indicate that the mean EC (0.021 dS/m; SD = 0.010) is significantly less than the salinity tolerance threshold for water spinach (< 1.3 dS/m) and the mean TDS (12 ppm; SD = 4.5) with soil pH of 6.6. The results suggest that the irrigation groundwater quality was suitable for agriculture and the chance of salinity was significantly low. The computed SAR 0.174 was significantly lower than the normal level (<10) above which soil water permeability could result from sodic soil condition. The results demonstrate that groundwater use for agriculture could assist smallholders adapt to climate change risks, but judicious use requires constant monitoring of groundwater quality and resources to increase crop yield and improve soil health.
Key Words: Salinity, Sodicity, Groundwater Quality, Electric Conductivity, Total Dissolved Solids, Sodium Absorption Ratio
This PowerPoint only focuses on assessing irrigation groundwater quality in objective 4 and not the water use efficiency aspect/soil water savings. Here, we are only interested in the ability for biochar to reduce soil water salinity and sodicity.
Exploiting salt affected soils and poor quality waters for food security in I...ExternalEvents
Fifth Asian Soil Partnership workshop
26 February - 1 March 2019, New Delhi, India
Parbodh C. Sharma, ICAR - Central Soil Salinity Research Insititute, Karnal
Effect of saline water irrigation and different management practices on soil ...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Agriculture and Veterinary Science (IOSR-JAVS) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal edited by the International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR). The journal provides a common forum where all aspects of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences are presented. The journal invites original papers, review articles, technical reports and short communications containing new insight into any aspect Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences that are not published or not being considered for publication elsewhere.
Irrigation Groundwater Quality for Agricultural Usability in Biochar and Fert...Jenkins Macedo
1J. Macedo, 2M. Souvanhnachit, 3S. Rattanavong, 4B. Maokhamphiou, 4T. Sotoukee, 4P. Pavelic, 1M. Sarkis, 1T. Downs
1 Department of International Development, Community, and Environment, Clark University, Worcester, MA. U.S.A.
2 Department of Water Resources Engineering, National University of Laos, Vientiane, Lao PDR
3Independent Consultant, Washington DC, U.S.A.
4 International Water Management Institute Vientiane, Lao PDR.
Climate change risks pose significant challenge to smallholder irrigators who rely on rainfed agriculture for their livelihoods. Increased mean surface temperatures, varying rainfall, increasing evaporation and declining soil moistures all serve to impact productivity. Groundwater irrigation poses promising potential for agricultural productivity and the livelihoods of smallholders. Groundwater irrigation for agriculture use requires constant water quality monitoring. This excerpt is part of a field research, which assessed the impacts of biochar and fertilizer treatments on soil nutrients status, soil moisture, irrigation groundwater quality for agricultural use on the growth and yield of water spinach (Ipomoea aquatica). Groundwater quality was monitored to determine the levels of electric conductivity (EC) and total dissolved solids (TDS) determinants of salinity and sodium, calcium, and magnesium to calculate the sodium absorption ratio (SAR) to estimate sodicity. The methods involved daily field tests to measure EC, TDS, pH, temperature, and detailed chemical analysis. The results indicate that the mean EC (0.021 dS/m; SD = 0.010) is significantly less than the salinity tolerance threshold for water spinach (< 1.3 dS/m) and the mean TDS (12 ppm; SD = 4.5) with soil pH of 6.6. The results suggest that the irrigation groundwater quality was suitable for agriculture and the chance of salinity was significantly low. The computed SAR 0.174 was significantly lower than the normal level (<10) above which soil water permeability could result from sodic soil condition. The results demonstrate that groundwater use for agriculture could assist smallholders adapt to climate change risks, but judicious use requires constant monitoring of groundwater quality and resources to increase crop yield and improve soil health.
Key Words: Salinity, Sodicity, Groundwater Quality, Electric Conductivity, Total Dissolved Solids, Sodium Absorption Ratio
This PowerPoint only focuses on assessing irrigation groundwater quality in objective 4 and not the water use efficiency aspect/soil water savings. Here, we are only interested in the ability for biochar to reduce soil water salinity and sodicity.
Exploiting salt affected soils and poor quality waters for food security in I...ExternalEvents
Fifth Asian Soil Partnership workshop
26 February - 1 March 2019, New Delhi, India
Parbodh C. Sharma, ICAR - Central Soil Salinity Research Insititute, Karnal
Alkaline Soils and it’s Improvement in Panchganga Basin (Maharashtra): A Geog...Malhari Survase
The use of land without consideration its limits will result in disturbing soil from its natural or ideal state. Both the physical and chemical properties of soil can be totally or partly altered due to human interference. The economic man always tries to achieve maximum economic gain without consideration of potential problems. These results gradually in deteriorating soil quality. The aims of this paper are to understand distribution, severity and estimating extent of chemically degraded alkaline soils which affect directly on the capacity of soil and environment in the region and suggest suitable conservation measures. The selected region for the present investigation is the 'Panchaganga Basin' of south Maharashtra state comprising 7 tahsils of Kolhapur district, Maharashtra. For the present investigation,both primary and secondary sources are used for this paper. Data regarding different properties of soil and water is collected from Government Soil Survey and Soil Testing Laboratory, Kolhapur and other through field work. Soil analysis has been done and chemical properties of soils are represented by choropleth methods. For this purpose special soil sample data is used. Area of alkali soil is identified with the help of soil chemical and physical properties. Simultaneously field observation and village wise obtained data has been supported. In the study region 46.72% area has covered by alkaline soil. Out of that 31.96% are slightly alkaline and 14.76% are strongly alkaline. Most of the eastern tahsils such as Shirol (94.59%), Hatkanangle (83.33%), Panhala (52.94%) and eastern part of Karveer (45.28%) tahsils have above 40% areas under alkaline soils. As per the risk of alkalinity, the physical, chemical and agronomic measures suggested for the improvement of alkaline soils.
Management of salt affected soils for marginal agricultural systems ExternalEvents
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Side event Biosaline agriculture as an approach for combating salinity in marginal agricultural systems organized by ICBA - the International Center for Biosaline Agriculture, in the framework on the Seventh Global Soil Partnership (GSP) Plenary Assembly at FAO HQ, Rome, Italy on 5 June 2019.
Introduction
enlist of problematic soil
Salt affected soil
Characteristic of salt affected soil
Comparison between salt affected soil
Reclamation of Saline soils
Reclamation of sodic soils
Reclamation of saline-sodic soils
Acidic soils
Reclamation of acidic soil
Acid Sulphate soils and its management
Calcareous soil
Item 6: International Center for Biosaline AgricultureExternalEvents
SOIL ATLAS OF ASIA
2ND EDITORIAL BOARD MEETING
RURAL DEVELOPMENT ADMINISTRATION, NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES,
JEONJU, REPUBLIC OF KOREA | 29 APRIL – 3 MAY 2019
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A field study was carried out during the two consecutive years (2015-2016) in the region of Biskra, southern east of Algeria on date palms of Deglet-Nour variety, grown in a salty environment. To study the combined effect of salinity and phospho-potassium fertilization on the quality and nutritional value of dates, two sites of different salinity, occupied by 54 date palms variety Deglet-Nour has been selected. The palms were fertilized by receiving three doses of potassium (0, 2 and 3 kg / palm) as potassium sulphate K 2 SO 4 (50%) combined with three levels of phosphorus (0, 1 and 2 kg / palm) as superphosphate (TSP 46%). The results revealed that applying 2 kg of potassium/palm in an excessively salty environment and 3 kg/palm in a low or unsalted environment associated to 1 kg of phosphorus in the two different cases of salinity of the two sites S1 and S2 improving the fruit traits.
introduction about acidic soil and area distribution ,classification of acidic soil and source of acidic soil formation , characteristic of acid soil ,what are the impact on soil properties . Reclamation of acid soil , conclusion about acidic soil
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Alkaline Soils and it’s Improvement in Panchganga Basin (Maharashtra): A Geog...Malhari Survase
The use of land without consideration its limits will result in disturbing soil from its natural or ideal state. Both the physical and chemical properties of soil can be totally or partly altered due to human interference. The economic man always tries to achieve maximum economic gain without consideration of potential problems. These results gradually in deteriorating soil quality. The aims of this paper are to understand distribution, severity and estimating extent of chemically degraded alkaline soils which affect directly on the capacity of soil and environment in the region and suggest suitable conservation measures. The selected region for the present investigation is the 'Panchaganga Basin' of south Maharashtra state comprising 7 tahsils of Kolhapur district, Maharashtra. For the present investigation,both primary and secondary sources are used for this paper. Data regarding different properties of soil and water is collected from Government Soil Survey and Soil Testing Laboratory, Kolhapur and other through field work. Soil analysis has been done and chemical properties of soils are represented by choropleth methods. For this purpose special soil sample data is used. Area of alkali soil is identified with the help of soil chemical and physical properties. Simultaneously field observation and village wise obtained data has been supported. In the study region 46.72% area has covered by alkaline soil. Out of that 31.96% are slightly alkaline and 14.76% are strongly alkaline. Most of the eastern tahsils such as Shirol (94.59%), Hatkanangle (83.33%), Panhala (52.94%) and eastern part of Karveer (45.28%) tahsils have above 40% areas under alkaline soils. As per the risk of alkalinity, the physical, chemical and agronomic measures suggested for the improvement of alkaline soils.
Management of salt affected soils for marginal agricultural systems ExternalEvents
Dr. Ahmed H. ELNAGGAR
Side event Biosaline agriculture as an approach for combating salinity in marginal agricultural systems organized by ICBA - the International Center for Biosaline Agriculture, in the framework on the Seventh Global Soil Partnership (GSP) Plenary Assembly at FAO HQ, Rome, Italy on 5 June 2019.
Introduction
enlist of problematic soil
Salt affected soil
Characteristic of salt affected soil
Comparison between salt affected soil
Reclamation of Saline soils
Reclamation of sodic soils
Reclamation of saline-sodic soils
Acidic soils
Reclamation of acidic soil
Acid Sulphate soils and its management
Calcareous soil
Item 6: International Center for Biosaline AgricultureExternalEvents
SOIL ATLAS OF ASIA
2ND EDITORIAL BOARD MEETING
RURAL DEVELOPMENT ADMINISTRATION, NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES,
JEONJU, REPUBLIC OF KOREA | 29 APRIL – 3 MAY 2019
Improving Fruit Quality and Nutritional Value of Deglet Nour dates subjected ...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
A field study was carried out during the two consecutive years (2015-2016) in the region of Biskra, southern east of Algeria on date palms of Deglet-Nour variety, grown in a salty environment. To study the combined effect of salinity and phospho-potassium fertilization on the quality and nutritional value of dates, two sites of different salinity, occupied by 54 date palms variety Deglet-Nour has been selected. The palms were fertilized by receiving three doses of potassium (0, 2 and 3 kg / palm) as potassium sulphate K 2 SO 4 (50%) combined with three levels of phosphorus (0, 1 and 2 kg / palm) as superphosphate (TSP 46%). The results revealed that applying 2 kg of potassium/palm in an excessively salty environment and 3 kg/palm in a low or unsalted environment associated to 1 kg of phosphorus in the two different cases of salinity of the two sites S1 and S2 improving the fruit traits.
introduction about acidic soil and area distribution ,classification of acidic soil and source of acidic soil formation , characteristic of acid soil ,what are the impact on soil properties . Reclamation of acid soil , conclusion about acidic soil
International Conference on Peri-Urban Landscapes: Water, Food and Environmental Security, Sydney, Australia, July 8-10, 2014.
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Willie Nelson net worth is a testament to his enduring influence and success in many fields. Born on April 29, 1933, in Abbott, Texas. Nelson's journey from a humble beginning to becoming one of the most iconic figures in American music is nothing short of inspirational. His net worth, which estimated to be around $25 million as of 2024. reflects a career that is as diverse as it is prolific.
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Humble Origins
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First Steps in Music
Nelson's initial foray into the music industry was fraught with challenges. He moved to Nashville, Tennessee, to pursue his dreams, but success did not come . Working as a songwriter, Nelson penned hits for other artists. which helped him gain a foothold in the competitive music scene. His songwriting skills contributed to his early earnings. laying the foundation for his net worth.
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Iconic Songs
Willie Nelson net worth is also attributed to his extensive catalog of hit songs. Tracks like "Blue Eyes Crying in the Rain," "On the Road Again," and "Always on My Mind" have become timeless classics. These songs have not only earned Nelson large royalties but have also ensured his continued relevance in the music industry.
Acting and Film Career
Hollywood Ventures
In addition to his music career, Willie Nelson has also made a mark in Hollywood. His distinctive personality and on-screen presence have landed him roles in several films and television shows. Notable appearances include roles in "The Electric Horseman" (1979), "Honeysuckle Rose" (1980), and "Barbarosa" (1982). These acting gigs have added a significant amount to Willie Nelson net worth.
Television Appearances
Nelson's char
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ENHANCING WATER PRODUCTIVITY IN SALT AFFECTED SOIL
1. RASAKUMAR R
2016670204
Chairman
Dr. S. SOMASUNDARAM,
Assistant Professor (Agronomy)
Members:
Dr. G. SRINIVASAN, Dr. M. SUNDAR
Professor and Head Professor
Department of Agronomy Dept.of SS&AC
Enhancing water productivity in salt
affected soil
2. Enhancing water productivity in salt affected
soil
Introduction
Causes for low water productivity in problem soils
Effect of poor quality water on water productivity
Constraints for crop growth and yield in problem soils
Ways to Improve water productivity in problem soils
•Agronomic methods
•Biological methods
•Chemical methods
•Engineering method
Conclusion
3. Introduction
Water Productivity term plays a role in modern agriculture
which aims to increase yield production per unit of water used,
both under rainfed and irrigated conditions.
This can be achieved either by
• Increasing the marketable yield of the crops for each unit of
water transpired
• Reducing the outflows/ losses
• Enhancing the effective use of rainfall,
Unit of water productivity – Kg/ha/mm (or)Kg/cubic meter
Crop yield per cubic meter of water used
Rosegrant (2003)
4. Factors depends upon WP
Crop patterns
Irrigation technology and field water management
Climate patterns
Land and infrastructure
Other inputs (fertilizer and machinery)
5. Increasing WP inAgriculture
Point/plant
TECHNICAL WAYS
1.1 Transpiration efficiency Crop improvement
Access toinputs
1.2 increased harvest index Crop improvement
Access toinputs
Field/farmer Alter rainfall partitioningand
Increase T/E ratio
Conservationagriculture
Precision Farming
Climate smart farming
Soil waterconservation
Basin/system 3.1 Rainwater harvesting&
groundwater recharge
IWRM (Landuse planning)
Watershed development
Aquifermapping and zoning as peragro‐
ecological zones (AEZ)
3.2 Irrigation improvement: systems reliability andresilience
(a): On‐farm focus Drip/sprinkler irrigation
Deficit irrigation
Supplemental irrigation
(b): System focus Improved supply delivery
Waste‐waterre‐use
Drainagere‐use
6. Salt affected soils
Four major tracts of salt affected soils in India.
The Semi-arid Indo-Gangetic alluvial tracts (mainly in
Punjab, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh and a part of Bihar)
The arid tracts of Rajasthan and Gujarat.
The arid and semi arid tracts of southern states,
particularly of the irrigated rigor (Vertisol) soils.
The coastal alluvium
7. Categorisation of salt affected soils:
1. Saline soil
a) Physico-Chemical Characteristics
EC of the saturation soil extract is more than 4 dSm-1
(>4)
pH of the soil is less than 8.5 (< 8.5)
ESP is less than 15 (<15)
b) Physical Characteristics
Soil Structure- Usually good
Infiltration rate- High
Soil Aeration- Good
c) Colour- Usually white
8. 2. Sodic Soil (Black-alkali soil)
a) Physico-Chemical Characteristics
EC of the saturation soil extract is less than 4 dSm-1
(<4)
pH of the soil is more than 8.5 (> 8.5)
ESP is higher than 15 (>15)
b) Physical Characteristics
Soil Structure- very poor
Infiltration rate- poor
Soil Aeration- poor
c) Colour- - black
9. 3. Saline-SodicSoil
a) Physico-Chemical Characteristics
i) EC of the saturation extract is higher than 4 dSm-1
(>4)
ii) pH of the soil is lower than 8.5 (< 8.5)
iii) ESP is higher than 15 (>15)
b) Physical Characteristics
i) Soil Structure - Good
ii) Infiltration rate - Good
iii) Soil Aeration - Good
c) Colour- Usually white
10. Causes of Salinity in soil
1. Primary source of salts in soil is from rock weathering.
2. Fluctuating depth of ground water or WT leads to soil
salinity.
3. In arid region less rainfall available to leach the salt and high
rate of evaporation causes concentration of salts in soil at
various layer.
4. Coastal Area: Due to inundation of sea water
5. Irrigation water containing high concn. of soluble salts (Na salts)
leads to soil salinity.
6. Due to drainage restriction, reduces permeability of soil.
11. The presence of salinity in soil and water can affect
plant growth and development
It can increase the osmotic potential and hence
decrease water availability
It can induce specific-ion effects by increasing the
concentration of ions with an inhibitory effect on
biological metabolism.
It can diminish soil-water permeability and soil
aeration by adversely affecting soil structure.
12. Effect of poor quality water on water productivity
White encrustation on surface of soils
Osmotic potential of soil solution altered
Water intake by plants affected
Nutrient intake reduced
Microbial activity reduced decomposition reduced nutrient
availability reduced
Dehydration drying of leaves death of plants.
13. Constraints for crop growth and yield in problem soils
High pH-non availability of Fe , Zn and P
Conversion of nitrite to nitrate is reduced.
B and Mo toxicity may occur.
Plants result in drying of plants in patches in a field.
Reduces the germination and the growth retardation
14. Salt affected
soil
Agronomic methods
1.Crop selection and
variety selection
2.Planting methods
3.Irrigation methods
4.Greenmanure
Biological methods
Biofertilizers
PPFM
consortium
Chemical methods
Gypsum
Distillery effluent
water
Engineering methods
Drip irrigation system
Sprinkler irrigation
17. Varieties identified for salinity tolerance
• Salt tolerant high yielding varieties developed:
• Rice – CSR-49, CSR 36, CSR 30 (basmati type), CSR 27, CSR
23, CSR 13 and CSR 10 ,TRY 1, TRY 2 and TRY 3
• Rice variety for coastal regions:- Butnath (CSRC(S) 5-2-2-5) and
Sumati- CSRC-CSRC(S) 2-1-7
• Wheat :- KRL 213, KRL 210, KRL 19 and KRL1-4
• Indian Mustard:- CS 56, CS 54 and CS52
• Chick pea (gram)- Karnal Chana 1
• Genotypes Registered as salt tolerant germplasms
• Dhaincha (sesbania)- CSD 137 and CSD-123
• Ragi – TRY 1
18. Crop Varieties
Rice
(i) ECe:(6.0-8.0 dSm-1) high salinity,
(ii) ECe: (4.0-6.0 dSm-1) moderate
salinity, 15-30 cm water regime
Utpala , CSR-6, SR 26B, NC 1281,
Gavir
(iii) ECe:( around 4.0 dSm-1) moderate
salinity, 30-50 cm water regime
(iv) Acid sulphate soil
CSR 1, CSR 2, CSR 3, CSR 4, CST
7-1 Sumati, CSR-6, SR 26B, Dudhesar, NC
1281, NC 678, Gavir Saru, Gopal Bhog .
Mashuri, Canning, SR 26B,
Mustard 8-85,T-59, Varun
Chilli CA 960, Suryamukhi, Pusa Jwala
Watermelon Sugerbaby, Suger Sweet
Cotton 081, J.K. 260-2, F-414
Barley Karan 19, Ratna, DL 120, K-125 .
Improved crop varieties for coastal saline soils
Singh & Hussain (2008)
19. Agronomic methods:
Planting methods:
CA practices, raised bed planting to water savings of 25–30% and
increased water use efficiencies
(Sayre and Hobbs, 2004; Hassan et al., 2005; Malik et al.,
2005; Choudhary etal., 2008; Devkota et al., 2013)
Permanent raised beds has great potential to reduce soil salinity in
salt-affected areas (Devkota,2011; Devkota et al., 2015)
20. Effect of planting system on yield of wheat
Planting
system
Grain yield (q/ha) Straw yield (q/ha) Harvest index (%)
2007-08 2008-09 2007-08 2008-09 2007-08 2008-09
Conventional
method
41.15 43.80 57.48 58.20 41.68 42.90
Furrow
irrigated raised
bed system
45.59 48.73 59.94 62.18 43.16 43.96
SEm± 0.668 0.548 0.800 0.546 0.248 0.289
LSD
(P=0.05)
1.914 1.569 2.291 1.563 0.814 0.828
Meena et al., 2013 (New Delhi)
21. Raised bed furrow system of cultivation
Raised broad bed
for vegetables
4 m
Broad furrow
6m
Rice - harvested
rain water
22. Effect of different planting on tiller density, grain yield and
water use efficiency of wheat
Treatment Emergence
(m−2)
Tiller
density
(m−2)
Grain
yield
(t ha−1)
WUE
(kg
ha−1 cm−1)
Flat sowing
(pre-sowing irrigation) 173 425 4.20 99
Bed sowing
(pre-sowing irrigation) 156 393 3.99 97
Bed sowing (dry sown)
followed by irrigation 176 474 4.52 110
Bed sowing
(sown after applying irrigation
to dry beds)
167 427 4.21 103
LSD (0.05) 13.3 44.1 0.32 -
Kaur, 2003
24. Irrigation methods
Bar et al. (2015) found that indicated that irrigation
scheduling has significant impact on WP in salt affected soil
Deficit irrigation (DI) as a water saving method is
commonly applied in arid and semi-arid regions to increase
water productivity in sodic soil
(Shahrokhnia and Sepaskhah, 2016).
25. Irrigation methods
Effect of different irrigation methods increase the water
productivity in cotton
Irrigation
method
Bolls / plant Boll weight Yield (kg /ha)
Every-
furrows
5.6 ± 0.5 4.92 ± 0.04 1019 ± 40
Alternating
skip furrow
5.9 ± 0.9 5.25 ± 0.23 1216 ± 120
Permanent
skip furrow
8.7 ± 0.01 6.05 ± 0.15 2003 ± 182
Devkota et al., (2015)The difference in bolls per plant between ASFI
andEFI was statistically not significant
26. Effect of different irrigation methods increase the crop
water productivity in bhendi
Irrigation methods Crop water
productivity (kg/m3)
Alternate furrow irrigation 5.29 ± 0.10
Conventional furrow irrigation 2.78 ± 0.04
Flood irrigation 1.37
Siyal et.al., (2016)
Highly significant (p < 0.001).
27. Green manure
Nutrient availability as influenced by green manuring in
0-15 cm soil depth
Treatments Organic
carbon
N P K
Without
green
manure
0.28 194.4 12.56 122.2
With green
manure
0.32 254.8 15.60 136.5
CD (0.05) 0.02 14.0 1.04 16.9
NARAYAN ,(2006)
28. Effect of sesbania and farm yard manure application on
rice yield
FYM
applied
(t/ha)
Productive
tiller/plant
Paddy yield (t/ha) Straw yield (t/ha)
NO GM GM No GM GM No GM GM
0 9.00 10.17 2.21 2.62 2.92 3.15
5 8.90 10.60 2.36 2.96 3.13 3.60
10 10.55 11.30 2.75 3.13 3.38 3.93
20 11.45 11.77 3.04 3.26 3.49 4.13
statistically not different at p 0.05
MIRZA et.al., (2005)
29. Biological methods:
PPFM - Pink Pigmented Facultative Methylotroph
Application of PPFM - alleviating the adverse effects of
drought stress and also improves germination, growth,
development, quality and yield of crop plants (Hayat et al.,
2010).
Inoculation of PPFM increased significantly (P 0.05) the pod
number, yield per plant of snap bean (Gawad et.al., 2015)
30. Treatments RWC (%) Photosynthetic rate
(μmol m-2 s-1)
SPAD value
T1: Control 48.76 27.90 23.00
T2: PPFM (1%) 55.33 32.60 33.63
T3: PPFM (2%) 64.42 35.80 37.40
T4: PPFM (3%) 60.22 32.00 29.98
SE (d) 1.19 0.82 0.85
CD (P=0.05) 2.50 1.72 1.78
Impact of PPFM on RWC, SPAD value and Photosynthetic rate of
tomato at 60 DAT
Sivakumar et.al., (2017)
31. Phytoremediation - use of plants to remove pollutants from
the environment
Biodegradation
Bioremediation
Advantages:
Promotion of soil aggregate stability and creation of
macropores that improve soil properties and root
proliferation,
Greater plant-nutrient availability in soil after
phytoremediation,
Carbon sequestration in the post amelioration soil.
Hasanuzzaman et.al., (2014)
32. Halophilic microbes:
It express ACC deaminase activity that removes stress and produce
auxins to promote root growth.
The microbes belonging to the genera of
Alcaligenes
Bacillus
Micrococcus
Pseudomonas
are highly tolerant to saline condition.
Rodriguez Valera (1988)
33. Blue green algae
Growing of blue green algae reduces the pH and remove
exchangeable sodium from the soil
It also improve the soil aggregation by secreting poly
saccharides and lipids
It increases the air-water movement in sodic soil
It also increases the nitrogen content in the soil and increase
the availability of phosphorus
34. Influence of blue green algae on the chemical properties of
sodic soil
Treatments pH CEC ESP
Control 8.3 2.60 53.19
BGA 8.0 1.93 39.41
Gypsum 8.1 2.18 44.59
BGA+
GYPSUM
7.8 1.41 28.89
CD at 5% 0.28 0.18
KAUSHIK (1985)
35. Effect of inoculation/co-inoculation Rhizobium and PGPR on
growth parameters on mung bean in salinity stress
Treatments Plant
height
(cm)
Number of
pods
Pod fresh
weight(g)
1000 grain
weight (g)
Grain
Yield (Mg
ha-1)
Control 50.8 a 21.13 a 16.7 b 52.13 d 1.2 d
PGPR - A1 55.0 a 24.33 a 19.9 ab 56.57 abc 1.4 abc
PGPR - A2 58.3 a 25.07 a 18.1 ab 59.17 ab 1.3 cd
Rhizobium
Mg6
54.3 a 25.13 a 20.5 ab 53.97 cd 1.5 ab
A1 X Mg6 58.2 a 23.27 a 19.2 ab 56.23 bc 1.4 bcd
A2 X Mg6 58.7 a 25.47 a 21.2 a 59.77 a 1.6 a
Non-significant according to Duncan’s multiple
range test (p<0.05)
Aamir et.al., (2013)
36. PGPR(PLANT GROWTH PROMOTING
RHIZOBACTERIA)
PGPR become a promising alternative to alleviation of plant stress
caused by salinity (Dodd and Perez-Alfocea, 2012;)
“INDUCED SYSTAMIC TOLERANCE”- enhanced tolerance to
abiotic strees (Kohler et al., 2006)
Some PGPR strains
Psudomonos mendocina –Stabilize soil aggregate
Psudomonas alcaligenes/bacillus polymyxa/mycobacterium phlei -
able to tolerate high temperature and salt concentration
(Kohler et al., 2006)
37. Salinity(ECe, dSm -1) Tree species
20-30 Acacia farnesiana (Desi babul) Prosopis juliflora (Mesquite,
pahari kikar), Parkinsonia aculeta
14-20 A. nilotica(deshi kikar), A. tortilis (Israeli kiker), Casuarina glauca,
C. obese, C. equisetifolia, Eucalyptus camaldulensis (river red
gum, safeda)
10-14 Casuarina cunninghamiana (casuarinas Saru) Eucalyptus
teretocornis(Mysore gum, safeda) Terminalia arjuna (Arjun)
5-10 Albizia caribea, Dalbergia sissoo, Guazuma ulmifolia,
Pongamia pinnata (papri), Samanea saman
<5 Acacia auriculaeformis (Australian kikar), A. deamii, A.
Catechu (Khair), Syzygium cuminii(Jamin), Salix
Spp.(Willow, salix), Tamarindus indica (Imli)
Recommended tree species for saline and waterlogged soils
Singh & Hussain (2008)
38. Chemical methods: Distillery effluent water
Yield of soybean and wheat as affected by distillery
effluent application
Treatments SOYBEAN WHEAT
Control 1.28 1.76
NPK +FYM 1.86 3.47
2.5 cm DE to soybean) 2.02 2.90
2.5 cm DE to soybean +
1.25 cm to wheat
1.96 3.16
5 cm DE to soybean) 2.09 3.22
5 cm DE to soybean + 2.5
cm to wheat)
1.92 3.46
SEED YIELD (Mg/ha)
Hati et al.,(2007)
Difference between values is significant at (P < 0.05)
39. Crop yield for rice and wheat as affected by rate of
gypsum application under sodic water irrigation
treatments Gypsum applied
t/ha
Rice Mg/ha Wheat Mg/ha
0 0 4.01 3.55
12.5% 1.25 4.22 3.75
25% 2.5 4.13 368
50% 5.0 4.26 3.82
75% 7.5 4.22 3.83
100% 10 4.48 3.94
LSD (0.05) 0.24 0.16
Choudhary et.al.,(2011)
40. Treatments Grain yield kg/ha Stover yield
kg/ha
G1F1 F1:100% RDF (20:40:00 NPK kg ha-1 949 2916
G1F2 F2:100% RDF + Bio-compost @ 5 t ha-1+ bio
fertilizer (Rhizobium + PSB),
1074 3593
G1F3 75% RDF + Bio-compost @ 5 t ha-1+ bio fertilizer
(Rhizobium + PSB),
1018 3426
G1F4 50% RDF + Bio-compost @ 5 t ha-1+ bio fertilizer
(Rhizobium + PSB)
972 3287
G1F5 = Bio-compost @ 5t ha-1 676 2398
G2F1 Application of gypsum @ 2t ha-1 +F1:100% RDF
(20:40:00 NPKkg ha-1
940 3119
G2F2 Gypsum @ 2t ha +F2:100% RDF + Bio-compost @
5 t ha-1+ bio fertilizer (Rhizobium + PSB),
1185 4065
G2F3 Gypsum @ 2t ha +75% RDF + Bio-compost @ 5 t
ha-1+ bio fertilizer (Rhizobium + PSB)
1176 4037
G2F4 Gypsum @ 2t ha +50% RDF + Bio-compost @ 5 t
ha-1+ bio fertilizer (Rhizobium + PSB)
963 3370
G2F5 Application of gypsum @ 2t ha + Bio-compost @ 5t
ha-1
924 3357
CD at (0.05) gypsum 58 191
CD at (0.05) fertilizer 92 303
Effect of soil conditioner and INM practices in saline soil and WP
in Mungbean
Chaudhari et.al., (2017)
41. Effect of gypsum and FYM on yield attributes of
sugarcane in saline – sodic soil condition
Treatments Cane height
(cm)
Average number
of millable cane
m2
Cane thickness
(cm)
FYM 1.65 20.4 2.06
Gypsum 1.66 20.6 2.00
Gypsum + FYM 1.71 21.3 2.04
CD (0.05) 0.059 0.95 0.056
Choudhary et.al., (2004)
42. Effect of organic amendments and gypsum on grain yield
(kg ha-1 ) of rice in sodic soil
Organic
amendment
0% 25% 50% 75%
FYM @ 10 t
ha-1
1908.3 3 2506.67 2910.00 3183.33
Pressmud @ 5 t
ha-1
2110.0 0 2798.33 3428.33 3498.67
Vermicompost
@ 5 t ha-1
2080.0 0 2730.00 3076.67 3296.67
G O.A
S.ED 28.803 24.944
CD (0.05) 84.483 73.164
Levels of gypsum
Narayan (2011)
43. Effect of fish amino acid and egg amino acid foliar spray
along with recommended dose of fertilizers on rice
productivity in sodic soil
Treatments Grain yield(kg ha-1)
Straw yield
(kg ha-1)
Harvest
index
T1 - Recommended Dose of
Fertilizers (RDF) (187.5:50:50 kg
NPK ha-1)
3870 5330 0.42
T8- RDF + Egg Amino Acid 0.5 % 4610 6150 0.43
T9- RDF + Egg Amino Acid 1.0 % 4763 6360 0.43
T10-RDF + Fish Amino Acid 0.5 % 4355 5840 0.43
T11-RDF + Fish Amino Acid 1.0 % 4471 6100 0.42
SEd 222 353 0.23
CD
(P=0.05)
462 736 NS
Priyanka (2017)
44. Engineering methods:
Sprinkler method
Yield and water use efficiency of crops under sprinkler
irrigation methods
Crop Average yield (t/ha) for irrigation method
Sprinkler method
CW SW
Wheat 3.69 3.54
Barley 3.48 2.59
Cotton 2.28 1.34
Pearl
millet
2.54 1.50
Sharma et.al., (2005)
Difference between values is non significant at (P < 0.05)
45. Drip irrigation method
Crops Surface drip Subsurface
drip
Furrow
irrigation
Radish 15.7 23.6 9.9
Potato 30.5 20.8 19.2
Tomato 59.4 43.9 36.5
Yield and water use efficiency of crops under drip
irrigation methods in saline soil
Sharma et.al., (2005)
Difference between values is non significant at (P < 0.05)
46. Effect of cyclic use of sodic and canal water on crop yields
(Mg ha−1) under cotton and wheat crops
Treatmeents Cotton (Mg/ha) Wheat (Mg/ha)
Canal water 1.32 5.20
Sodic water 0.95 4.43
2 CW:SW 1.26 5.10
CW:SW 1.21 4.95
CW:2SW 1.02 4.75
LSD (0.05) 0.18 0.21
Choudhary et.al.,(2011)
47. Reducing the salt zone for seed germination and seedling
establishment:
• Scraping and removal of surface soil: Due to continuous evaporation
the salt concentration is the highest in the surface soil.The top soil can be
scraped and transported out of the field (Qureshi et al., 2003).
• Pre-sowing irrigation with good quality water: Where available, irrigation
with good quality water prior to sowing helps leach salts from the top soil.
This helps in promoting better seed germination and seedling
establishment. Goyal et al (1999 ).
49. Treatments
EC (dSm-1)
ESP Grain Yield of rice
(%) (Kg ha-1)
No Gypsum Gypsum No Gypsum Gypsum No Gypsum Gypsum
Control 2.49 1.85 24.59 10.72 2457 3537
Farm yard manure
@ 15t ha-1
1.02 0.96 15.99 7.97 3242 3977
Press mud
@ 15 t ha-1
1.04 0.74 14.42 6.30 3320 3990
Composted coir
pith @10 t ha-1
0.77 0.63 7.63 4.59 3933 4150
Green leaf manure
@ 5 t ha-1
1.12 0.76 1382 6.55 3533 4758
Effect of organic amendments on soil salinity and
yield of rice
Singaravel et al (2001)
50. Treatment Average ground
water level (m)
Soil salinity(dSm-1) in
surface soil (0-30 cm)
Wheat yield
(t ha-1)
at sowing at harvest at sowing at harvest
Drained 1.22 1.58 0.65-1.20 2.20-3.50 2.32
Undrained 1.22 1.58 2.50-3.25 6.00-8.50 0.00
Effect of drainage on soil salinity and
wheat yield
S. K. Gupta (2007)
51. Treatment
(canal water:
ground water)
Grain yield
(t ha-1)
Straw
yield
(t ha-1)
EC of irrigation
water
(dSm-1)
4:0 3.04 3.40 2.4
3:1 4.02 4.33 1.8
1:1 5.32 5.55 1.2
1:3 5.43 5.75 0.58
0:4 5.63 5.96 0.42
S. Em(±) 0.17 0.18 -
CD at % 0.48 0.50 -
Effect of conjunctive use of canal water and
ground water on grain and straw yield of paddy
Patra et al (1999)
52. Moisture% soil salinity
(dSm-1)
yield( t ha-1)
yield of sorghum crop
Treatment Average soil Average surface Green forage Yield %
Control 14.81 1.19 933.7 100
Organic mulching
with dried date
palm leaves
16.55 1.15 1056.4 113
Plastic mulching 14.9 1.55 947.7 102
Effects of organic mulches on soil moisture, salinity and
Al-Rawahy et al (2011)
53. Effect of Residue Management Practices and nutrient
management in saline soil and yield of wheat
Treatments Grain yield kg/ha Straw yield
kg/ha
R0: Control 4343 6499
R1: WSI @5t/ha at 30 DBS 4966 7415
R2: WSI @5t/ha + 20 kg N/ha at 30 DBS 5242 7792
R3: WSI @5t/ha + 20 kg P2O5/ha at 30
DBS
5060 7611
R4: WSI @5t/ha + 20 kg N and 20 kg
P2O5/ha at 30 DBS
5472 8164
R5: FYM @10 t/ha 4576 6923
CD (0.05) 202.81 298.76
Shah et.al., (2015)
54. Conclusion:
Reclamation of salt affected soils can be
accomplished by leaching of soluble salts and partial or
complete removal sodium ions and it replacement with
calcium on the soil exchange complex along with
incorporation of organics, inorganic and chemicals , play an
important role in improving and maintaining fertility in
sustained manner.
Integrated management practices increase the water
productivity in salt-affected soils.